Related Research Articles
Space weather is a branch of space physics and aeronomy, or heliophysics, concerned with the varying conditions within the Solar System and its heliosphere. This includes the effects of the solar wind, especially on the Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Though physically distinct, space weather is analogous to the terrestrial weather of Earth's atmosphere. The term "space weather" was first used in the 1950s and popularized in the 1990s. Later, it prompted research into "space climate", the large-scale and long-term patterns of space weather.
Atmospheric science is the study of the Earth's atmosphere and its various inner-working physical processes. Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with a major focus on weather forecasting. Climatology is the study of atmospheric changes that define average climates and their change over time climate variability. Aeronomy is the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important. Atmospheric science has been extended to the field of planetary science and the study of the atmospheres of the planets and natural satellites of the Solar System.
The Schumann resonances (SR) are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency portion of the Earth's electromagnetic field spectrum. Schumann resonances are global electromagnetic resonances, generated and excited by lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth's surface and the ionosphere.
Nephology is the study of clouds and cloud formation. British meteorologist Luke Howard was a major researcher within this field, establishing a cloud classification system. While this branch of meteorology still exists today, the term nephology, or nephologist is rarely used. The term came into use at the end of the nineteenth century, and fell out of common use by the middle of the twentieth. Recently, interest in nephology has increased as some meteorologists have begun to focus on the relationship between clouds and global warming, which is a source of uncertainty regarding "estimates and interpretations of the Earth’s changing energy budget."
Cloud physics is the study of the physical processes that lead to the formation, growth and precipitation of atmospheric clouds. These aerosols are found in the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere, which collectively make up the greatest part of the homosphere. Clouds consist of microscopic droplets of liquid water, tiny crystals of ice, or both, along with microscopic particles of dust, smoke, or other matter, known as condensation nuclei. Cloud droplets initially form by the condensation of water vapor onto condensation nuclei when the supersaturation of air exceeds a critical value according to Köhler theory. Cloud condensation nuclei are necessary for cloud droplets formation because of the Kelvin effect, which describes the change in saturation vapor pressure due to a curved surface. At small radii, the amount of supersaturation needed for condensation to occur is so large, that it does not happen naturally. Raoult's law describes how the vapor pressure is dependent on the amount of solute in a solution. At high concentrations, when the cloud droplets are small, the supersaturation required is smaller than without the presence of a nucleus.
Within the atmospheric sciences, atmospheric physics is the application of physics to the study of the atmosphere. Atmospheric physicists attempt to model Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of the other planets using fluid flow equations, radiation budget, and energy transfer processes in the atmosphere. In order to model weather systems, atmospheric physicists employ elements of scattering theory, wave propagation models, cloud physics, statistical mechanics and spatial statistics which are highly mathematical and related to physics. It has close links to meteorology and climatology and also covers the design and construction of instruments for studying the atmosphere and the interpretation of the data they provide, including remote sensing instruments. At the dawn of the space age and the introduction of sounding rockets, aeronomy became a subdiscipline concerning the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important.
The TIMED mission is dedicated to study the influences energetics and dynamics of the Sun and humans on the least explored and understood region of Earth's atmosphere – the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere / Ionosphere (MLTI). The mission was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on 7 December 2001 aboard a Delta II rocket launch vehicle. The project is sponsored and managed by NASA, while the spacecraft was designed and assembled by the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University. The mission has been extended several times, and has now collected data over an entire solar cycle, which helps in its goal to differentiate the Sun's effects on the atmosphere from other effects. It shared its Delta II launch vehicle with the Jason-1 oceanography mission.
This is a list of meteorology topics. The terms relate to meteorology, the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting.
Aeronomy is the scientific study of the upper atmosphere of the Earth and corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets. It is a branch of both atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics. Scientists specializing in aeronomy, known as aeronomers, study the motions and chemical composition and properties of the Earth's upper atmosphere and regions of the atmospheres of other planets that correspond to it, as well as the interaction between upper atmospheres and the space environment. In atmospheric regions aeronomers study, chemical dissociation and ionization are important phenomena.
Atmospheric electricity describes the electrical charges in the Earth's atmosphere. The movement of charge between the Earth's surface, the atmosphere, and the ionosphere is known as the global atmospheric electrical circuit. Atmospheric electricity is an interdisciplinary topic with a long history, involving concepts from electrostatics, atmospheric physics, meteorology and Earth science.
The Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere is a NASA satellite launched in 2007 to conduct a planned 26-month study of noctilucent clouds (NLCs). It is the ninetieth Explorer program mission and is part of the NASA-funded Small Explorer program (SMEX).
Henrik Svensmark is a physicist and professor in the Division of Solar System Physics at the Danish National Space Institute in Copenhagen. He is known for his work on the hypothesis that fewer cosmic rays are an indirect cause of global warming via cloud formation.
A global atmospheric electrical circuit is the continuous movement of atmospheric charge carriers, such as ions, between an upper conductive layer and surface. The global circuit concept is closely related to atmospheric electricity, but not all atmospheres necessarily have a global electric circuit. The basic concept of a global circuit is that through the balance of thunderstorms and fair weather, the atmosphere is subject to a continual and substantial electrical current.
The Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) is a Belgian federal scientific research institute. Created in 1964, its main tasks are research and public service in space aeronomy, which is the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere of the Earth and other planets, and of outer space. The scientists rely on ground-based, balloon-, air- or space-borne instruments and computer models.
This is an index to articles about terms used in discussion of radio propagation.
The Institute of Atmospheric Physics AS CR (Czech: Ústav fyziky atmosféry Akademie věd České republiky), also designated as the IAP, is part of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (AS CR). Within the IAP research institutions are combined in order to cover the whole field of science and humanities.
The Arctowski Medal is awarded by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences "for studies in solar physics and solar-terrestrial relationships." Named in honor of Henryk Arctowski, it was first awarded in 1969.
In the height region between about 85 and 200 km altitude on Earth, the ionospheric plasma is electrically conducting. Atmospheric tidal winds due to differential solar heating or due to gravitational lunar forcing move the ionospheric plasma against the geomagnetic field lines thus generating electric fields and currents just like a dynamo coil moving against magnetic field lines. That region is therefore called ionospheric dynamo region. The magnetic manifestation of these electric currents on the ground can be observed during magnetospheric quiet conditions. They are called Sq-variations and L-variations (L=lunar) of the geomagnetic field. Additional electric currents are generated by the varying magnetospheric electric convection field. These are the DP1-currents and the polar DP2-currents. Finally, a polar-ring current has been derived from the observations which depends on the polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field. These geomagnetic variations belong to the so-called external part of the geomagnetic field. Their amplitudes reach at most about 1% of the main internal geomagnetic field Bo.
Madineni Venkat Ratnam is an Indian atmospheric scientist, Heading Aerosol, Radiation and Trace gases Group at the National Atmospheric Research Laboratory of Department of Space, Government of India. He is known for his studies on middle atmospheric structure and dynamics.
Krzysztof Edward Haman is a Polish atmospheric physicist, professor at the University of Warsaw, and member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
References
- 1 2 3 Priestley, Rebecca. "Tinsley, Beatrice Muriel". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 19 June 2024.
- ↑ "Tinsley, Brian A (Dr), 1937–". National Library of New Zealand . Retrieved 19 June 2024.
- ↑ "Births". The Evening Post . Vol. CXXIII, no. 96. 24 April 1937. p. 1. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
- ↑ "Wellington". New Zealand Private Maternity Homes. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
- ↑ "Hill, Edward Owen Eustace, 1907–2001". National Library of New Zealand . Retrieved 20 June 2024.
- ↑ Apparent Tropospheric Response to Mev-Gev Particle-Flux Variations – A Connection via Electrofreezing of Supercooled Water in High-Level Clouds, Tinsley BA; Deen GW, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Volume 96, Issue D12, Pages 22283–22296, doi : 10.1029/91JD02473, 1991. Paper cited 141 times as of 3 January 2011.
- ↑ Correlations of Atmospheric Dynamics With Solar-Activity Evidence for a Connection via the Solar-Wind, Atmospheric Electricity, And Cloud Microphysics, Tinsley BA; Heelis RA, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Volume 98, Issue D6, Pages 10375–10384, doi : 10.1029/93JD00627, 20 June 1993. Paper cited 100 times as of 3 January 2011.
- ↑ Influence of solar wind on the global electric circuit, and inferred effects on cloud microphysics, temperature, and dynamics in the troposphere, Tinsley BA, Conference: Workshop of the ISSI on Solar Variability and Climate, INT SPACE SCI INST, BERN, SWITZERLAND, 28 JUN – 2 July 1999, SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS, Volume 94, Issue 1–2, Pages 231–258, doi : 10.1023/A:1026775408875, Published: NOV 2000. Paper cited 131 times as of 3 January 2011.
- ↑ The zonal-mean and regional tropospheric pressure responses to changes in ionospheric potential, Zhou, L; Tinsley, B; Wang, L; and Burns G;, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 171 (2018), 111–118, (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.07.010)
- ↑ The response of longwave radiation at the South Pole to electrical and magnetic variations: Links to meteorological generators and the solar wind, Frederick, JE; and Tinsley, BA; Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 179 (2018), 214–224, (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2018.08.003)
