Bombus suckleyi

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Bombus suckleyi
Suckley's Cuckoo Bumble Bee imported from iNaturalist photo 156586446 on 18 November 2023.jpg
St. Brieux, Saskatchewan, 2021
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Apidae
Genus: Bombus
Subgenus: Psithyrus
Species:
B. suckleyi
Binomial name
Bombus suckleyi
Greene, 1860 [1]

Bombus suckleyi is a species of bumblebee known commonly as Suckley's cuckoo bumblebee, named after biologist George Suckley. [2] [3] Suckley's bumble bee is a generalist pollinator and represents a rare group of obligate, parasitic bumble bees (cuckoo bumble bees). Suckley's bumble bee is a social-parasite because it invades the nests of the host bumble bees, including the western bumble bee (Bombus occidentalis), and relies on host species workers to provision its larvae. It is native to northwestern North America, including Alaska and parts of western and central Canada and the western United States. [2]

Contents

Taxonomy

Bumble bees are members of the genus Bombus within the insect order Hymenoptera and family Apidae. Bombus suckleyi was first described by John Greene [4] and named after George Suckley. Suckley's bumble bee and all cuckoo bumble bees are classified under the subgenus Psithyrus. [5] Bombus suckleyi is recognized as a valid species in the United States under the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). [6]

Description and Identification

Suckley's bumble bee is a member of the subgenus Psithyrus which contains all cuckoo bumble bees. This subgenus differs morphologically from other Bombus subgenera primarily because its members do not have corbicula (pollen-carrying baskets) on the tibia of their hind legs. Cuckoo bees do not gather nectar or pollen for their own brood and have lost the ability to carry large amounts of pollen and nectar on their body. Suckley's bumble bee can be distinguished from other bees based on physical characteristics and coloration. It is most similar to the Ashton cuckoo bumble bee (Bombus bohemicus), the indiscriminate bumble bee (Bombus insularis), and the Fernald cuckoo bumble bee (Bombus flavidus). [7]

Suckley's bumble bee females are 0.72–0.92 in (18–23 mm) in length and covered in short hair of even length that is black, yellow, or white. The hind tibia has a round, convex shape with dense hairs and no pollen carrying basket. Suckley's bumble bee females have variable coloration with black faces and predominately yellow thorax. The abdomen consists of seven tergal segments: T1 and T2 are black, T3 has some yellow laterally and posterially with no yellow centrally, T4 is predominately yellow with a black patch centrally and anteriorally (contrast Aston cuckoo bumble bee), T5 is usually black, but can have some yellow laterally, and T6 and T7 are black. [7]

Males are slightly smaller than females at 0.51–0.61 in (13–16 mm) in length and their hind legs are convex with few hairs. The male coloration is highly variable with consistently T1 and T4 yellow, some yellow on T2, T3, T5, T6, and T7 is black. [7]

Natural History

Life Cycle and Behavior

Suckley's bumble bee is a cuckoo bumble bee or social parasite of other Bombus species. Its life cycle is directly linked to a host species for survival because they have lost the ability to collect sufficient pollen and nectar to produce colonies. [8] : 77  All individual Suckley's bumble bees are able to reproduce and there is no sterile worker caste, differing from eusocial Bombus species. Suckley's bumble bee females emerge later in the season than host species and invade a host colony by killing or subduing the resident queen. A Suckley's bumble bee female is not strictly speaking a queen because she does not produce any worker bees of her own, and instead controls the host workers to continue collecting pollen and nectar to provision her offspring. Once developed, individuals leave the nest to mate; mated females feed on nectar and pollen prior to overwintering and males die after mating. [8] : 12  Females emerge in the spring and forage until they find a suitable host colony to invade. Suckley's bumble bee has been documented breeding in colonies of B. occidentallis [9] : 50  and has been recorded in colonies of B. terricola, B. rufocinctus, B. fervidus, and B. nevadensis, and B. appositus. [8] Suckley's bumble bee females in California are active from late May to late October, with their greatest activity in June. [9] Males in California are active from early July to late September, with peaks in late July and early September. [9]

Habitat

Suckley's bumble bee inhabits western meadows at a wide range of elevations. Like all bumble bees, Suckley's bumble bee requires suitable nesting sites for colonies, nectar and pollen resources during the colony period (spring, summer, and fall), and suitable overwintering sites for mated females. [8] : 5–12  Suckley's bumble bee has historically been widespread across the western United States in a variety of meadow ecosystems. Historic observations have been most often made at higher elevations meadows within forest or subalpine zones.

Meadows often exist within patchy meadow-complexes and bumble bees are able to exploit scattered resources because they are mobile compared to other insects. [10] : 154, 156  Quality and quantity of bumble bee habitat varies at a landscape scale and bumble bees routinely forage over relatively large distances of > 1.25 miles (> 2 km) [10] : 151  and require approximately 815–2,500 acres (3.3–10 km2) of suitable habitat to sustain viable populations. [8] : 193  The quantity and quality of floral resources within Suckley's range varies greatly, and floral-rich meadows are often interspersed within forests or exist in field margins and hedgerows within a matrix of flower-poor agricultural land.

Suckley's bumble bee and its host species rely on flowers through the entire growing season to produce large colonies. [8] : 208–210  Suckley's bumble bee is a generalist forager and has been reported on a wide range of flowers mostly in the Asteraceae family and some in the Fabaceae family, with Aster, Chrysothamnus, Cirsium, and Solidago as example food plants. [7] DiscoverLife lists the following as Suckley's floral associations (with number of observations): Cirsium (15), Aster sp. (11), Centaurea repens (10), and Trifolium sp. (4). [11] Suckley's bumble bee depends on the success of its host species and its primary host, the western bumble bee, which feeds similarly on Ceanothus, Centaurea, Chrysothamnus, Cirsium, Geranium, Grindellia, Lupinus, Melilotus, Monardella, Rubus, Solidago, and Trifolum. [7] The temporal distribution of flowering plants is important, as the amount of nectar and pollen during the early spring and late summer impact the growth of the host colony and for the production of Suckley's bumble bee individuals. [12] : 192  [8] : 208–210 

The nests that host Suckley's bumble bee are primarily underground cavities that have been created naturally or by other animals such as abandoned rodent nests. [7] : 13  Suckley's bumble bee females also require sites where they hibernate during the winter after mating. Bumble bees are generally known to hibernate close to the ground surface or down an inch or two in loose soil, or under leaf litter or other debris, in sites that are undisturbed and have adequate organic material to provide shelter. [7] : 15 

Historic and Current Distribution

There are historic records of Suckley's bumble bee in 11 western states as well as 11 Canadian provinces. [7] In Canada, the species was historically spread across the southern portions of British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan with a disjunct population in Newfoundland. [7]

Suckley's bumble bee recent observations have greatly diminished from historic abundance and range. Suckley's bumble bee has experienced an overall decline of 77%, losing more than 50% of its range and with relative abundance records at less than 10% of historic observations. [1]

Conservation

Suckley's bumble bee has been recognized as imperiled or needing protection by international and state entities. It has a NatureServe ranking of G1 or critically imperiled from 2018 [13] and is considered critically endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). [1] It has experienced rapid, significant, recent declines, averaging over 77% during the last few decades. [1] Its declines are associated with those of its host species. [1] Other possible reasons for its declines include pesticides, loss of habitat, competition from introduced species of bees, climate change, and the parasite Nosema bombi . [1] Multiple threats produce synergistic impacts to this species which make it more vulnerable to decline and extinction. [14] Suckley's bumble bee and other cuckoo bumble bees are especially at risk of extinction because of their dependence on the success of host species. [15] : 238–239 

Suckley's bumble bee is a species of ‘great conservation need’ in Washington, [16] Idaho, [17] Colorado, [18] and California. [19] Suckley's bumble bee was petitioned for federal Endangered Species Act protection in 2020. [20]

A petition was submitted by the Xerces society, Defenders of Wildlife, and the Center for Food Safety to the California Fish and Game Commission in October 2018 to list Bombus suckleyi and three others as endangered under the California Endangered Species Act. [21] [22] The California Department of Fish and Wildlife evaluated this petition in a report for The California Fish and Game Commission completed in April 2019. [22] On June 12, 2019, the California Fish and Game Commission voted to add the four bumblebees, including Bombus suckleyi, to the list of protected species under the California Endangered Species Act. [23] A subsequent legal challenge of the CESA's definition of a fish as "a wild fish, mollusk, crustacean, invertebrate, amphibian, or part, spawn, or ovum of any of those animals" [23] was eventually overruled, because the explicit intent was for all invertebrates (therefore including insects) to be qualified for protection under this legal definition. [24]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bumblebee</span> Genus of insect

A bumblebee is any of over 250 species in the genus Bombus, part of Apidae, one of the bee families. This genus is the only extant group in the tribe Bombini, though a few extinct related genera are known from fossils. They are found primarily in higher altitudes or latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, although they are also found in South America, where a few lowland tropical species have been identified. European bumblebees have also been introduced to New Zealand and Tasmania. Female bumblebees can sting repeatedly, but generally ignore humans and other animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuckoo bee</span> Kleptoparasitic bee lineages

The term cuckoo bee is used for a variety of different bee lineages which have evolved the kleptoparasitic behaviour of laying their eggs in the nests of other bees, reminiscent of the behavior of cuckoo birds. The name is perhaps best applied to the apid subfamily Nomadinae, but is commonly used in Europe to mean bumblebees Bombus subgenus Psithyrus. Females of cuckoo bees are easy to recognize in almost all cases, as they lack pollen-collecting structures and do not construct their own nests. They often have reduced body hair, abnormally thick and/or heavily sculptured exoskeleton, and saber-like mandibles, although this is not universally true; other less visible changes are also common.

<i>Psithyrus</i> Subgenus of bees

Cuckoo bumblebees are members of the subgenus Psithyrus in the bumblebee genus Bombus. Until recently, the 28 species of Psithyrus were considered to constitute a separate genus. They are a specialized socially parasitic lineage which parasitises the nests of 'true' bumblebees, resulting in the loss of the ability to collect pollen and establish their own nests. Cuckoo bumblebees do not create a worker caste and produce only male and female reproductives. They are considered inquilines in the colonies of 'true' bumblebees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Early bumblebee</span> Species of bee

The early bumblebee or early-nesting bumblebee is a small bumblebee with a wide distribution in most of Europe and parts of Asia. It is very commonly found in the UK and emerges to begin its colony cycle as soon as February which is earlier than most other species, hence its common name. There is even some evidence that the early bumblebee may be able to go through two colony cycles in a year. Like other bumblebees, Bombus pratorum lives in colonies with queen and worker castes. Bombus pratorum queens use aggressive behavior rather than pheromones to maintain dominance over the workers.

<i>Bombus lapidarius</i> Species of bee

Bombus lapidarius is a species of bumblebee in the subgenus Melanobombus. Commonly known as the red-tailed bumblebee, B. lapidarius can be found throughout much of Central Europe. Known for its distinctive black and red body, this social bee is important in pollination.

<i>Bombus vestalis</i> Species of bee

Bombus vestalis, the vestal cuckoo bumblebee, is a species of cuckoo bumblebee that lives in most of Europe, as well as North Africa and western Asia. It is a brood parasite that takes over the nests of other bee species. Its primary host is Bombus terrestris. After its initial classification as Psithyrus vestalis, this bumblebee recently was reclassified into the genus Bombus, subgenus Psithyrus.

<i>Bombus citrinus</i> Species of bee

Bombus citrinus is a species of bumblebee known commonly as the lemon cuckoo bumblebee due to its lemon-yellow color. It is native to eastern North America.

<i>Bombus sylvestris</i> Species of bee

Bombus sylvestris, known as the forest cuckoo bumblebee or four-coloured cuckoo bee, is a species of cuckoo bumblebee, found in most of Europe and Russia. Its main hosts are Bombus pratorum, Bombus jonellus, and Bombus monticola. As a cuckoo bumblebee, Bombus sylvestris lays its eggs in another bumblebee's nest. This type of bee leaves their young to the workers of another nest for rearing, allowing cuckoo bumblebees to invest minimal energy and resources in their young while still keeping the survival of their young intact.

<i>Bombus bohemicus</i> Species of bee

Bombus bohemicus, also known as the gypsy's cuckoo bumblebee, is a species of socially parasitic cuckoo bumblebee found in most of Europe with the exception of the southern Iberian Peninsula and Iceland. B. bohemicus practices inquilinism, or brood parasitism, of other bumblebee species. B. bohemicus is a generalist parasite, successfully invading several species from genus Bombus. The invading queen mimics the host nest's chemical signals, allowing her to assume a reproductively dominant role as well as manipulation of host worker fertility and behavior.

<i>Bombus lucorum</i> Species of bee

Bombus lucorum, the white-tailed bumblebee, is a species of bumblebee, widespread and common throughout Europe. This name has been widely used for a range of nearly identical-looking or cryptic species of bumblebees. In 1983, Scholl and Obrecht even coined the term Bombus lucorum complex to explain the three taxa that cannot be easily differentiated from one another by their appearances. A recent review of all of these species worldwide has helped to clarify its distribution in Europe and northern Asia, almost to the Pacific. B. lucorum reaches the Barents Sea in the North. However, in southern Europe, although found in Greece it is an upland species with its distribution never quite reaching the Mediterranean.

<i>Bombus pensylvanicus</i> Species of bee

Bombus pensylvanicus, the American bumblebee, is a threatened species of bumblebee native to North America. It occurs in eastern Canada, throughout much of the Eastern United States, and much of Mexico.

Two-spotted bumble bee Species of bee

The two-spotted bumble bee is a species of social bumble bee found in the eastern half of the United States and the adjacent south-eastern part of Canada. In older literature this bee is often referred to as Bremus bimaculatus, Bremus being a synonym for Bombus. The bee's common name comes from the two yellow spots on its abdomen. Unlike many of the other species of bee in the genus Bombus,B. bimaculatus is not on the decline, but instead is very stable. They are abundant pollinators that forage at a variety of plants.

<i>Bombus occidentalis</i> Species of bee

Bombus occidentalis, the western bumblebee, is one of around 30 bumblebee species present in the western United States and western Canada. A recent review of all of its close relatives worldwide appears to have confirmed its status as a separate species.

<i>Parasitellus</i> Genus of mites

Parasitellus is a genus of mites in the family Parasitidae which are obligatory parasites of bumblebees. These mites can be found clinging to the carapace, sometimes in large numbers. Mites in this genus hibernate in the deutonymphal stage. In the tritonymph stage they can actively transfer from bumblebee to bumblebee from flowers, where they can survive up to 24 hours. After they arrive in a bumblebee nest, they will moult into adults. Whilst it is not known what factors trigger the mite to molt, in laboratory conditions P. fucorum were found to moult after eating fresh pollen, although overall moulting success was low. They are kleptoparasitic or neutral to beneficial, depending on life stage; females and deutonymphs feed on provisioned pollen, while other stages are predators of small arthropods.

<i>Bombus fervidus</i> Species of bee

Bombus fervidus, the golden northern bumble bee or yellow bumblebee, is a species of bumblebee native to North America. It has a yellow-colored abdomen and thorax. Its range includes the North American continent, excluding much of the southern United States, Alaska, and the northern parts of Canada. It is common in cities and farmland, with populations concentrated in the Northeastern part of the United States. It is similar in color and range to its sibling species, Bombus californicus, though sometimes also confused with the American bumblebee or black and gold bumblebee. It has complex behavioral traits, which includes a coordinated nest defense to ward off predators. B. fervidus is an important pollinator, so recent population decline is a particular concern.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Franklin's bumblebee</span> Species of bee

Franklin's bumblebee is one of the most narrowly distributed bumblebee species, making it a critically endangered bee of the western United States. It lives only in a 190-by-70-mile area in southern Oregon and northern California, between the Coast and Sierra-Cascade mountain ranges. It was last seen in 2006. Franklin's bumblebee collects nectar and pollen from several wildflowers, such as lupine, California poppy, and horsemint, which causes it to be classified as a generalist forager.

<i>Bombus affinis</i> Species of bee

Bombus affinis, commonly known as the rusty patched bumble bee, is a species of bumblebee endemic to North America. Its historical range in North America has been throughout the east and upper Midwest of the United States, north to Ontario, Canada, where it is considered a "species at risk", east to Quebec, south to Georgia, and west to the Dakotas. Its numbers have declined in 87% of its historical habitat range. On January 10, 2017, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service placed B. affinis on the list of endangered species, making the rusty patched bumblebee the first bee to be added to the list in the continental United States.

<i>Bombus terricola</i> Species of bee

Bombus terricola, the yellow-banded bumblebee, is a species of bee in the genus Bombus. It is native to southern Canada and the east and midwest of the United States. It possesses complex behavioral traits, such as the ability to adapt to a queenless nest, choose which flower to visit, and regulate its temperature to fly during cold weather. It was at one time a common species, but has declined in numbers since the late 1990s, likely due to urban development and parasite infection. It is a good pollinator of wild flowers and crops such as alfalfa, potatoes, raspberries, and cranberries.

<i>Bombus crotchii</i> North American bee species

Bombus crotchii, commonly called Crotch's bumblebee, is a species of bumblebee named after the entomologist George Robert Crotch. It is classified as endangered due to the impacts of pesticides, climate change, and human development.

<i>Bombus vancouverensis</i> Species of bee

Bombus vancouverensis is a common species of eusocial bumblebee of the subgenus Pyrobombus. B. vancouverensis inhabits mountainous regions of western North America, where it has long been considered as a synonym of Bombus bifarius, and essentially all of the literature on bifarius refers instead to vancouverensis. B. vancouverensis has been identified as one of the two species of bumblebee observed to use pheromones in kin recognition. The other is the frigid bumblebee, Bombus frigidus.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hatfield, R., et al. 2015. Bombus suckleyi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Downloaded on 11 March 2016.
  2. 1 2 NatureServe. 2015. Bombus suckleyi. NatureServe Explorer Version 7.1. Accessed 10 March 2016.
  3. ↑ BugGuide
  4. ↑ Green JW. 1860. Review of the American Bombidae, together with a Description of several Species heretofe undescribed, being a Synopsis of the species of this family of Hymenopterous Insects thus far known to inhabit North America. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 7:168–176.
  5. ↑ Williams PH, Cameron SA, Hines HM, Cederberg B, Rasmont P. 2008. A simplified subgeneric classification of the bumblebees (genus Bombus). Apidologie 39:46–74.
  6. ↑ ITIS. 2019. ITIS Standard Report Page: Bombus suckleyi. Available from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=714839#null.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Williams, P.H.; Thorp, Robin W.; Richardson, L.L.; Colla, S.R. (2014). The Bumble Bees of North America: An identification guide. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Goulson, D. (2010). Bumblebees: Behaviour, ecology, and conservation (Second ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
  9. 1 2 3 Thorp, R.W.; Horning, D.S.; Dunning, L.L. (1983). Bumble Bees and Cuckoo Bumble Bees of California (Hymenoptera, Apidae). University of California Press.
  10. 1 2 Hatfield, R.G.; LeBuhn, G. (2007). "Patch and landscape factors shape community assemblage of bumble bees, Bombus spp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), in montane meadows". Biological Conservation. 139: 150–158.
  11. ↑ "Bombus suckleyi". discoverlife.org. Discover Life. 2019.
  12. ↑ Westphal, C.; Steffan‐Dewenter, I.; Tscharntke, T. (2009). "Mass flowering oilseed rape improves early colony growth but not sexual reproduction of bumblebeesn". Journal of Applied Ecology. 46: 187–193.
  13. ↑ "Bombus suckleyi". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, VA: NatureServe. 2019. vers 7.0. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  14. ↑ Goulson, D.; Nicholls, E.; Botías, C.; Rotheray, E.L. (2015). "Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers". Science. 347: 6. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  15. ↑ Suhonen, J.; Rannikko, J.; Sorvari, J. (2015). "The rarity of host species affects the co-extinction risk in socially parasitic bumblebee Bombus (Psithyrus) species". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 52: 236–242.
  16. ↑ "2015 Update". Washington’s State Wildlife Action Plan (Report). Olympia, Washington: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2015. pp. 3–39.
  17. ↑ Idaho State Wildlife Action Plan (Report). Boise, Idaho: Idaho Department of Fish and Game. 2017 [2015]. p. xvii.
  18. ↑ State Wildlife Action Plan (Report). Colorado, US: Colorado Parks and Wildlife. 2015. p. B-1.
  19. ↑ "2015 update: A conservation legacy for Californians". California State Wildlife Action Plan (Report). Sacramento, California: California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW). 2015. p. C-11.
  20. ↑ Cornelisse, T.M.; Tyler, J.A. (2020). Petition to list Suckley’s bumble bee (Bombus suckleyi) under the Endangered Species Act and concurrently designate critical habitat (Report). Portland, Oregon: Center for Biological Diversity.
  21. ↑ Hatfield R, Jepsen S, Jordan SF, Blackburn M and Code A. 2018. A Petition to the State of California Fish and Game Commission. https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=161902&inline
  22. 1 2 California Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2019. EVALUATION OF THE PETITION FROM THE XERCES SOCIETY, DEFENDERS OF WILDLIFE, AND THE CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY TO LIST FOUR SPECIES OF BUMBLE BEES AS ENDANGERED UNDER THE CALIFORNIA ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT. https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=166804&inline
  23. 1 2 Weiland P. 2019. Fish and Game Commission Adds Four Bumble Bees to Candidate List. Endangered Species Law and Policy. https://www.endangeredspecieslawandpolicy.com/fish-and-game-commission-adds-four-bumble-bees-to-candidate-list
  24. ↑ "ALMOND ALLIANCE OF CALIFORNIA et al., v. FISH AND GAME COMMISSION et al" (PDF). May 31, 2022.
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