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A plant canker is a small area of dead tissue, which grows slowly, often over years. Some cankers are of only minor consequence, but others are ultimately lethal and therefore can have major economic implications for agriculture and horticulture. Their causes include such a wide range of organisms as fungi, bacteria, mycoplasmas and viruses. The majority of canker-causing organisms are bound to a unique host species or genus, but a few will attack other plants. Weather and animals can spread canker, thereby endangering areas that have only slight amount of canker.
Erwinia is a genus of Enterobacterales bacteria containing mostly plant pathogenic species which was named for the famous plant pathologist, Erwin Frink Smith. It contains Gram-negative bacteria related to Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella, and Yersinia. They are primarily rod-shaped bacteria.
Phytophthora kernoviae is a plant pathogen that mainly infects European beech and Rhododendron ponticum. It was first identified in 2003 in Cornwall, UK when scientists were surveying for the presence of Phytophthora ramorum. This made it the third new Phytophthora species to be found in the UK in a decade. It was named Phytophthora kernoviae, after the ancient name for Cornwall, Kernow. It causes large stem lesions on beech and necrosis of stems and leaves of Rhododendron ponticum. It is self-fertile. It has also been isolated from Quercus robur and Liriodendron tulipifera. The original paper describing the species, stated it can infect Magnolia and Camellia species, Pieris formosa, Gevuina avellana, Michelia doltsopa and Quercus ilex. Since then many other plants have been identified as natural hosts of the pathogen. Molecular analysis has revealed that an infection on Pinus radiata, recorded in New Zealand in 1950, was caused by P. kernoviae.
Acute oak decline is a disease that infects oak trees in the UK. It mainly affects mature oak trees of over 50 years old of both Britain's native oak species: the pedunculate oak and the sessile oak. The disease is characterised by the trees bleeding or oozing a dark fluid from small lesions or splits in their bark. Unlike chronic oak decline, acute oak decline can lead to the death of trees within 4 to 5 years of symptoms appearing. The number of trees affected is thought to number in the low thousands, with a higher number of infected trees being found in the Midlands. It is thought to be caused by a bacterium; it is currently not known which species is involved, but scientists are actively trying to discover what is responsible. At least three genera of bacteria are possibly responsible.
Cronobacter malonaticus, formerly considered a subspecies of Cronobacter sakazakii, is a bacterium. Its type strain is CDC 1058-77T.
Methylorubrum populi is an aerobic, pink-pigmented, facultatively methylotrophic, methane-utilizing bacterium isolated from poplar trees. Its type strain is BJ001T.
Streptomyces cavourensis is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil in Italy. Streptomyces cavourensis produces flavensomycin.
Acinetobacter puyangensis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus Acinetobacter which has been isolated from the bark of the tree Populus x euramericana.
Acinetobacter qingfengensis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus Acinetobacter which has been isolated from the bark of the tree Populus x euramericana.
Microbacterium populi is a Gram-positive, non-spore-formin and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from the bark Populus x euramericana.
Acinetobacter populi is a bacterium from the genus of Acinetobacter which has been isolated from a canker of the tree Populus x euramericana in Puyang in China.
Niastella is a bacterial genus from the family of Chitinophagaceae.
Niastella populi is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Niastella which has been isolated from soli from a Populus euphratica forest in Xinjiang in China.
Pontibacter populi is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Pontibacter which has been isolated from soil from a Populus euphratica forest in Xinjiang in China.
Corticibacterium is a genus of bacteria from the family Phyllobacteriaceae with one known species.
Corticibacterium populi is a Gram-negative, aerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Corticibacterium which has been isolated from the bark Populus × euramericana.
Sphingobacterium populi is a Gram-negative, aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from the bark of the tree Populus × euramericana.
Wohlfahrtiimonas populi is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Wohlfahrtiimonas which has been isolated from tree Populus × euramericana.
Aureimonas populi is a Gram-negative, facultative aerobic and motil bacteria from the genus of Aurantimonas which has been isolated from the bark of a poplar tree.
Streptomyces populi is an endophytic bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from the stem of the tree Populus adenopoda from the Mount Qingcheng in China.
References
- ↑ Phylogenetic Position of Phytopathogens within the Enterobacteriaceae. Hauben et al, 1998. doi:10.1016/S0723-2020(98)80048-9
- ↑ Toth, Ian K.; Bell, Kenneth S.; Holeva, Maria C.; Birch, Paul R. J. (1 January 2003). "Soft rot erwiniae: from genes to genomes". Molecular Plant Pathology. 4 (1): 17–30. doi:10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00149.x. PMID 20569359.
- ↑ McClean, Ali E.; Sudarshana, Padma; Kluepfel, Daniel A. (2008-05-06). "Enhanced detection and isolation of the walnut pathogen Brenneria rubrifaciens, causal agent of deep bark canker". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 122 (3): 413–424. doi:10.1007/s10658-008-9308-z. ISSN 0929-1873.
- ↑ Denman, Sandra; Brown, Nathan; Kirk, Susan; Jeger, Mike; Webber, Joan (2014-10-01). "A description of the symptoms of Acute Oak Decline in Britain and a comparative review on causes of similar disorders on oak in Europe". Forestry. 87 (4): 535–551. doi: 10.1093/forestry/cpu010 . ISSN 0015-752X.
- ↑ Denman, Sandra; Doonan, James; Ransom-Jones, Emma; Broberg, Martin; Plummer, Sarah; Kirk, Susan; Scarlett, Kelly; Griffiths, Andrew R; Kaczmarek, Maciej (2017-10-13). "Microbiome and infectivity studies reveal complex polyspecies tree disease in Acute Oak Decline". The ISME Journal. 12 (2): 386–399. doi:10.1038/ismej.2017.170. ISSN 1751-7362. PMC 5776452 . PMID 29028005.
- ↑ Palomo-Ríos, Elena; Macalpine, William; Shield, Ian; Amey, Joanna; Karaoğlu, Cuma; West, Jevon; Hanley, Steven; Krygier, Richard; Karp, Angela (November 2015). "Efficient method for rapid multiplication of clean and healthy willow clones via in vitro propagation with broad genotype applicability". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 45 (11): 1662–1667. doi:10.1139/cjfr-2015-0055. hdl: 1807/69847 . ISSN 0045-5067.
- ↑ SURICO, GIUSEPPE; MUGNAI, LAURA; PASTORELLI, ROBERTA; GIOVANNETTI, LUCIANA; STEAD, DAVID E. (1996). "Erwinia alni, a New Species Causing Bark Cankers of Alder (Alnus Miller) Species". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 46 (3): 720–726. doi: 10.1099/00207713-46-3-720 .
- ↑ Loreti, S.; De Simone, D.; Gallelli, A. (August 2008). "Detection and Identification ofBrenneria nigrifluens, the Causal Agent of the Shallow Bark Canker of Walnut by, PCR Amplification". Journal of Phytopathology. 156 (7–8): 464–469. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2007.01393.x. ISSN 0931-1785.
- ↑ Li, Yong; Fang, Wei; Xue, Han; Liang, Wen-xing; Wang, Lai-fa; Tian, Guo-zhong; Wang, Xi-zhuo; Lin, Cai-li; Li, Xia (2015). "Brenneria populi sp. nov., isolated from symptomatic bark of Populus×euramericana canker". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 65 (2): 432–437. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.066068-0 . PMID 25385993.
- ↑ Li, Yong; Zheng, Ming-hui; Wang, Hai-ming; Lin, Cai-li; Wang, Xi-zhuo (2018). "Brenneria corticis sp. nov., isolated from symptomatic bark of Populus×euramericana canker". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 69 (1): 63–67. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003077 . ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 30403583.
- 1 2 Brady, Carrie; Hunter, Gavin; Kirk, Susan; Arnold, Dawn; Denman, Sandra (September 2014). "Description of Brenneria roseae sp. nov. and two subspecies, Brenneria roseae subspecies roseae ssp. nov and Brenneria roseae subspecies americana ssp. nov. isolated from symptomatic oak". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 37 (6): 396–401. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2014.04.005. ISSN 0723-2020. PMID 24917366.
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