Bingöl

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Bingöl
Municipality
Bingolcitycenter.jpg
Turkey adm location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Bingöl
Location in Turkey
Coordinates: 38°53′10″N40°30′6″E / 38.88611°N 40.50167°E / 38.88611; 40.50167
Country Turkey
Province Bingöl
District Bingöl
Government
 • Mayor Erdal Arıkan (AK Party)
Elevation
1,120 m (3,670 ft)
Population
 (2022) [1]
133,423
Time zone UTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code
12000
Area code 0426
Website www.bingol.bel.tr
Haserek ski facilities Haserek kayak merkezi.jpg
Haserek ski facilities

Bingöl (Armenian : Ճապաղջուր, romanized: Chapaghjur; Kurdish : Çewlik; [2] Zazaki : Çewlîg [3] ), known as Çapakçur before 1944, is a city in Turkey. It is the seat of Bingöl Province and Bingöl District, [4] and has a population of 133,423 (2022). [1]

Contents

Etymology

One of the historical names for the city, Bingöl literally means thousand lakes in Turkish; however, there are no lakes of considerable size within the boundaries of the province. The name rather refers to many tarns found around the city. [5] [6]

History

Bingöl is located in what was historically the region of Sophene (first an independent kingdom and later an Armenian and Roman province). [7] The settlement is mentioned by its Armenian name, Chapaghjur (meaning "spread out water" in Armenian), by the 11th-century Armenian historian Stepanos Asoghik, who mentions it while describing the 995 Balu earthquake. [7] Chapaghjur is sometimes identified with the Roman fortress-town of Citharizum (Ktarich in Armenian). [7]

In the Middle Ages, Bingöl was known as Romanoupolis (Greek : Ῥωμανούπολις) after the Byzantine emperor Romanos I Lekapenos, who incorporated it into the Byzantine Empire in 942. It initially formed a subdivision of the thema of Mesopotamia, but it was later (c. 970) elevated into a separate theme. [8]

Bingöl was ruled by the Suwaydid dynasty, a cadet branch of the Barmakids, from the 13th century until mid-Ottoman rule, autonomously from the Ottomans. [9] Bingöl and the surrounding district had a large Armenian population prior to the Armenian genocide. [7] Until the middle of the 20th century, the city was known as Çapakçur/Çabakçur, derived from its Armenian name. [10] [11] In 1944, the place was renamed Bingöl, meaning "thousand lakes" in Turkish.

Kurdish-Turkish conflict

Bingöl has been the site of several violent incidents of the Kurdish-Turkish conflict. On 23 October 2016, a car bombing targeting an armored police vehicle perpetrated by PKK militia members killed two police officers and injured 19 others. [12] On 8 June 2018, a group of PKK militia members attacked a military station and killed one Turkish soldier while injuring three others. [13]

Geography

Bingöl is 144 kilometres (89 mi) east of Elazığ and is situated in the high region of Eastern Anatolia. Bingöl is a mountainous area with heights reaching 3000 m, Bingöl city is at about 1120 m above sea level. [14] The Gayt River (Gayt Çayı), a right-bank tributary of the Eastern Euphrates (Murat River), runs through the city.

Climate

Bingöl has a continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsa, or Trewartha climate classification Dca), with hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. The driest months are July and August and the wettest is February and December.

Highest recorded temperature:42.0 °C (107.6 °F) on 26 July 2001
Lowest recorded temperature:−25.1 °C (−13.2 °F) on 27 February 1992 [15]

Climate data for Bingöl (1991–2020, extremes 1961–2023) (Station height:1139, coordinates: 38°53′5″N40°30′3″E / 38.88472°N 40.50083°E / 38.88472; 40.50083 )
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)13.8
(56.8)		16.2
(61.2)		22.3
(72.1)		30.3
(86.5)		33.9
(93.0)		38.0
(100.4)		42.0
(107.6)		41.3
(106.3)		38.1
(100.6)		32.1
(89.8)		25.5
(77.9)		22.8
(73.0)		42.0
(107.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)2.4
(36.3)		4.1
(39.4)		10.2
(50.4)		16.9
(62.4)		23.1
(73.6)		29.8
(85.6)		34.7
(94.5)		35.1
(95.2)		29.9
(85.8)		22.0
(71.6)		12.7
(54.9)		5.2
(41.4)		18.8
(65.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)−2.1
(28.2)		−0.8
(30.6)		4.7
(40.5)		10.9
(51.6)		16.2
(61.2)		22.2
(72.0)		26.7
(80.1)		26.7
(80.1)		21.3
(70.3)		14.5
(58.1)		6.8
(44.2)		0.7
(33.3)		12.3
(54.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−5.5
(22.1)		−4.6
(23.7)		0.4
(32.7)		5.8
(42.4)		10.2
(50.4)		15.0
(59.0)		19.3
(66.7)		19.1
(66.4)		13.9
(57.0)		8.6
(47.5)		2.2
(36.0)		−2.8
(27.0)		6.8
(44.2)
Record low °C (°F)−23.2
(−9.8)		−21.6
(−6.9)		−20.3
(−4.5)		−9.2
(15.4)		1.0
(33.8)		3.5
(38.3)		8.8
(47.8)		7.8
(46.0)		4.2
(39.6)		−2.4
(27.7)		−15.0
(5.0)		−25.1
(−13.2)		−25.1
(−13.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)138.7
(5.46)		128.9
(5.07)		134.4
(5.29)		110.5
(4.35)		82.5
(3.25)		21.3
(0.84)		6.6
(0.26)		5.1
(0.20)		15.4
(0.61)		65.3
(2.57)		93.1
(3.67)		133.3
(5.25)		935.1
(36.81)
Average precipitation days12.6712.214.314.8314.375.3721.52.838.478.9312.57110
Average relative humidity (%)72.871.165.560.957.144.337.235.941.456.46573.256.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 105.4124.3148.8165.0213.9270.0285.2275.9240.0189.1135.0102.32,254.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 3.44.44.85.56.99.09.28.98.06.14.53.36.2
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service [16]
Source 2: NOAA NCEI (humidity) [17]

Earthquakes

On 1 May 2003, the whole area suffered from a magnitude 6.4 earthquake, leaving 176 dead and 520 injured. [18] On 8 March 2010, the area suffered another earthquake, of magnitude 5.9, with its epicenter in Elazığ Province, 45 km (28 mi) west of Bingöl. On 14 June 2020, a relatively small earthquake occurred in the region, killing a village guard and injuring 21 others. [19]

Demographics

Ethnic background

In 1891, the kaza had 20,800 inhabitants: 16,465 Muslims and 4,385 Armenians. [20]

Mother tongue, Çapakçur District, 1927 Turkish census [21]
Turkish Arabic Kurdish Circassian Armenian Unknown or other languages
97519,416–––
Religion, Çapakçur District, 1927 Turkish census [21]
Muslim Armenian Orthodox Other Christian
10,395–––

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
196511,727—    
197017,220+7.99%
197522,047+5.07%
198028,146+5.01%
198534,024+3.87%
199041,590+4.10%
YearPop.±% p.a.
199767,022+7.05%
200786,511+2.59%
201298,424+2.61%
2017117,014+3.52%
2022133,423+2.66%
Source: Population censuses (1965–1997) [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] and TÜIK (2007–2022) [1]

Transport

Bingol Airport Bingol Airport.jpg
Bingöl Airport

Bingöl Airport opened on 12 July 2013. It has a passenger capacity of 500,000 a year.

Education

Bingöl University opened on 29 May 2007. [29] The university has nine faculties, six vocational schools and five institutes.

Mayors of Bingöl

Notable people

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Population Of Municipalities, Villages And Quarters". TÜIK . Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  2. ↑ Adem, Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 55.
  3. ↑ Ferhengê Kirmanckî (Zazakî)-Tirkî: Kırmancca (Zazaca)-Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish and Dimli). Weşanxaneyê Vateyî. 2009. p. 106. ISBN   978-975-6278-40-6.
  4. ↑ İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  5. ↑ "Coğrafi Yapı". www.bintso.org.tr. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  6. ↑ Evliyâ Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi: III. pp. 240–241. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh.; Melik-Bakhshyan, Stepan T.; Barseghyan, Hovhannes Kh. (1991). Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան [Dictionary of toponymy of Armenia and adjacent territories] (in Armenian). Vol. 3. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Publishing House. p. 603.
  8. ↑ Oikonomides, Nicolas (1972). Les Listes de Préséance Byzantines des IXe et Xe Siècles (in French). Paris, France: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. p. 359.
  9. ↑ Mahfuz, Söylemez M. (2010). According to the Tahrir Register Dated 1550 Liva of Çapakçur (PDF). Bingöl: Bingöl Belediyesi Kültür Yayınlar. p. 17. ISBN   978-975-6788-82-0. OCLC   1030056968. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2020.
  10. ↑ "Italian City-states and Catholic Missions in Mongolian World of the 13th and 14th Centuries", ANTHROPOLOGIA INTEGRA Vol. 3, No. 2, 2012, p. 9; academia.edu
  11. ↑ Bingöl Tarihi, frmartuklu.org
  12. ↑ "Bingöl'de zırhlı polis aracına saldırı: 2 polis şehit, 5'i polis 19 yaralı". www.sozcu.com.tr (in Turkish). 23 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  13. ↑ DHA (8 June 2018). "Bingöl'de PKK pususu: 1 asker şehit, 3 asker yaralı". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  14. ↑ Aydan, Ö. (July 2003). "THE BİNGÖL EARTHQUAKE OF MAY 1, 2003" (PDF). Tokai University, Department of Marine Civil Engineering. p. 4.
  15. ↑ "İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri". mgm.gov.tr. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  16. ↑ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  17. ↑ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Bingol" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration . Retrieved 23 June 2024. WMO Station number: 17203
  18. ↑ Aydan, Ö. (July 2003). "THE BİNGÖL EARTHQUAKE OF MAY 1, 2003" (PDF). Tokai University, Department of Marine Civil Engineering. p. 1.
  19. ↑ "Bingöl'de deprem: Bir güvenlik görevlisi hayatını kaybetti". euronews (in Turkish). 15 June 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  20. ↑ "Kaza Chapaghjur – Ճապաղջուր". Virtual Genocide Memorial. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  21. 1 2 Sertel, Savaş (1 January 2014). "ERKEN CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİNDE BİNGÖL NÜFUSU". XVII. TTK Bildiri Kitabi.
  22. ↑ "1965 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1965. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2022.
  23. ↑ "1970 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1970. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2022.
  24. ↑ "1975 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1975. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2022.
  25. ↑ "1980 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1980. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2022.
  26. ↑ "1985 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1986. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2021.
  27. ↑ "1990 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1991. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021.
  28. ↑ "1997 Population Count" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2022.
  29. ↑ Bingöl University Archived 11 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine
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