Bos buiaensis

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Bos buiaensis
Temporal range: Pleistocene epoch
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Bovinae
Genus: Bos
Species:
†B. buiaensis
Binomial name
†Bos buiaensis
Martínez-Navarro et al., 2010

Bos buiaensis is an extinct species of cattle. [1] The species is known from a million year old skull fossil found at the archaeological site of Buya, Eritrea in 2003. [2] [3] [4] [5] It was reassembled by excavators from over one hundred shards. [6]

The fossil found at Buya had a wider and more robust cranium than those found in Pelorvis oldowayensis and Pelorvis turkanensis, fossils, but it was smaller than auroch skulls. [7] Like the Pelorvis fossils, it has less pronounced postorbital constriction than in auroch or Bos acutifrons fossils. The frontside of the eye sockets is located above backside edge of the last molar. This feature is characteristic of Pelorvis sensu stricto fossils. Although, its snout is just as high and wide as those of aurochs. [6] Its cranium contained pneumatic elements on its frontal side which extended to cover the occipital and parietal areas. [8] Its horns extend backward, before curving outwards, then forward and upward. It had a short and robust pedicle, and was stout at the apical. [6] Evidence of human activity was also found at the site, indicating that humans have been eating bull since the origins of the human species. [9] Another example of Bos buiaensis was unearthed at the Buya area. This fossil contained a nearly complete neurocranium with persevered occipital and parietal bones, as well as intact horns. Its features were similar to the 2003 Buya fossil. [10] [11] One Bos buiaensis fossil was unearthed in Gesher Benot Ya'aqov. [12] [13]

The fossils displayed characteristics of ancient Pleistocene African Pelorovis fossils and of Eurasian Auroch fossils. [14] [15] [16] Because of these shared characteristics, [17] some researchers considered it to be a chronospecies proving the evolution of the African Pelorovis genus into the modern bos genus. [6] [18] [19] Examples of this species found in areas such as Gesher Benot Ya'aqov may indicate that it evolved in Africa, and then spread out northwards. [12] [20]

This interpretation has been criticized by other scholars. Whereas cladograms showcase numerous morphological similarities between Pelorvis and Bos skeletons, [21] more detailed morphological analyses have suggested these creatures are more distinct. Indicating they are not biologically connected. [22] In all species of Bos the horns curve upwards, and in some species forwards. However, in Pelorvis fossils the horn cores are directed backwards. [23] There is also significantly less postorbital constriction present in Pelorvis skulls than in auroch skulls. Pelorvis metacarpal bones much shorter and more robust than those of Bos. [22] The eye sockets of Pelorvis skulls are also distinct from those of Bos. [24] Such morphological differences imply the species are not closely related. [25] Academics have argued that if the African Bos buiaensis species was the ancestor of all modern Eurasian bull species, it would mean that these animals evolved in Africa, not Asia. However, genetic evidence suggests that modern bull species evolved in Asia. [14] [26] The fossil record also showcases the presence of bulls in Eurasia prior to the date of the Bos buiaensis. [12] Which demonstrates that bulls were already present in that area in the world, and could not evolved from migrating Bos buiaensis. [25]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bovinae</span> Subfamily of mammals

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<i>Bos</i> Genus of wild and domestic cattle

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<i>Megaloceros</i> Extinct genus of deer

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<i>Pelorovis</i> Extinct genus of cattle

Pelorovis is an extinct genus of African wild cattle which existed during the Pleistocene epoch. The best known species is Pelorovis oldowayensis from Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, from the Early Pleistocene. The species "Pelorovis" antiquus from the Late Pleistocene-Holocene has since been moved into Syncerus, the same genus as living African buffalo.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buya, Eritrea</span> Archaeological site in Eritrea

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References

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  2. ↑ TesfaNews (2013-09-19). "Eritrea's History is as old as Humanity!". Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
  3. ↑ Delfino, M.; Abbate, E.; Balter, V.; Bondioli, L.; Candilio, F.; Carnevale, G.; Coppa, C.; Ghezzo, E.; Ghinassi, M.; Libsekal, Y.; Macchiarelli, R.; Martin, J.E.; Martínez-Navarro, B.; Medin, T.; Papini, M. (2016). "The Buia Project: a summary of two decades of vertebrate paleontology in the Early Pleistocene of Eritrea" (PDF). International Conference on Eritrean Studies "The Way Forward". Asmara, Eritrea. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 19, 2023.
  4. ↑ Beyin, Amanuel; Wright, David K.; Wilkins, Jayne; Olszewski, Deborah I. (2023-08-17). Handbook of Pleistocene Archaeology of Africa: Hominin behavior, geography, and chronology. Springer Nature. p. 257. ISBN   978-3-031-20290-2.
  5. ↑ Caron, Alexandre; Cornélis, Daniel; Chardonnet, Philippe; Prins, Herbert H. T. (2023-11-23). Ecology and Management of the African Buffalo. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-009-00754-2. Archived from the original on November 19, 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Martínez-Navarro, Bienvenido; Rook, Lorenzo; Papini, Mauro; Libsekal, Yosief (2010-02-01). "A new species of bull from the Early Pleistocene paleoanthropological site of Buia (Eritrea): Parallelism on the dispersal of the genus Bos and the Acheulian culture". Quaternary International. Quaternary Changes of Mammalian Communities Across and Between Continents. 212 (2): 169–175. Bibcode:2010QuInt.212..169M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.09.003. ISSN   1040-6182.
  7. ↑ Martínez-Navarro, Bienvenido; Karoui-Yaakoub, Narjess; Oms, Oriol; Amri, Lamjed; López-García, Juan Manuel; Zerai, Kamel; Blain, Hugues-Alexandre; Mtimet, Moncef-Saïd; Espigares, María-Patrocinio; Ben Haj Ali, Nebiha; Ros-Montoya, Sergio; Boughdiri, Mabrouk; Agustí, Jordi; Khayati-Ammar, Hayet; Maalaoui, Kamel (2014-04-15). "The early Middle Pleistocene archeopaleontological site of Wadi Sarrat (Tunisia) and the earliest record of Bos primigenius". Quaternary Science Reviews. 90: 37–46. Bibcode:2014QSRv...90...37M. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.02.016. ISSN   0277-3791.
  8. ↑ Benecke, Mark; Keiler, John-Albrecht; Keiler, Jonas (2020). Bone modifications by insects from the early pleistocene site of Untermassfeld. pp. 1117–1132.
  9. ↑ "Steak dinners go back 2.5 million years". NBC News. 2010-02-09. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
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  11. ↑ Beaudet, Amélie; Bruxelles, Laurent; Macchiarelli, Roberto; Dumoncel, Jean; Thackeray, Francis; de Beer, Frikkie; Braga, José (2014). The cave deposits of Swartkrans and Kromdraai, South Africa: time related craniodental morphostructural variation in cercopithecoid taxa and the emergence of Homo. doi:10.13140/2.1.3989.5841.
  12. 1 2 3 Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Belmaker, Miriam (2011-06-01). "Early and Middle Pleistocene Faunal and hominins dispersals through Southwestern Asia" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. Early Human Evolution in the Western Palaearctic: Ecological Scenarios. 30 (11): 1318–1337. Bibcode:2011QSRv...30.1318B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.016. ISSN   0277-3791. S2CID   51748319. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2022.
  13. ↑ Rabinovich, Rivka; Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine; Kindler, Lutz; Goren-Inbar, Naama (2012), Rabinovich, Rivka; Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine; Kindler, Lutz; Goren-Inbar, Naama (eds.), "A Reconstruction of the Taphonomic History of GBY", The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov Volume III: Mammalian Taphonomy. The Assemblages of Layers V-5 and V-6, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 223–244, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2159-3_7, ISBN   978-94-007-2159-3 , retrieved 2023-11-19
  14. 1 2 Prins, H. H. T.; Jong, J. F. de; Geraads, D. (2023), Caron, Alexandre; Cornélis, Daniel; Prins, Herbert H. T.; Chardonnet, Philippe (eds.), "The Evolutionary History of the African Buffalo: Is It Truly a Bovine?", Ecology and Management of the African Buffalo, Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 25–48, ISBN   978-1-316-51874-8 , retrieved 2023-11-19
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