The small tortoiseshell is a colourful Eurasian butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. Adults feed on nectar and may hibernate over winter; in warmer climates they may have two broods in a season. While the dorsal surface of the wings is vividly marked, the ventral surface is drab, providing camouflage. Eggs are laid on the common nettle, on which the larvae feed.
Wuchereria bancrofti is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. It is one of the three parasitic worms, together with Brugia malayi and B. timori, that infect the lymphatic system to cause lymphatic filariasis. These filarial worms are spread by a variety of mosquito vector species. W. bancrofti is the most prevalent of the three and affects over 120 million people, primarily in Central Africa and the Nile delta, South and Central America, the tropical regions of Asia including southern China, and the Pacific islands. If left untreated, the infection can develop into lymphatic filariasis. In rare conditions, it also causes tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. No vaccine is commercially available, but high rates of cure have been achieved with various antifilarial regimens and lymphatic filariasis is the target of the World Health Organization Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis with the aim to eradicate the disease as a public-health problem by 2020.
Gnathostomiasis is the human infection caused by the nematode (roundworm) Gnathostoma spinigerum and/or Gnathostoma hispidum, which infects vertebrates.
Thelaziasis is the term for infestation with parasitic nematodes of the genus Thelazia. The adults of all Thelazia species discovered so far inhabit the eyes and associated tissues of various mammal and bird hosts, including humans. Thelazia nematodes are often referred to as "eyeworms".
Cosmorhoe is a monotypic moth genus in the family Geometridae erected by Jacob Hübner in 1825. Its only species, Cosmorhoe ocellata, the purple bar, was described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.
Coleophora kuehnella is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It was first described by Johann Goeze in 1783 and is found in Asia and Europe.
Syngrapha microgamma, the little bride looper moth, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1823. It is found in much of Canada south in the east to southern Maine, northern New York, and the Great Lakes states. In Europe, it is found from Fennoscandia and central Europe east to mountains eastern Asia.
Hecatera cappa is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Morocco, Algeria, central and south-eastern Europe, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Iran and central Asia.
Gypsonoma minutana, the poplar tortricid, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Europe and North Africa, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Ural, Kazakhstan, from central Asia to Siberia and eastern Russia, Asia Minor, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, China and Japan.
Manulea pygmaeola, the pigmy footman, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in the western half of the Palearctic realm, east to Altai.
Eupithecia denotata is a moth in the family Geometridae. The species can be found across the Palearctic from western Europe to Central Asia and China.
Eupithecia subumbrata, the shaded pug, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. It is found from Mongolia and the Altai Mountains through Siberia, central Asia, Asia Minor and Russia to western Europe and from central Scandinavia to the Mediterranean region.
Pasiphila chloerata, the sloe pug, is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found from Europe to the Amur Region and central Asia.
Perizoma blandiata, the pretty pinion, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. It is found from most of central and northern Europe to central Asia as far as the Khangai Mountains.
Coleophora virgatella is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found from Germany and Poland to the Pyrenees, Italy and Greece. It has also been recorded from southern Russia and central Asia.
Narraga fasciolaria is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found from the eastern part of central Europe, through central Asia and southern Russia to eastern Asia.
Eupithecia veratraria is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer in 1848. It is found from the mountainous areas of Europe and Asia up to Japan.
Isophrictis anthemidella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found from most of Europe to the Caucasus and Central Asia.
Cochylidia implicitana, the chamomile conch, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It was described by Wocke in 1856. It is found in most of Europe, except Ireland and most of the Balkan Peninsula. Outside of Europe, it is found in Morocco, the Alatau mountains in Central Asia, Iran and China (Xinjiang). The habitat consists of waste ground and verges.
Panchrysia aurea is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in southern Europe and western and central Asia. The range extends from Portugal, east to Tian Shan, the Altai and the north-western Himalayas. In central Europe, it is found in the southern Alps, lower Austria and the mountains on the Balkan Peninsula.
