List of pear cultivars

Over 3000 cultivars of the pear are known. ^[1] The following is a list of the more common and important cultivars, with the year and place of origin (where documented) and an indication of whether the pears are for cooking, eating, canning, drying or making perry. Those varieties marked agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Those varieties marked FCC have gained the Royal Horticulatural Society's First Class Certificate.

Table of pears

Common name	Synonyms	Image	Origin	First developed and introduced	Comment	Use and Cold storage [2] [3]	Harvest (days from full bloom) [4] [5] [6] and Fireblight susceptibility [7] [8] F1 =very resistant, F5 = very susceptible.
Abate Fetel [9]	Abbé Fetel		France	1869	Scab susceptible. A major cultivar in Italy [10]	Eating -1oC 90 days	140–165 F3
Alexander Lucas [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]	Lucas, Lukas, Beurré Alexander		Loire et Cher, France	1870, introduced 1874	Triploid	eating -0.5oC 120 days.	157 F1
Alfa [17]							F1
Ambrosia [18]			Indiana, US	cross made 1978	Pick mid August. Tolerant to fire blight.	eating. 1oC 42 days
Angelys [19]			Angers, France	introduced 1999	Parentage Doyenné d' hiver x Doyenné du Comice. Pick 10 days after Doyenne du Comice	eating, -0.5o 180 days	F4
Angouleme see Duchesse d'Angouleme
Anjou see Beurré D'Anjou
Anjou Red [20]					Sport of anjou with a red surface color. Not as vigorous as Anjou.
Ayers			United States		an interspecific P. communis× P. pyrifolia hybrid
Bambinella			Malta
Bartlett see Williams
Bartlett Max Red [20] [21]			Europe	1945	A red sport of Bartlett. Slightly more fire blight resistant than Bartlett
Bartlett Red Sensation [20] [22]	Sensation Red Bartlett		Australia	1940	A red sport of Bartlett. Tree is slower growing.
Beth			England	introduced 1974	AGM in 1993. Parentage Beurre Superfin x Williams Bon Chretien.
Beurre d' Anjou [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28]	D' Anjou, Beurré Gris,		France	<1628		eating -0.5oC 150 days	140–165 F2
Beurré d'Arenberg see Glou Morceau
Beurré Bedford [29]			Bedford, England	Raised 1902, introduced 1921	Parentage Marie Louise x Durondeau	Eating in October and November
Bell [30]			West Virginia, US	cross made 1983	Fire blight resistant.	eating
Beurré Bosc see Bosc
Beurré Clairrgeau see Clairgeau
Beurré Diel [31] [32] [23] [28] [27]			Belgium	<1830		eating -0.5oC 120 days
Beurré Durandeau [33] [34] [35] [28]	De Tongrés, Tongeren, Tongern, Tongre, Durandeau, Durondeau			<1823	Pick late September – early October.	eating, canning -0.5oC 150 days
Beurré Giffard [36] [37] [23] [20] [38] [27] [28]	Giffard		Angers, France	1825	Poor keeper	eating	100–120
Beurré d'Hardenpont see Glou Morceau
Beurré Hardy  [ fr ] [39] [40] [23] [24] [41] [42] [26] [27] [43] [44] [45] [28] [46]	Hardy, Beurre Hardy, ge. Gellerts Butterbirne		Boulogne-sur-Mer, France [47]	c1820, introduced c1840	AGM in 1993. Biennial bearing.	Eating -0.5oC 90 days	130–150 F2
Beurré de Mérode see Doppelte Philipp
Beurré Superfin [48] [49] [23] [28] [20] [27]			Angers, France	1837	AGM in 2006. Ripens in late September.	Eating
Black Worcester			England		a cooking pear that keeps well	Cooking
Blake's Pride [50]			United States	cross made 1965, introduced 1998	derived from a cross of US 446 x US 505, made by H.J. Brooks [50]
Blanquilla	'pera de agua' and 'blanquilla de Aranjuez'		Spain			eating	100–130 F1
Bon Chrétien see Willams
Bonne de Malines see Winter Nelis
Bon Rouge					cultivar derived from a rare, spontaneous bud mutation of the green pear cultivar William’s Bon Chretien [51]
Bosc [52] [23] [53] [26] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59]	Beurré Bosc, Bosc's Flaschenbirne, Kaiser Alexander		Belgium	<1807	Good for eating, baking, cooking, broiling, especially poaching.	eating, baking -1oC 120 days	150–165 F1
Bristol Cross [60]			Bristol, England	cross made 1920	Parentage Williams x Conference	eating	142
Butirra Precoce Morettini [20] [61] [26] [62]	Beurré précoce Morettini  [ fr ]		Florence, Italy	1956	Parentage: Coscia x Williams (Bartlett) made by Morettini. Tree is vigorous. Ripens 20 days before Bartlett. One of the best early pears.	eating	100–125
Carmen [63] [64]			Italy	cross made 1980, selected 1989, introduced 2000	Pick 18 days before Bartlett.	eating
Cascade [65]			Oregon, US	1975	A red-skinned pear. Parentage Bartlett Max Red x Doyenné du Comice.	eating
Catillac [66] [67] [28] [68] [27]	Cadillac, De Citrouille, De Bell, Grand-Mogul, Grand-Tamerlan, Monstrueuse des Landes, Pound Pear, Tete-de-Chat		France	<1665	scab resistant pear for organic gardening.	Cooking
Celina [63]	QTee		Sweden & Norway	cross made 1985, selected 1997	Pick 17 days before Conference. Parentage Colorée de Juillet x Bartlett.	eating
Charneu, Charneux see Fondante de Charneux
Chojuro [26]			Japan	1895		eating	140–155
Churchland
Clairgeau [69] [23] [20] [70] [27] [71] [72] [28]	Beurré Clairgeau		Nantes, France	c.1830, introduced 1851	Tree is healthy and productive. Excellent dessert quality.	eating, cooking -0.5oC 60 days
Clapp's Favourite [73] [74] [23] [24] [20] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [28]	Clapps		Dorchester, Massachusetts, US	c. 1860, introduced 1867	Susceptible to scab. Very susceptible to fireblight	eating -0.5oC 60 days	105–130
Clara Frijs [81]	Comtesse Clara Frijs		Skensved, Denmark [82]	<1858	major cultivar in Denmark	Eating
Claude Blanchet			Vienne, Isère, France by M BLANCHET [83]	1877 [83]	Random seedling [83]
Colorée de Juillet [84] [27] [85]	Bunte Juli		Rouen, France	1857, introduced 1867		eating	90
Comtesse de Paris [86] [87]	Paris		Eure-et-Loire, France	1884?, 1893?	Pick late October. Use December-February	eating -0.5oC 180 days	165
Concorde [61] [88] [89] [90]			England	introduced 1984	AGM in 1993. Susceptible to fireblight. Parentage Doyenné du Comice x Conference
Condo [91]			Wageningen, Netherlands	1965	Parentage Conference x Doyenné du Comice	-1o C 120 days
Conference [92] [93] [61] [94] [95] [26] [96] [97] [98] [99] [100]	Rivers' Conference		Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire, England	1884, introduced 1894	FCC in 1885. AGM in 1993. Susceptible to fireblight and canker.	eating -0.5oC 120 days	160–180 F1
Corella			Australia	late 19th century [101] [102]	Barossa Valley in southern Australia by German settlers [101]
Coscia [103]			Italy	<1800	very early maturing cultivar	eating	90–120 F1
Curé see Poire de Curé
D'Anjou see Beurré d' Anjou
Delfrap [104]	Delbard Premiere		France	1955	Preharvest drop.	eating
Dessertnaja
Dicolor [105]					pick late september	eating	F4
Don Guindo			Spain		strong yellow, flavoured taste
Doppelte Philipp [106] [107] [108]	Beurré de Mérode, Doyenné de Mérode, Albertine, Doyenné Boussoch		Belgium	c.1800, introduced 1819	Pick september. Use November
Doyenné d' hiver see Easter Beurre
Doyenné du Comice [109] [110] [111] [24] [20] [112] [113] [26] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118] [119] [28]	Comice, Vereinsdekant, Offered as "Royal Riviera Pears" by Harry & David		Angers, France	<1849	FCC in 1900. AGM in 1993. Biennial bearing. Preharvest drop. Vigorous tree, erratic cropper.	eating -0.5oC 90 days	150–170 F5
Doyenné de Mérode see Doppelte Philip
Drouard see President Drouard
Dr. Jules Guyot [120] [28] [121]			Troyes, France	c1870 Introduced 1875	Scab resistant pear for organic gardening. Poor keeper.	eating, 0 C 25 days	105–125 F2
Duchess [122]	Dyushes, Dushes		England? France?	late 18th c. [123]	Pick early October	eating, canning
Duchesse d'Angouleme [23] [24] [20] [124] [28]	Angouleme		France	1809, introduced 1815	Large tree, bears reulary. Good fire blight resistance.	eating	150–170
Durondeau se Beurré Durondeau
Earlibrite
Easter Beurré [125] [28]	Doyenné d' hiver, Winterdechantsbirne		Belgium	c1823	Use December- March	eating	160–185
Edelcrassane see Passe Crassane
Eden			Israel
Eldorado [20]			California, US	1945	Very good to excellent quality. Long storage life.	Eating, Canning	140–160 F1
Elektra							F5
Epine du Mas [126]	Belle de Limoges, Beurré Rochechouart, du Mas		Rochechouart, France	<1847		eating, 0 C 100 days
Flamingo [61]			South Africa	introduced 1993	Parentage Bon Rouge x Forelle. Flesh: creamy white, soft.	eating
Flemish Beauty [23] [24] [20] [28]	Fondante des Bois		Flanders, Belgium	1810	Hardy to -45 degrees F.	Eating, drying	160–180
Fondante d'Automne [127] [128] [28]			France	c. 1825	An old Flemish variety raised by Fievee at Maubeuge [129]
Fondante de Charneux [130] [131] [132] [133] [134] [28]	Charneux, Merveille de Charneu, Köstliche von Charneeux, Légipont, Merveille de Charneu, Waterloo,		Charneux, Belgium	c1800	Susceptible to fireblight	eating -0.5oC 100 days	144
Forelle						eating	160–190
Gellert see Beurré Hardy
Gem [63]			West Virginia, US	cross made 1970, selected 1981, introduced 2014	Pick early September in West Virginia and Oregon.	eating
General Leclerc [135] [136]			Angers, France	1950 ,introduced 1974	Parentage Doyenne du Comice x ?	Eating -0.5oC 150 days
Gerburg
Giffard se Beurré Giffard
Glou Morceau [137] [138] [23] [139] [27]	Beurré d'Hardenpoint Beurré d'Arenberg, Hardenponts Winterbutterbirne		Belgium	1750	Use November – December.	eating -0.5oC 120 days	170–200
Gourmet [140] [141]			South Dakota, US	cross made 1954, selected 1969	Width 56–74 mm. Flesh: firm, yellow, crisp ,juicy. Pollen-sterile [142] Pick 3rd week in September in South Dakota.	eating
Golden Spice					Small fruit, very hardy [142]
Gorham [20]			New York, US	Introduced 1923	Parentage Bartlett x Josephine de Malines. AGM in 2006. Ripens 14 days later than Bartlett
Grand Champion [143]			Oregon, US	1936	Bud mutation from Gorham
Grüne Jagdbirne [144]			Germany ?	<1936	Pick late October.	Perry
Hardy see Beurré Hardy
Harobig
Harovin Sundown
Harrow Crisp
Harrow Delight [20]			Ontario, Canada	Introduced 1982	Hardy in zone 5
Harrow Gold
Harrow Red
Harrow Sweet [141] [145] [146]			Ontario, Canada	cross made 1965			F1
Harvest Queen [20] [147]			Ontario, Canada	introduced 1982	Parentage: Williams x(Williams x(Williams x Seckel))	Eating, Canning
Hermann
Herzogin Elsa [148]	Elsa		Germany	1879 or 1885	Pick late September	eating
Hessle [149] [28] [150]	Hazel		Yorkshire, England	<1827	disease resistant pear for organic gardening	eating
Highland [151]			US	cross made 1944	Parentage Willams x Doyenné du Comise	eating
Honeysweet [152]			US	cross made 1955, selected 1969	Width 55–61 mm, height 61–67 mm. Parentage Seckel x (Vermont Beauty x Roi Carlo de Wurtenberg). Pick early september. Flesh: buttery, sweet, rich.	eating
Hortensia [63]			Dresden-Pillnitz, Germany	introduced 1996	Parentage Nordhäuser Winterforelle x Clapp Favorite. Pick mid to late September.	eating
Hosui (豊水) (Pyrus pyrifolia subsp. culta) [141] [153] [154] [155]	'Russet pears', Russet apple pear		National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Japan	c. 1972		Cider, cooking, eating	135–145
Huntington
Ingeborg [156]			Balsgård, Fjälkestad, Sweden	1994	Parentage Conference x Bonne Louise. Triploid. Main pear cultivar in Norway	eating
Isolda [157]					Susceptible to fireblight	eating	F2
Jargonell [158] [159] [23] [28] [160] [161]	Bellissme-Jargonelle, Figue d'Été, Grosse-Jargonelle, Sabine d'Été, Vermillon d'Été		France	<1690	Tree is hardy, healthy and vigouros	eating
Jeanne d'Arc [162]			Rouen, France	introduced 1893	Parentage Diels Butterbirne x Doyenne du Comice	eating
Joséphine de Malines [163] [164] [23] [24] [165] [28] [166]	Josephine von Mecheln		, Mechelen(a.k.a. Malines), Belgium	1830	FCC in 1901. AGM in 1993. Obtained by Esperen, pomologist and mayor of Malines in the 19th century; one of the best late season pears. Pick late October. Use January – March.	eating -0.5oC 120 days
Kaiser Alexander see Bosc
Kalle see Starkrimson
Kieffer [23] [24] [20]			United States		a hybrid of the Chinese "sand pear", P. pyrifolia and probably 'Bartlett'. Hardy in Zones 4–9.	eating, canning, baking	170–190
Kikusui [20]	Kikisui				Pyrus pyrifolia. Not suitable for shipping.	eating
Kosui [141] [167] (幸水)	Russet apple pear		National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Japan	c. 1959	the most important cultivar in Japan), [168] [169] ('Russet pears')Pyrus pyrifolia subsp. culta	Cider, cooking, eating	120–130
La France [170]			Vienne, Isere, France	1864
Lategale
Laxton's Superb [171] [172]			England	Raised 1901, Introduced 1913, Introduced in US 1937	Parentage Beurré Superfin x Bartlett. No longer used due to high susceptibility to fireblight
Le Conte [23] [20]					Pyrus communis x P. pyrifolia.Vigorous tree.
Liegel [23] [173]	Liegels Winterbutterbirne		Malines, Belgium	1788
Louise Bonne [174] [175] [23] [24] [176] [54] [177] [27] [178] [179] [180] [181] [28] [182]	Bonne Louise d'Avranches, Louise Bonne d'Avranches, Bonne Louise of Jersey, Gute Louise von Avranches		Normandy, France	1778	Scab susceptible	eating -0.5oC 120 days	141
Luscious [20]			South Dakota, US	Introduced 1967	Small-medium Bartlett-like fruit. Hardy in Zone 4 [142]	eating
Magness [20]			Maryland, US	Introduced 1960	Hardy in Zone 6–9. Resistant to fire blight.
Maxine [20]			Ohio, US	Introduced 1923	Hardy in zones 4–8.
Merton Pride			England	1941
Moonglow [20]				Introduced 1960	Parentage Doyenne du Comice x ? Hardy in zones 5–8.	eating, canning
Moorcroft [63] [28]	Stinking Bishop		Colwall, England	<1884	Pick mid to late September	Perry
Chinese White Pear ( Pyrus bretschneideri )	Nashi
Nashi	Asian / Japanese / Chinese / Korean / Taiwanese / sand pear				Pyrus pyrifolia
Nijisseiki (二十世紀) name means "20th century", also spelled 'Nijusseiki' [141] [183] [184] [185] [26]	Green pears		Matsudo, Chiba, Japan	c. 1888	Green apple pear. (Pyrus pyrifolia subsp. culta)	Cider, cooking, eating	140–155
Nordhäuser Winterforelle [186]			Nordhausen, Germany	introduced 1864	Pick mid-October. Use January – March	eating -0.5oC 120 days
Oberösterreichische Weinbirne [187]			Austria	old	Pick mid-October	Perry
Oldfield [63] [28]			Herefordshire, England	early 1700s	Pick mid to late October. Mill 3–6 weeks after harvest.	Perry
Onward [188]			National Fruit Trials in Wisley, Surrey	1947	Laxton's Superb x Doyenne du Comice [189]	Eating
Orcas [141] [190]			Washington, US	1966	Cold storage 11 weeks		112–132
Orient [20]			United States		an interspecific P. communis × P. pyrifolia hybrid. Hardy in zones 5–8.	canning
Packham [191] [26] [192]	'Packham's Triumph'		Australia	1896	Parentage Uvedale's St. Germain x Williams.	eating -0.5oC 90 days	150–165 F4
Paragon [63]			Oregon, US	cross made in 1940s	Flesh fine-textured with exquisite flavor. Tree vigorous.	eating
Parker [20]			Minnesota, US		Large Bartlett-like fruit [142]
Paris see Comtesse de Paris
Parsonage			New Rochelle, New York	c. 1857
Passe Crassane [193] [194] [26] [195] [28]			Rouen, France	1855	A variety developed by M. Boisbunel, a nurseryman from Rouen, France [196]	Eating -0.5oC 150 days	180–210 F4
Patten [20]			Minnesota, US		Hardy to -50 degrees F. Large tender and juicy fruit.	Eating, canning
Petersbirne [197]	Grosse Petersbirne		Germany	<1799		Cooking, juice, drying. -0.5oC 30 days
Piérre Corneille [198]			France	<1895	Biennial bearing.	eating
Pineapple [20] [199] [200]			United States		an interspecific P. communis × P. pyrifolia hybrid. Hardy in zone 8–9	eating, canning
Pitmaston [201] [202] [23] [24] [203] [28]	Pitmaston Duchess, Williams' Duchess		Worcester, England	1841	FCC in 1874	eating, canning
Poire de Curé [204] [205] [206] [207] [28]	Curé, Bon Curé, Vicar of Winkfield, Pastorenbirne		Indre, France	1760	Triploid. Pick October. Use December-January	eating, cooking, 0 C 130 days
Potomac [141]			US	cross made 1961	Parentage Moonglow x Beurrè d' Anjou. Width 65 mm. Pick 2 week after Bartlett. Flesh: buttery, reminding Beurré d'Anjou	eating
President Drouard [23] [208]	Präsident Drouard		Angers, France	Introduced 1870	Pick mid-October. Use November-January	eating
Prècoce de Trévoux [209] [210] [211]			France	1862	Scab susceptible.	eating -0.5oC 50 days	105
Precoce Moretini see Butirra Precoce Morettini
Red Clapp's see Starkrimson
Rescue [141]			Vancouver, B.C.	<1976	Width 75–85 mm. Pick 6 days before Bartlett. Flesh: cream-colored, melting, juicy, reminding Clapp's Favorite.	eating, 1oC, 12 weeks
Rocha	Pêra Rocha		Portugal			eating, 0 C 210 days
Robert de Neufville [212]			Geisenheim, Germany	cross made 1896	Parentage: Auguste Jurie x Clapp's Favourite. Pick late August. Flavour comparable with Doyenné du Comice	eating
Rosemarie [141]			South Africa	cross made 1974	Parentage Bon Rouge x Forelle [213]
Santa Maria [214]			Italy	introduced 1951	Parentage Williams x Coscia	eating
Schweizer Wasserbirne [215]			Switzerland ?	old	Triploid. Juice yield 75–80%	juice, drying
Seckel [23] [24] [216] [20] [54] [28]	Seckle		United States, Philadelphia area	late 17th century	Some fireblight resistance. Hardy in zone 5–8.	eating	120–140
Shenandoah [217]			Kearneysville, West Virginia, US	selected 1985, introduced 2003	Harvest maturity similar to Beurre d' Anjou	eating
Shinseki [141] [20] [26]					Hardy in zone 6–9.	eating	125–135
Starkrimson [20] [218]	Kalle, Red Clapp's		Michigan	Discovered 1939, Introduced 1956	a red-skinned bud mutation of Clapp's Favourite. Its thick, smooth skin is a uniform, bright and intense red, and its creamy flesh is sweet and aromatic. [219]
Stinking Bishop see Moorcroft
Siberian					Extremely hardy with inedible fruit, used as a pollinator [142]
Summer Beauty
Summercrisp [141]			Minnesota, US	Introduced 1987	Cold storage 6 weeks. Crisp texture is similar to Asian Pears, medium sized mildly sweet fruit [142]
Sweet Sensation [220]	Rode Doyenné van Doorn		Netherlands	discovered 1992, introduced 2010	mutation of Doyenne du Comice	eating
Taylor's gold			New Zealand		a russeted mutant clone of 'Comice'
Tongeren, Tongern, Tongre see Beurré Durandeau
Tosca
Trévoux see Prècoce de Trévoux
Triomphe de Vienne [221] [222] [223] [224]	Triumph		Isère, France	introduced 1874	Biennial bearing.	eating	156
Tsu Li [225] [20]	Tse Li				Pyrus pyrifolia	eating	150–165
Turandot [63]			Italy	cross made 1980, introduced 2000	Parentage Dr. Guyot x Bella di Giugno. Susceptible to fire blight.	eating
Tyson [23] [24] [20] [28]	Early Sugar Pear		Philadelphia, US	1794	Tree is hardy and fireblight reistant. Hardy in zone 5–8. Pick early august.	eating
Ure			Morden, Manitoba		Juicy, small-medium fruit [142]
Uta [63] [226]			Dresden-Pillnitz, Germany	1993	Parentage Madame Verte x Beurré Bosc. Pick mid-October	eating, ?oC 135 days
Verdi [227]			Wageningen, Netherlands	1966
Vicar of Winkfield see Poire de Curé
Virgouleuse
Williams [228] [229] [23] [230] [231] [26] [54] [232] [233] [234] [235] [28]	Williams Christ, Williams' Bon Chrétien Bartlett (United States) Red Bartlett (United States)		Berkshire, England	1770	Susceptible to scab and fireblight. Many are yellow. There are three major red-skinned mutant clones: 'Max Red Bartlett', 'Sensation Red Bartlett', 'Rosired Bartlett' Good for eating, baking, cooking. In a recipe specifying apples, substituting one of these pears can give joy.	eating, canning -1oC 60 days	115–135 F3
Winter Nelis [236] [237] [23] [24] [20] [26] [54] [28] [27]	Bonne de Malines, Beurré de Malines, Coloma d' Hiver, Nélis d'Hiver,		Malines, Belgium	<1818	FCC in 1902. Resistant to fireblight.	Eating -1oC 120 days	160–185
Xenia [220]	Noiabriskaia		Netherlands	cross made 1968, selected 2001, introduced 2008	Parentage Triomphe de Vienne x Nicolai Krier. Pick 2 weeks after Conerence.	eating, 1oC 90 days.
Ya Li [141] [20]					Pyrus pyrifolia	eating	150–165
Yakumo [20]					Pyrus pyrifolia	eating

Perry pears

Perry pears may be far too sour or bitter for fresh eating, but are used for making perry, the pear equivalent of the alcoholic beverage apple cider. Some pears (especially older ones from the U.S. and Canada) are used for both cider and eating purposes.

Gallery

• Food portal

• 
  Alexander Lukas
• 
  Black Worcester
• 
  Bosc
• 
  Conference
• 
  Beurré D'Anjou
• 
  Forelle
• 
  European Pear
• 
  Le Conte
• 
  Pêra Rocha
• 
  Pyrus pyrifolia
• 
  Pyrus bretschneideri
• 
  Williams (Bartlett)
• 
  Vicar of Winkfield (Poire de Curé)

References

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2. Osterloh, Lagerung von Obst und Südfrüchten
3. ISO 1134:1993 - Pears - Cold Storage
4. Silbereisen, Obstsorten-Atlas
5. Westwood, Temperate-zone Pomology, 1988
6. Handbook oh Fruit Science and Technology, 1995
7. Vanneste, Fire Blight, 2000
8. Korba, Evaluation of susceptibility of pear cultivars to fire blight in the Czech Republic, Hort.Sci. Prague Vol. 40, 2013, No. 2:58-64
9. Lucas' Anleitung zum Obstbau, 2002
10. Predieri, Stefano; Gatti, Edoardo (2009). "Effects of cold storage and shelf-life on sensory quality and consumer acceptance of 'Abate Fetel' pears". Postharvest Biology and Technology. 51 (3): 342–8. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2008.09.006.
11. Bagenal, Fruit Growing, 1939
12. Lind Organic Fruit Growing, 2003
13. Lucas' Anleitung zum Obstbau, 1974
14. Lucas' Anleitung zum Obstbau, 2002
15. Fischer, Farbatlas Obstsorten
16. Silbereisen, Obstsorten-Atlas
17. Konopacka, Journal of Horticultural Research 2014, vol. 22(2)
18. Janick, HortScience 41(2):467
19. Lézec, Acta Hotic. 596:265-269 (2002)
20. Fruit, Berry and Nut Inventory, 1989
21. Silbereisen, Obstsorten-Atlas
22. Silbereisen, Obstsorten-Atlas
23. Hedrick, The Pears of New York, 1921
24. Hedrick, Systematic Pomology, 1925
25. Jackson, Biology of Apples and Pears, 2003
26. Ryugo, Fruit Culture, 1988
27. Leroy, Pomologie, 1867
28. Hogg, The Fruit Manual, 1884
29. Bagenal, Fruit Growing, 1939
30. Bell, HortScience 58(8):832-835
31. Bunyard, Fruit Garden, 1904
32. Bagenal, Fruit Growing, 1939
33. Silbereisen, Obstsorten-Atlas
34. Leroy, Pomologie, 1869
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