Bread and Roses

Last updated

"As we come marching, marching, in the beauty of the day, A million darkened kitchens, a thousand mill-lofts gray"--first lines of Bread and Roses. Image of workers marching during the Lawrence textile strike. Lawrence strike, strikers, marching in the city 1912.jpg
"As we come marching, marching, in the beauty of the day, A million darkened kitchens, a thousand mill-lofts gray"—first lines of Bread and Roses. Image of workers marching during the Lawrence textile strike.

"Bread and Roses" is a political slogan as well as the name of an associated poem and song. It originated in a speech given by American women's suffrage activist Helen Todd; a line in that speech about "bread for all, and roses too" [1] inspired the title of the poem Bread and Roses by James Oppenheim. [2] The poem was first published in The American Magazine in December 1911, with the attribution line "'Bread for all, and Roses, too'—a slogan of the women in the West." [3] The poem has been translated into other languages and has been set to music by at least three composers.

Contents

The phrase is commonly associated with the textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, between January and March 1912, now often referred to as the "Bread and Roses strike". The slogan pairing bread and roses, appealing for both fair wages and dignified conditions, found resonance as transcending "the sometimes tedious struggles for marginal economic advances" in the "light of labor struggles as based on striving for dignity and respect", as Robert J. S. Ross wrote in 2013. [4]

History

Traditional Background

Background of the motif "Bread and Roses" is the miracle of the roses in the legend of Elisabeth of Hungary. She is the saint mostly related to charity and care for the poor. The legend tells the story of Elisabeth smuggling bread to the poor, against the will of her husband. When she was caught in the act, she had to uncover her basket - but only roses were found in it. While the legend has either bread or roses for the poor, the political claim demands both. The bread represents the basic needs, the rose the dignity, appreciation and human rights.

Women's suffrage

Helen Todd and her colleagues campaign for women's suffrage. Todd, as a factory inspector, discussed how the right to vote would gain for working women and society "bread and roses"-referring to greater income, and life's roses. Getting out the vote by Helen Todd lecturing audience on grass hill.png
Helen Todd and her colleagues campaign for women's suffrage. Todd, as a factory inspector, discussed how the right to vote would gain for working women and society "bread and roses"–referring to greater income, and life's roses.

The first mention of the phrase and its meaning appears in The American Magazine in September 1911. In an article by Helen Todd, she describes how a group of women from the Chicago Women's Club, after listening to advice from Senator Robert La Follette, decided to initiate an automobile campaign around the state of Illinois for the right of women to vote in June 1910. [5] The women who made up the first automobile campaign were Catherine McCulloch, a lawyer and justice of the peace; Anna Blount, a physician and surgeon; Kate Hughes, a minister; Helen Todd, a state factory inspector; and Jennie Johnson, a singer. Each of the speakers was assigned a subject in which they were an expert. McCulloch gave a record of the votes of the representatives and senators to their home constituents. Blount's subject was taxation without representation as concerns women. Hughes gave her speech on the history of the women's suffrage movement. Johnson opened up the speeches with a set of suffrage songs which was intended to focus and quiet the audience for the subsequent speeches. Helen Todd, as a factory inspector, represented the working women and discussed the need for laws concerning wages, work conditions, and hours. [6] [7] [8]

It is in Todd's speech on the condition of the working women that the phrase is first mentioned. A young hired girl expressed to Todd, who was staying with the hired girl's family overnight during the campaign, what she had liked the most about the speeches the night before: "It was that about the women votin' so's everybody would have bread and flowers too." Todd then goes on to explain how the phrase "Bread for all, and Roses too" expresses the soul of the women's movement and explains the meaning of the phrase in her speech.

Not at once; but woman is the mothering element in the world and her vote will go toward helping forward the time when life's Bread, which is home, shelter and security, and the Roses of life, music, education, nature and books, shall be the heritage of every child that is born in the country, in the government of which she has a voice.

— Helen Todd, 1910. [1]

Women's Trade Union League

The Women's Trade Union League was central in promoting the eight-hour day, a living wage and improved working conditions. Women's Trade Union League Emblem.png
The Women's Trade Union League was central in promoting the eight-hour day, a living wage and improved working conditions.

Helen Todd became involved in the fall of 1910 with the Chicago garment workers' strike, which was led by the Women's Trade Union League of Chicago. [9] The Women's Trade Union League worked closely with the Chicago Women's Club in organizing the strike, picket lines, speeches, and worker relief activities. Helen Todd and the president of the Women's Trade Union League Margaret Robins made a number of speeches during the strike and manned with the thousands of striking garment workers the picket lines. [10] During the strike, it was later reported that a sign was seen with the slogan "We want bread – and roses, too". [11] [12] [13]

In 1911 Helen Todd went out to California to help lead the suffrage movement in the state and campaign in the state's fall election for proposition 4, which sought women's suffrage. [14] [15] The women's suffrage campaign proved successful, and the right for women to vote passed in the state in November 1911. [16] [17] During the California campaign, the suffragettes carried banners with several slogans; one was "Bread for all, and Roses, too!"—the same phrase that Helen Todd used in her speech the previous summer. [18] [19]

Oppenheim's poem

The phrase was subsequently picked up by James Oppenheim and incorporated into his poem 'Bread and Roses', [19] which was published in The American Magazine in December 1911, with the attribution line "'Bread for all, and Roses, too' – a slogan of the women in the West." [20] After the poem’s publication in 1911, the poem was published again in July 1912 in The Survey with the same attribution as in December 1911. It was published again on October 4, 1912, in The Public, a weekly led by Louis F. Post in Chicago, this time with the slogan being attributed to the "Chicago Women Trade Unionists". [21]

Lawrence textile strike

The children of Lawrence textile strikers, who were sent to New York City for temporary care, march with banners in solidarity with the textile strikers back in Massachusetts. Lawrence textile strikers parading in New York City.png
The children of Lawrence textile strikers, who were sent to New York City for temporary care, march with banners in solidarity with the textile strikers back in Massachusetts.

The first publication of Oppenheim's poem in book form was in the 1915 labor anthology The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest by Upton Sinclair. This time the poem had the new attribution and rephrased slogan: "In a parade of strikers of Lawrence, Mass., some young girls carried a banner inscribed, 'We want Bread, and Roses too!'". [22] The Lawrence textile strike, which lasted from January to March 1912, united dozens of immigrant communities under the leadership of the Industrial Workers of the World, and was led to a large extent by women. The Women's Trade Union League of Boston also became partially involved in the strike, and set up a relief station, which provided food.

The Women's Trade Union League of Boston had, however, only limited involvement in the strike, since it was affiliated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL), which did not endorse the strike. This restraint on involvement in the strike caused a number of Boston League members to resign. One critic of the AFL's failure to endorse the strike stated: "To me, many of the people in the AFL seem to be selfish, reactionary and remote from the struggle for bread and liberty of the unskilled workers..." [23] Although popular telling of the strike includes signs being carried by women reading "We want bread, but we want roses, too!", a number of historians are of the opinion that this account is ahistorical. [24] [25] [4] [26]

Schneiderman's speech

Poster from 1912 of Rose Schneiderman as speaker with her famous bread and roses quote printed on it Rose-schneidermann-poster-pre-1920 cropped.jpg
Poster from 1912 of Rose Schneiderman as speaker with her famous bread and roses quote printed on it

In May 1912, Merle Bosworth gave a speech in Plymouth, Indiana, on women suffrage in which she repeated the discussion of taxation without representation and the meaning of the phrase "Bread and Roses" that Helen Todd and her companions gave in 1910 during their automobile campaign for the women's suffrage. [27] A month later in June 1912 Rose Schneiderman of the Women's Trade Union League of New York discussed the phrase in a speech she gave in Cleveland in support of the Ohio women's campaign for equal suffrage. [28] In her speech, which was partially published in the Women's Trade Union League journal Life and Labor, she stated:

What the woman who labors wants is the right to live, not simply exist – the right to life as the rich woman has the right to life, and the sun and music and art. You have nothing that the humblest worker has not a right to have also. The worker must have bread, but she must have roses, too. Help, you women of privilege, give her the ballot to fight with.

— Rose Schneiderman, 1912. [29]

Schneiderman, subsequently, gave a number of speeches in which she repeated her quote about the worker desiring bread and roses. Due to these speeches, Schneiderman's name became intertwined with the phrase bread and roses. A year after the publication of Oppenheim's poem, the Lawrence textile strike, and Schneiderman's speech, the phrase had spread throughout the country. In July 1913, for instance, during a suffrage parade in Maryland, a float with the theme "Bread for all, and roses, too" participated. The float "bore ... a boat with three children, a boy with a basket of bread and two girls with a basket of roses." [30]

Galen of Pergamon

The source of Helen Todd's inspiration for the phrase "bread and roses" is unknown. [31] However, there is a quote by the Roman physician and philosopher Galen of Pergamon which closely parallels the sentiment and wording of the phrase. Edward Lane, in the notes of his 1838 translation of One Thousand and One Nights , [32] states that, according to 15th-century writer Shems-ed-Deen Moḥammad en-Nowwájee, Galen said, "He who has two cakes of bread, let him dispose of one of them for some flowers of narcissus; for bread is the food of the body, and the narcissus is the food of the soul." [33] [34] The sentiment that the poor were not only lacking in food for the body, but also flowers for the soul was a theme among reformers of the period. [35] [36] In April 1907, Mary MacArthur of the British Women's Trade Union League visited the Women's Trade Union League of Chicago and gave a speech addressing this theme. [37] Alice Henry of the Chicago League reported that McArthur's message could be summed up by Galen's quote, which she had mentioned more than once, and that although the quote warns against the materialist nature of the industrial situation, it also points in the direction in which the reformers hopes may go. McArthur's version of Galen's quote is:

If thou hast two loaves of bread, sell one and buy flowers, for bread is food for the body, but flowers are food for the mind.

— Galen of Pergamon, c. 200 AD. [37] [33]

Poem

Bread and Roses

As we come marching, marching, in the beauty of the day,
A million darkened kitchens, a thousand mill-lofts gray
Are touched with all the radiance that a sudden sun discloses,
For the people hear us singing, "Bread and Roses, Bread and Roses."

As we come marching, marching, we battle, too, for men—
For they are women's children and we mother them again.
Our days shall not be sweated from birth until life closes—
Hearts starve as well as bodies: Give us Bread, but give us Roses.

As we come marching, marching, unnumbered women dead
Go crying through our singing their ancient song of Bread;
Small art and love and beauty their trudging spirits knew—
Yes, it is Bread we fight for—but we fight for Roses, too.

As we come marching, marching, we bring the Greater Days—
The rising of the women means the rising of the race.
No more the drudge and idler—ten that toil where one reposes—
But a sharing of life's glories: Bread and Roses, Bread and Roses.

— James Oppenheim, 1911. [20]

Song

Kohlsaat original

The poem "Bread and Roses" has been set to music several times. The earliest version was set to music by Caroline Kohlsaat in 1917. [38] [39] [40] The first performance of Kohlsaat's song was at the River Forest Women's Club where she was the chorus director. [41] [38] Kohlsaat's song eventually drifted to the picket line. By the 1930s, the song was being extensively used by women, while they fed and supported the strikers on the picket line at the manufacturing plants. [42] The song also migrated to the college campus. At some women's colleges, the song became part of their traditional song set. [43] [44]

Women's colleges

Since 1932, the song has been sung by graduating seniors at Mount Holyoke College during the Laurel Parade ceremony, part of the college's graduation tradition. [44] It is also one of the central songs at Bryn Mawr College, traditionally sung at the College's "Step-Sings". [45] The use of the song at Bryn Mawr College evolved out of the school's first-of-its-kind summer labor education program. In 1921, the school started the Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers; each year, one hundred largely unschooled workers from factories, mills and sweatshops were brought to the school for an eight-week study in humanities and labor solidarity. The program served as a model for others in the labor education movement in the 1920s and 1930s. [43]

Fariña rediscovery

The song gained a larger audience after World War II with its publication in January 1952 in Sing Out! . [46] In 1974 the poem was set a second time to music by Mimi Fariña. This version has been recorded by various artists, including Judy Collins, Ani DiFranco, Utah Phillips, and Josh Lucker, and was performed by a slowly-growing crowd of workers in a moving/critical turning point scene in the 2014 movie Pride.

John Denver also set it to music in 1988, using a melody different from the more common Mimi Fariña version.

It was again set to music in Germany by Renate Fresow, using a translation by the Hannoveraner Weiberquartett, but is since most often sung with the German translation by Peter Maiwald. [47] Composer Christian Wolff wrote a piano piece entitled "Bread and Roses" (1976) based on the strike song. [48] In 1989/91, Si Kahn wrote a song the refrain of which starts with the song's title: "They all sang 'Bread and Roses'". [49]

Translations

The poem has been translated into Russian by Russian poet Kirill Felixovich Medvedev, set to the original Kohlsaat music, and performed by the Moscow-based political activist punk collective Arkadiy Kots (Аркадий Коц), appearing on their 2016 album Music for the working class. [50]

Legacy

Mimi Fariña created the Bread and Roses Benefit Agency in 1974. [51]

The logo for the Democratic Socialists of America, formed in 1982, was inspired by the slogan. "Bread & Roses" is also a name of a national caucus within the organization. [52] They have 3 (out of 16) members of the DSA's National Political Committee. [53] [54] [55]

A quarterly journal produced by the UK section of the Industrial Workers of the World ('Wobblies') is called Bread and Roses. [56]

The 2014 film Pride depicts the members of a Welsh mining community singing "Bread and Roses" at a National Union of Mineworkers lodge during the UK miners' strike (1984–1985). [57] [58]

In 2018, the song was used in a video produced by London-Irish Abortion Rights Campaign to promote the #HomeToVote movement, which encouraged young Irish people living abroad to return home to vote in the Referendum on the Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Irish Constitution. [59] [60]

In 2022 the TV series Riverdale depicted families of construction workers singing "Bread and Roses" to the workers to lift a spell their boss had put on them to break a strike. [61]

The international socialist feminist organization Pan y Rosas is named after the slogan.

Miriam Schneir included it in her anthology, Feminism: The Essential Historical Writings , labelling it as one of the essential works of feminism. [62]

See also

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire</span> 1911 fire in New York City

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, on Saturday, March 25, 1911, was the deadliest industrial disaster in the history of the city, and one of the deadliest in U.S. history. The fire caused the deaths of 146 garment workers—123 women and girls and 23 men—who died from the fire, smoke inhalation, falling, or jumping to their deaths. Most of the victims were recent Italian or Jewish immigrant women and girls aged 14 to 23; of the victims whose ages are known, the oldest victim was 43-year-old Providenza Panno and the youngest were 14-year-olds Kate Leone and Rosaria "Sara" Maltese.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1912 Lawrence textile strike</span> Labor strike in Massachusetts

The Lawrence Textile Strike, also known as the Bread and Roses Strike, was a strike of immigrant workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts, in 1912 led by the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Prompted by a two-hour pay cut corresponding to a new law shortening the workweek for women, the strike spread rapidly through the town, growing to more than twenty thousand workers and involving nearly every mill in Lawrence. On January 1, 1912, the Massachusetts government enforced a law that cut mill workers' hours in a single work week from 56 hours, to 54 hours. Ten days later, they found out that pay had been reduced along with the cut in hours.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Ladies Garment Workers Union</span> 20th-century American labor union

The International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU), whose members were employed in the women's clothing industry, was once one of the largest labor unions in the United States, one of the first US unions to have a primarily female membership, and a key player in the labor history of the 1920s and 1930s. The union, generally referred to as the "ILGWU" or the "ILG", merged with the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union in the 1990s to form the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE). UNITE merged with the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE) in 2004 to create a new union known as UNITE HERE. The two unions that formed UNITE in 1995 represented 250,000 workers between them, down from the ILGWU's peak membership of 450,000 in 1969.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rose Schneiderman</span> American labor leader (1882–1972)

Rose Schneiderman was a Polish-born American labor organizer and feminist, and one of the most prominent female labor union leaders. As a member of the New York Women's Trade Union League, she drew attention to unsafe workplace conditions, following the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of 1911, and as a suffragist she helped to pass the New York state referendum of 1917 that gave women the right to vote. Schneiderman was also a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union and served on the National Recovery Administration's Labor Advisory Board under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. She is credited with coining the phrase "Bread and Roses," to indicate a worker's right to something higher than subsistence living.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's Trade Union League</span> U.S. labor rights organization (1903–1950)

The Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) (1903–1950) was a U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions. The WTUL played an important role in supporting the massive strikes in the first two decades of the twentieth century that established the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and in campaigning for women's suffrage among men and women workers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leonora O'Reilly</span> American activist

Leonora O'Reilly was an American feminist, suffragist, and trade union organizer. O'Reilly was born in New York state, raised in the Lower East Side of New York City. She was born into a working-class family and left school at the age of eleven to begin working as a seamstress. Leonora O'Reilly's parents were Irish immigrants escaping the Great Famine; her father, John, was a printer and a grocer and died while Leonora was the age of one, forcing her mother, Winifred Rooney O'Reilly, to work more hours as a garment worker in order to support Leonora and her younger brother.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph James Ettor</span> American labor leader

Joseph James "Smiling Joe" Ettor (1885–1948) was an Italian-American trade union organizer who, in the middle-1910s, was one of the leading public faces of the Industrial Workers of the World. Ettor is best remembered as a defendant in a controversial trial related to a killing in the seminal Lawrence Textile Strike of 1912, in which he was acquitted of charges of having been an accessory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arturo Giovannitti</span> Italian-American union leader, socialist political activist and poet

Arturo M. Giovannitti was an Italian-American union leader, socialist political activist, and poet. He is best remembered as one of the principal organizers of the 1912 Lawrence textile strike and as a defendant in a celebrated trial caused by that event.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Oppenheim</span> American poet, writer and editor

James Oppenheim was an American poet, novelist, and editor. A lay analyst and early follower of Carl Jung, Oppenheim was also a founder and editor of The Seven Arts.

<i>Bread and Roses</i> (2000 film) 2000 film by Ken Loach

Bread and Roses is a 2000 film directed by Ken Loach, starring Pilar Padilla, Adrien Brody and Elpidia Carrillo. The plot deals with the struggle of poorly paid janitorial workers in Los Angeles and their fight for better working conditions and the right to unionize. It is based on the "Justice for Janitors" campaign of the Service Employees International Union (SEIU), and the lead union organizer, Sam Shapiro, is based on SEIU organizer Jono Shaffer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary Kenney O'Sullivan</span>

Mary Kenney O'Sullivan, was an organizer in the early U.S. labor movement. She learned early the importance of unions from poor treatment received at her first job in dressmaking. Making a career in bookbinding, she joined the Ladies Federal Local Union Number 2703 and organized her own group from within, Woman's Bookbinding Union Number 1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Margaret Dreier Robins</span> American labor leader and philanthropist

Margaret Dreier Robins was an American labor leader and philanthropist.

Bread and Roses is a political slogan originally associated with the 1912 textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts.

The Bread and Roses Heritage Festival is an annual, open-air festival in Lawrence, Massachusetts that celebrates labor history, cultural diversity, and social justice. It is a free, day-long event featuring live music and dance, children’s activities, theater and spoken word performances, walking and trolley tours, ethnic food, Lawrence History Live! and information from local organizations involved in social justice issues. The Bread And Roses Heritage Committee produces the event. The festival has occurred every year on Labor Day since its inception in 1986. Bread and Roses is the only broadly multicultural festival in Lawrence, the Immigrant City. The festival's name refers to the "Bread and Roses strike" of 1912, when over 20,000 immigrant workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts protested wage cuts for over two months, led by the Industrial Workers of the World. The strike was notable for its short-term success, despite ethnic divisions among the workers and the preponderance of women among the protesters.

The Wage Earner’s Suffrage League was a suffrage organization founded in New York City in 1911 that sought to bridge politics and labor towards the end goal of achieving women’s suffrage and ultimately disbanded in 1912. The Wage Earner’s League is an example of a predominately female led effort to bring working women into the suffrage movement to gain political momentum and influence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Josephine Casey</span> American labor leader and womens rights advocate

Josephine Casey was a labor organizer and leader, and a women's rights advocate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry</span> Former residential summer school program in Pennsylvania, USA

The Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry (1921–1938) was a residential summer school program that brought approximately 100 young working women—mostly factory workers with minimal education—to the Bryn Mawr College campus, in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, each year for eight weeks of liberal arts study. As part of the workers' education movement of the 1920s and 30s, the experimental program was unique in several ways. It was the first program of its kind for women in the United States; it was conceived, directed, and largely taught by women; and it was hosted by a women's college.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Helen M. Todd</span>

Helen MacGrgeor Todd was an American suffragist and worker's rights activist. Todd started her career as an educator and later became a factory inspector. She wrote about child laborers in factories and became concerned with working women's lack of voting rights. Todd campaigned for women's suffrage across the United States and was an envoy on the Suffrage Special. After women won the right to vote, she continued to advocate for immigrants, workers and women.

References

  1. 1 2 The American Magazine. Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. 1911. p. 619.
  2. ↑ "Bread and Roses, by James Oppenheim". May 9, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  3. ↑ Zwick, Jim (2003). "Behind the Song: Bread and Roses". Sing Out! The Folk Song Magazine. 46: 92–93. ISSN   0037-5624. OCLC   474160863.
  4. 1 2 Ross, Robert J.S (March 2013). "Bread and Roses: Women Workers and the Struggle for Dignity and Respect". Working USA: The Journal of Labor & Society . 16. Immanuel News and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.: 59–68. doi:10.1111/wusa.12023. ISSN   1089-7011.
  5. ↑ The American Magazine. Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. 1911. p. 611.
  6. ↑ The American Magazine. Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. 1911. p. 612.
  7. ↑ "Women's Vote and Child Labor". Dixon Evening Telegraph. July 5, 1910. p. 1. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  8. ↑ "Hears Talk on Women Suffrage". Dubuque Telegraph Herald. July 2, 1910. p. 10. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  9. ↑ Official report of the Strike committee,Chicago garment workers' strike October 29, 1910-February 18, 1911. Women's Trade Union League of Chicago. 1911. hdl:2027/inu.32000014247136.
  10. ↑ Associated Press (November 2, 1910). "Chicago Society Women Arrested in Strikers' Riot". Los Angeles Herald. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
  11. ↑ Life and labor: a monthly magazine. v.8. National Women's Trade Union League. September 1918. p. 189.
  12. ↑ Life and labor bulletin. v.1-10 1922-1932. National Women's Trade Union League. October 1930. pp. 10 v.
  13. ↑ The Playground. Executive Committee of the Playground Association of America. 1923. p. 435.
  14. ↑ "Miss Helen Todd Coming to Tell about Votes for Women". Middletown Daily Times Press. February 17, 1915. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  15. ↑ Mac Gregor Todd, Helen (September 30, 1911). The Political Rights and Duties of Women. The California Outlook a Progressive Weekly. pp. 19–20.
  16. ↑ "Ballot Uplifts Women of the West Says Worker". Los Angeles Herald. June 29, 1912. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
  17. ↑ "How WomenWon the Vote" (PDF). National Women's History Project. p. 8. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
  18. ↑ Farmer's Advocate and Home Journal. Farmer's Advocate of Winnipeg. 1912. p. 229.
  19. 1 2 Bacon, Leonard; Thompson, Joseph Parrish; Storrs, Richard Salter; Beecher, Henry Ward; Leavitt, Joshua; Bowen, Henry Chandler; Fuller, Harold de Wolf; Tilton, Theodore; Ward, William Hayes; Holt, Hamilton; Herter, Christian Archibald; Franklin, Fabian (November 30, 1911). "Browning or the Budget". The Independent. p. 1220. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  20. 1 2 Oppenheim, James (December 1911). American Magazine. Colver Publishing House. p. 214.
  21. ↑ Post, Louis Freeland; Post, Alice Thatcher; Cooley, Stoughton (October 4, 1912). The Public. Public Publishing Company. p. 951.
  22. ↑ Sinclair, Upton (1915). The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest ... Sinclair. p. 247.
  23. ↑ Nutter, Kathleen Banks (2000). The Necessity of Organization: Mary Kenney O'Sullivan and Trade Unionism for Women, 1892-1912. Taylor & Francis. pp. 159–68. ISBN   9780815335054.
  24. ↑ Sider, Gerald M. (1997). Between history and histories: the making of silences and commemorations. University of Toronto Press. ISBN   978-0-8020-7883-4.
  25. ↑ Watson, Bruce (2006). Bread and Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream (reprint ed.). Penguin. ISBN   978-0-14-303735-4.
  26. ↑ ´ Silber, Irwin (March 10, 1999). "Re: Happy!; Bread and Roses". Newsgroup:  rec.music.folk. Usenet:   APC&1'0'7c92df7d'253@igc.apc.org . Retrieved February 18, 2014.
  27. ↑ "Oration on Woman Suffrage". The Weekly Republican. May 2, 1912. p. 3. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
  28. ↑ Eisenstein, Sarah (1983). Give us bread but give us roses. Working women's consciousness in the United States, 1890 to the First World War . London: Routledge. p.  32. ISBN   0-7100-9479-5.
  29. ↑ Life and Labor. National Women's Trade Union League. 1912. p. 288.
  30. ↑ "Bread for all and roses too". Reno Evening Gazette. July 7, 1913. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
  31. ↑ Forrant, Robert; Siegenthaler, Jurg K.; Levenstein, Charles; Wooding, John (December 5, 2016). The Great Lawrence Textile Strike of 1912: New Scholarship on the Bread & Roses Strike. Routledge. ISBN   9781351863339.
  32. ↑ Lane, E. W. (1838). "From the Athenaeum − The Arabian Nights' Entertainments: with Copious Notes". Littell's Spirit of the Magazines and Annuals: Consisting of the Best Parts of Blackwood's, Metropolitan, New Monthly and Other Magazines, and All the Annuals. E. Littell & Company: 862.
  33. 1 2 Lane, Edward William (1883). Arabian Society In The Middle Ages Studies From The Thousand And One Nights. London. The quote comes via Arabic translation from the book Ḥalbet El-Kumeyt which was written by Shems-ed-deen Moḥammad En-Nowwájee († 1454) who attributes the quote to Galen. See pp. 167 (footnote 195), pp. 283{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  34. ↑ Galen (1916). Galen On the Natural Faculties. W. Heinemann. pp.  3. In this work, Galen does not specifically in one place state the quote mentioned by Edward Lane; however, in the first chapter of Natural Faculties he discusses the difference between plants and animals. Plants only have a physical body, while animals have both a physical body and soul. The body is fed by physical nutrients, such as bread, while the soul is fed by the senses. In this treatise, he studies the aspects of the physical body.
  35. ↑ Swift, Daniel (October 2, 2017). "Lost and Pound". The Paris Review. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  36. ↑ Tongier, Mae Gutherie (March 1910). Sick and Lost His Grip. Vol. III, No. 14. The Progressive Woman. p. 15.
  37. 1 2 Henry, Alice (April 7, 1907). "Mary MacArthur and the Women's Trade Union Movement". The Survey. 18: 46–47.
  38. 1 2 "Club Chorus Sings". Oak Park Oak Leaves. February 10, 1917. p. 26. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  39. ↑ Wygal, Winnifred (1940). We Plan Our Own Worship Services: Business Girls Practice the Act and the Art of Group Worship. Womans Press. p. 78.
  40. ↑ Fowke, Edith; Glazer, Joe; Bray, Kenneth Ira (1973). Songs of Work and Protest. Courier Corporation (Original Copyright 1960). pp. 70–71. ISBN   9780486228990.
  41. ↑ Burgess, Nella (May 15, 1925). "River forest Women's Club". The Oak Parker. p. 18. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  42. ↑ "Churches -- St. John's Evangelical Church". Fort Madison Evening Democrat. June 16, 1934. p. 3. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  43. 1 2 Dullea, Georgia (June 24, 1984). "Reunion at Bryn Mawr: Workers of 30's Return". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  44. 1 2 "Chain of Events: The History of the Laurel Parade". mtholyoke.edu. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  45. ↑ "Bryn Mawr's Summer School: Answers and Questions". Historyinpublic.blogs.brynmawr.edu. February 13, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  46. ↑ ´ Silber, Irwin (March 11, 1999). "Re: Happy!; Bread and Roses". Newsgroup:  rec.music.folk. Usenet:   APC&1'0'7c92df7e'e5d@igc.apc.org . Retrieved February 18, 2014. In any event, I am virtually certain that the song had been dormant for close on to 30 years until I came across sheet music for it while doing some research at the New York Public Library sometime in 1951. That's where the name Martha Coleman appeared. (This is just a guess, but I wouldn't be surprised if Martha Coleman turned out to be a pseudonym for Caroline Kohlsaat.) There is no evidence to indicate that this was particularly known as a song. The poem was somewhat known but not with a musical setting. The tune itself never caught on which is one reason why others have tried writing a new melody for it. I think if it was being sung prior to its publication in Sing Out! (January 1952), I would have known about it.
  47. ↑ Karl Adamek: Lieder der Arbeiterbewegung, Büchergilde Gutenberg, Frankfurt am Main 1986 (2. Auflage), ISBN   3-763225633, S. 246 f.
  48. ↑ "CHRISTIAN WOLFF ~ A COMPLETE ANTHOLOGY OF SOLO AND DUO VIOLIN PIECES". December 9, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  49. ↑ Offer, Joe (January 22, 2005). "Lyr Req/Add: They All Sang Bread and Roses (S Kahn)". mudcat.org. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
  50. ↑ "Музыка для рабочего класса || Music For The Working Class, by Группа Аркадий Коц". Группа Аркадий Коц. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  51. ↑ "Bread & Roses History". Archived from the original on June 13, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
  52. ↑ "Bread and Roses DSA". Bread and Roses DSA. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  53. ↑ "Introducing the Bread & Roses NPC Slate". Bread and Roses DSA. June 26, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  54. ↑ "Leadership and Structure". dsausa.org. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  55. ↑ "Keon Liberato". Bread and Roses DSA. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  56. ↑ "Bread and Roses". iww.org.uk. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
  57. ↑ "Pride Soundtrack". Universal Music Operations Limited. Archived from the original on October 8, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
  58. ↑ Sisk, Emma (September 13, 2014). "How Welsh singing starlet Bronwen Lewis turned rejection on The Voice into big screen Pride". WalesOnline .
  59. ↑ "The #HomeToVote videos released today will give you goosebumps". The Daily Edge. April 23, 2018.
  60. ↑ London-Irish Abortion Rights Campaign (April 22, 2018). "#HomeToVote - Vote Yes to Remove the 8th Amendment on May 25th" . Retrieved February 9, 2019– via YouTube.
  61. ↑ Carr, Mary Kate (August 1, 2022). "Riverdale's most bonkers season yet was also its most political". AV Club. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
  62. ↑ Schneir, Miriam (1972). Feminism: The Essential Historical Writings. Vintage Books.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.