Brevirostres

Brevirostres Temporal range: Late Cretaceous - Recent, 83.5–0  Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
Scientific classification (obsolete as paraphyletic)
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Archosauria
Order:	Crocodilia
(unranked):	Brevirostres von Zittel, 1890
Groups included
Alligatoroidea Crocodyloidea
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa
Gavialoidea † Asiatosuchus † Brachyuranochampsa † "Crocodylus" acer † "Crocodylus" affinis † Pristichampsus † Prodiplocynodon † Mekosuchinae † Planocraniidae?

Brevirostres is an obsolete group of crocodilians that, as originally formulated, included alligatoroids and crocodyloids, but not gavialoids. Results of molecular phylogenetic analysis uniformly draw gavialoids and crocodyloids into a close relationship; in that case, Brevirostres becomes obsolete with Crocodilia.

Members of brevirostres are crocodilians with small snouts, and are distinguished from the long-snouted gharials. It is defined phylogenetically as the last common ancestor of Alligator mississippiensis (the American alligator) and Crocodylus niloticus (the Nile crocodile) and all of its descendants. ^[1] This classification was based on morphological studies primarily focused on analyzing skeletal traits of living and extinct fossil species, and placed the gharials outside the group due to their unique skull structure, ^[2] and can be shown in the simplified cladogram below: ^[3]

Crocodylia	Gavialoidea Brevirostres Alligatoroidea Crocodyloidea

However, recent molecular studies using DNA sequencing render Brevirostres redundant with Crocodylia upon finding the crocodiles and gavialids to be more closely related than the alligators. ^{[4] [5] [6] [7] [8]} The new clade Longirostres was defined by Harshman et al. in 2003, ^[4] and can be shown in the cladogram below:

Crocodylia	Alligatoroidea Longirostres Gavialoidea Crocodyloidea

History

Brevirostres was first named by Karl Alfred von Zittel in 1890. Von Zittel considered Gavialis , the gharial, to be closely related to Tomistoma , the false gharial, and excluded them from the group. Tomistoma, as its name implies, is traditionally not considered closely related to Gavialis, but instead classified as a crocodylid. Under this classification, all members of Brevirostres are brevirostrine, or short-snouted. Recent molecular analyses support von Zittel's classification in placing Tomistoma as a close relative of Gavialis. If this classification is accepted, Brevirostres can be considered redundant with Crocodylia, as the two names would refer the same clade. Brevirostres would not, however, be a junior synonym of Crocodylia, as the two names have different definitions. ^[9]

References

1. Brochu, C. A. (2003). "Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 31 (31): 357–97. Bibcode:2003AREPS..31..357B. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308.
2. Holliday, Casey M.; Gardner, Nicholas M. (2012). Farke, Andrew A (ed.). "A new eusuchian crocodyliform with novel cranial integument and its significance for the origin and evolution of Crocodylia". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e30471. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730471H. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030471 . PMC   3269432 . PMID   22303441.
3. Brochu, C.A. (1997). "A review of "Leidyosuchus" (Crocodyliformes, Eusuchia) from the Cretaceous through Eocene of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (4): 679–697. Bibcode:1997JVPal..17..679B. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011017. JSTOR   4523857.
4. Harshman, J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bollback, J. P.; Parsons, T. J.; Braun, M. J. (2003). "True and false gharials: A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 52 (3): 386–402. doi: 10.1080/10635150309323 . PMID   12775527. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
5. Gatesy, J.; Amato, G. (2008). "The rapid accumulation of consistent molecular support for intergeneric crocodylian relationships". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 48 (3): 1232–1237. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.009. PMID   18372192.
6. Erickson, G. M.; Gignac, P. M.; Steppan, S. J.; Lappin, A. K.; Vliet, K. A.; Brueggen, J. A.; Inouye, B. D.; Kledzik, D.; Webb, G. J. W. (2012). Claessens, Leon (ed.). "Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite-force and tooth-pressure experimentation". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e31781. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731781E. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031781 . PMC   3303775 . PMID   22431965.
7. Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). "Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil". Proceedings of the Royal Society B . 285 (1881). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1071 . PMC   6030529 . PMID   30051855.
8. Hekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (2021-04-27). "Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 505. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0 . ISSN   2399-3642. PMC   8079395 . PMID   33907305.
9. Brochu, C.A. (1999). "Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea". Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology). 6: 9–100. doi:10.2307/3889340. JSTOR   3889340.