Pyrus communis

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Pyrus communis
Pears.jpg
Common pear branch with fruit
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Pyrus
Species:
P. communis
Binomial name
Pyrus communis
L.
Synonyms [2]
List
    • Crataegus excelsaSalisb.
    • Malus communis(L.) Poir.
    • Pyrenia pyrusClairv.
    • Pyrus achrasGaertn.
    • Pyrus ambrosiacaPoit. & Turpin
    • Pyrus amphigeneaDomin ex Dostalek
    • Pyrus anglicaDruce
    • Pyrus anglicaPoit. & Turpin
    • Pyrus balansaeDecne.
    • Pyrus caucasicaFed.
    • Pyrus caucasica var. schuntukensisTuz
    • Pyrus communis subsp. australeuropaeaTuz
    • Pyrus communis subsp. medioasiaticaTuz
    • Pyrus communis subsp. orientaleuropaeaTuz
    • Pyrus communis subsp. transcaucasicaTuz
    • Pyrus communis var. pompejanaL.
    • Pyrus communis var. pyrasterL.
    • Pyrus communis var. sativaDC.
    • Pyrus communis var. sylvestrisDC.
    • Pyrus communis var. volemaL.
    • Pyrus domestica(Borkh.) Medik.
    • Pyrus karpatianaTerpó
    • Pyrus magyaricaTerpó
    • Pyrus moschataPoit. & Turpin
    • Pyrus papulataPoit. & Turpin
    • Pyrus pyraster(L.) Burgsd.
    • Pyrus pyraster subsp. achras(Gaertn.) Stohr
    • Pyrus pyraster var. achras(Gaertn.) Cinovskis
    • Pyrus pyraster var. relictaDostálek
    • Pyrus pyraster var. rossica(A.D.Danilov) Tuz
    • Pyrus pyraster var. tomentosa(W.D.J.Koch) Dostálek
    • Pyrus rossicaA.D.Danilov
    • Pyrus salviatiPoit. & Turpin
    • Sorbus pyrusCrantz

Pyrus communis, the common pear, is a species of pear native to central and eastern Europe, and western Asia. [3]

Contents

It is one of the most important fruits of temperate regions, being the species from which most orchard pear cultivars grown in Europe, North America, and Australia have been developed. Two other species of pear, the Nashi pear ( Pyrus pyrifolia ) and the hybrid Chinese white or ya pear ( Pyrus × bretschneideri , Chinese :白梨; pinyin :báilí) are more widely grown in East Asia.

Subtaxa

The following subspecies are currently accepted: [2]

Origin

The cultivated Common pear (P. communis subsp. communis) is thought to be descended from two subspecies of wild pears, categorized as P. communis subsp. pyraster (syn. P. pyraster) and P. communis subsp. caucasica (syn. P. caucasica), which are interfertile with domesticated pears. Archeological evidence shows these pears "were collected from the wild long before their introduction into cultivation", according to Zohary and Hopf. [4] Although they point to finds of pears in sites in Neolithic and Bronze Age European sites, "reliable information on pear cultivation first appears in the works of the Greek and the Roman writers." [5] Theophrastus, Cato the Elder, and Pliny the Elder all present information about the cultivation and grafting of pears.[ citation needed ]

Cultivation

Pear tree in flower 2015 Kwiatostan gruszy pospolitej.jpg
Pear tree in flower
Tiny unripe pears Kruska Rana Moretini - mali plodovi.JPG
Tiny unripe pears

Common pear trees are not quite as hardy as apples, but nearly so. However, they do require some winter chilling to produce fruit. A number of Lepidoptera caterpillars feed on pear tree leaves.[ citation needed ]

For best and most consistent quality, common pears are picked when the fruit matures, but before they are ripe. Fruit allowed to ripen on the tree often drops before it can be picked, and in any event will be hard to pick without bruising. Pears store (and ship) well in their mature but unripe state if kept cold, and can be ripened later, a process called bletting. Some varieties, such as Beurre d'Anjou, ripen only with exposure to cold.[ citation needed ]

Fermented pear juice is called perry. In Britain, the place name "Perry" can indicate the historical presence of pear trees.[ citation needed ]

Relatively few cultivars of European or Asian pears are widely grown worldwide. Only about 20–25 European and 10–20 Asian cultivars represent virtually all the pears of commerce[ citation needed ]. Almost all European cultivars were chance seedlings or selections originating in western Europe, mostly France. The Asian cultivars all originated in Japan and China. 'Bartlett' (Williams) is the most common pear cultivar in the world, representing about 75% of US pear production.[ citation needed ]

Major cultivars

In the United States, 95% of reported pear production in 2004 came from four cultivars: [6]

Eight varieties of pear, from left to right, Williams' Bon Chretien (sold in the US as Bartlett), two Red Bartlett varieties, d'Anjou, Bosc, Comice, Concorde, and Seckel Eight varieties of pears.jpg
Eight varieties of pear, from left to right, Williams' Bon Chrétien (sold in the US as Bartlett), two Red Bartlett varieties, d'Anjou, Bosc, Comice, Concorde, and Seckel

Selected common pear cultivars

Those marked agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pear</span> Species of fruit

Pears are fruits produced and consumed around the world, growing on a tree and harvested in late summer into mid-autumn. The pear tree and shrub are a species of genus Pyrus, in the family Rosaceae, bearing the pomaceous fruit of the same name. Several species of pears are valued for their edible fruit and juices, while others are cultivated as trees.

<i>Fuchsia</i> Genus of plants

Fuchsia is a genus of flowering plants that consists mostly of shrubs or small trees.

<i>Pyrus <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> bretschneideri</i> Species of tree

Pyrus × bretschneideri, the ya pear or pearple or Chinese white pear, is an interspecific hybrid species of pear native to North China, where it is widely grown for its edible fruit.

<i>Dasiphora fruticosa</i> Species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae

Dasiphora fruticosa is a species of hardy deciduous flowering shrub in the family Rosaceae, native to the cool temperate and subarctic regions of the northern hemisphere, often growing at high altitudes in mountains. Dasiphora fruticosa is still widely referenced in the horticultural literature under its synonym Potentilla fruticosa. Common names include shrubby cinquefoil, golden hardhack, bush cinquefoil, shrubby five-finger, widdy, and kuril tea.

<i>Juniperus chinensis</i> Species of conifer

Juniperus chinensis, the Chinese juniper is a species of plant in the cypress family Cupressaceae, native to China, Myanmar, Japan, Korea and the Russian Far East. Growing 1–20 metres tall, it is a very variable coniferous evergreen tree or shrub.

<i>Helianthemum</i> Genus of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Helianthemum, known as rock rose, sunrose, rushrose, or frostweed, is a genus of about 110 species of flowering plants in the family Cistaceae. They are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, especially in the Mediterranean.

<i>Lomelosia caucasica</i> Species of flowering plant

Lomelosia caucasica, the Caucasian pincushion flower, pincushion-flower or Caucasian scabious, is a species of flowering plant in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to the Caucasus, north eastern Turkey, and northern Iran. Growing to 60 cm (24 in) tall and broad, it is a clump-forming perennial with grey-green, divided leaves. Pincushion-shaped buds, borne on erect hairy, stems, open to pale blue or lavender flower heads, 4–8 cm (2–3 in) in diameter, from late summer through to autumn.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ilex aquifolium</span> Species of flowering plant in the family Aquifoliaceae

Ilex aquifolium, the holly, common holly, English holly, European holly, or occasionally Christmas holly, is a species of flowering plant in the family Aquifoliaceae, native to western and southern Europe, northwest Africa, and southwest Asia. It is regarded as the type species of the genus Ilex, which by association is also called "holly". It is an evergreen tree or shrub found, for example, in shady areas of forests of oak and in beech hedges. In the British Isles it is one of very few native hardwood evergreen trees. It has a great capacity to adapt to different conditions and is a pioneer species that repopulates the margins of forests or clearcuts.

<i>Pyrus salicifolia</i> Species of pear tree

Pyrus salicifolia is a species of pear, native to the Middle East. It is widely grown as an ornamental tree, almost always as a pendulous cultivar, and is called by various common names, including willow-leaved pear, weeping pear, and similar. The tree is deciduous and of comparatively small stature, rarely reaching 10–12 meters in height. The crown is rounded. It has pendulous, silvery foliage, superficially similar to a weeping willow. The flowers are large and pure white highlighted with black-tipped stamens although the buds are tipped with red. The small green fruits are inedible, being hard and astringent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bosc pear</span> Flowering plant cultivar

The Beurre Bosc or Bosc is a cultivar of the European pear, originally from France or Belgium. Also known as the Kaiser, it is grown in Europe, Australia, British Columbia and Ontario, Canada, and the northwestern U.S. states of California, Washington, and Oregon.

<i>Dicentra formosa</i> Species of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae

Dicentra formosa is a flowering plant with fern-like leaves and an inflorescence of drooping pink, purple, yellow or cream flowers native to the Pacific Coast of North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">D'Anjou</span> Pear cultivar

The D'Anjou pear, sometimes referred to as the Beurré d'Anjou or simply Anjou, is a short-necked cultivar of European pear. The variety was originally named 'Nec Plus Meuris' in Europe and the name 'Anjou' or 'd'Anjou' was erroneously applied to the variety when introduced to America and England. It is thought to have originated in the mid-19th century, in Belgium or France.

<i>Phormium colensoi</i> Species of flowering plant

Phormium colensoi, also called mountain flax, or wharariki in Māori, is a perennial plant that is endemic to New Zealand. The greenish, yellow or orange flowers are followed by twisted seed pods. It is less common than the other Phormium species, P. tenax or harakeke. Mountain flax is also called whararipi, whatariki, mangaeka, kōrari tuauru, wauraki, coastal flax, hill flax and lesser New Zealand flax.

<i>Malva thuringiaca</i> Species of flowering plant

Malva thuringiaca, the garden tree-mallow, is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family Malvaceae, native to eastern Europe and southwestern Asia, from southern Germany south to Italy, and east to southern Russia, Kazakhstan, and Turkey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Williams pear</span> Pear cultivar

The Williams' bon chrétien pear, commonly called the Williams pear, or the Bartlett pear in the United States and Canada.

<i>Pyrus pyraster</i> Species of tree

Pyrus pyraster, also called European wild pear, is a species of pear of the family Rosaceae.

<i>Acer palmatum</i> Species of maple

Acer palmatum, commonly known as Japanese maple, palmate maple, or smooth Japanese maple (Korean: danpungnamu, 단풍나무, Japanese: irohamomiji, イロハモミジ, or momiji,, is a species of woody plant native to Korea, Japan, China, eastern Mongolia, and southeast Russia. Many different cultivars of this maple have been selected and they are grown worldwide for their large variety of attractive forms, leaf shapes, and spectacular colors.

<i>Coronilla valentina</i> Species of legume

Coronilla valentina, the shrubby scorpion-vetch, scorpion vetch or bastard senna, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Coronilla of the legume family Fabaceae, native to the Mediterranean Basin, and introduced into Kenya and the United States. It is an evergreen shrub growing to 80 cm (31 in) tall and wide, with pea-like foliage and fragrant, brilliant yellow flowers in spring and summer, followed by slender pods. Linnaeus observed that the flowers, remarkably fragrant in the daytime, are almost scentless at night.

<i>Photinia <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> fraseri</i> Species of plant

Photinia × fraseri, known as red tip photinia and Christmas berry, is a nothospecies in the rose family, Rosaceae. It is a hybrid between Photinia glabra and Photinia serratifolia.

References

  1. Barstow, M. (2017). "Pyrus communis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T173010A61580281. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T173010A61580281.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 "Pyrus pseudopashia T.T.Yu". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  3. "Heritage Rare & Iconic Trees - Visit Kew Gardens". kew.org.
  4. Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (Fourth ed.). Oxford: University Press. p. 176.
  5. Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (Fourth ed.). Oxford: University Press. p. 177.
  6. U.S. Department of Agriculture. (September 2004.) "Pyrus Crop Germplasm Committee: Report and genetic vulnerability statement, September 2004" Archived 2008-10-10 at the Wayback Machine . (Website.) Germ Resources Information Network (GRIN), page 5. Retrieved on 2007-10-02.
  7. "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Beth'". Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  8. "Pero - in Italian" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22.
  9. "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Comice'". Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  10. "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Conference'". Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  11. "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Joséphine de Malines'". Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  12. "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Louise Bonne of Jersey'" . Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  13. "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Onward'" . Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  14. U.S. Department of Agriculture. (September 2004.) "Pyrus Crop Germplasm Committee: Report and genetic vulnerability statement, September 2004" Archived 2008-10-10 at the Wayback Machine . (Website.) Germ Resources Information Network (GRIN), pages 5-7, 10. Retrieved on 2007-10-02.
  15. Dris, Ramdane, and S. Mohan Jain (editors.) (2004.) "Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops: Volume 3, Quality Handling and Evaluation". Springer, page 274, ISBN   978-1-4020-1700-1. Retrieved on 2007-10-10
  16. "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Williams Bonne Chretienne'" . Retrieved 30 May 2013.