Bulldozer politics

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Since 2017, the bulldozer, [lower-alpha 1] an industrial machine, has become a political tool and symbol in Indian politics, particularly in the politics of Uttar Pradesh. This began with the evoking of the machine by UP chief minister Yogi Adityanath of the BJP. While bulldozers are routinely used across India to remove illegal constructions, the bulldozer in this case has been used as an extrajudicial tool and a power statement against alleged criminals, communal violence rioters and accused criminals.[ opinion ] Punitive demolition has became a common sight in states ruled by BJP. [5] Following its usage in political messaging in Uttar Pradesh, the bulldozer was used in Madhya Pradesh to convey political messages aimed at showing a strong stance against criminals. Narratives conveyed that a lot of the usage of the bulldozer was itself communal in nature. Critics argue that giving up on the rule of law and adopting "bulldozer justice" is the initial move toward an authoritarian society. In such a society, the safety, life, and liberty of individuals would depend on the arbitrary decisions of state officials. [6]

Contents

Its rhetorical usage by Adityanath started following the commencement of his first term in office from March 2017. By 2020, property belonging to numerous criminals such as Vikas Dubey, as well as politician-strongmen and gangsters Mukhtar Ansari and Atique Ahmed had been demolished using bulldozers. The action against Dubey started after he and his associates killed eight policemen in July 2020 during an attempted arrest. The UP government committed to free up 67,000 acres (270 km2) [lower-alpha 2] of government land and other illegally occupied land by land mafia, issuing certain directives related to the use of bulldozers and also warned of their misuse. Adityanath began his second term as chief minister in March 2022. In a similar manner, the chief minister of Madhya Pradesh, another state with a BJP-based CM, began usage of the bulldozer in March 2022 against properties of the mafia, accused rapists and rioters. By late April 2022, bulldozers had also been used on the property of rioters in Delhi and Gujarat, with politics and legal issues ensuing, including over anti-encroachment drives in a BJP-held municipality in Rajasthan, an otherwise Congress-ruled state. In Uttarakhand, rioters during Hanuman Jayanti processions were threatened with bulldozers parked in the vicinity of property owned by the accused.

The number of displaced people rose from 107,625 in 2019 to 515,752 by 2023. In total, 153,820 houses were demolished by authorities in 2022 and 2023, leaving 738,438 people displaced. [5] In September 2024, the Supreme Court ordered the governments to stop bulldozing homes. [7] [8] [9] [10]

Course of events

Uttar Pradesh

Usage against criminals

Yogi Adityanath started his first term as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in March 2017. His first announcement was that his government would clean up the law and order situation in the state among other connected issues. [11] An anti-mafia task force was set up and political messaging included statements such as "Leave UP or go to jail". [12] [13] It was in September 2017 when Yogi first warned that he would bulldoze properties of those involved in crime, "My government will bulldoze houses of anyone even thinking of perpetuating crime against women and weaker sections of the society", adding that it would take some more time to reel in other criminal elements. [14] Uttar Pradesh police had already started taking action against criminals [lower-alpha 3] with a number of them dying in police encounters. [14]

By the end of 2020 properties had been demolished. [lower-alpha 4] [15] [16] In July 2020 history-sheeter and crime boss Vikas Dubey's house was demolished along with four vehicles. [17] A few days eight policemen had been killed in an attempted arrest in which Dubey was the main accused. [18] [19] [20] Vikas Dubey would go on to die in an encounter after the police vehicle carrying him met with an accident. [21] In August 2020 Mukhtar Ansari, a criminal turned politician, connected properties were razed. [22] A government spokesperson explained that the property had been constructed on property of migrants in Pakistan. [22] Ansari's sons property was razed. [23] This involved 250 policemen and 20 bulldozers. [23] Part of a hotel he owned was demolished following a decision taken by an administrative board including the district magistrate. [24] In September 2020, properties connected to Atique Ahmed were demolished. [25] [26] This includes Mohamed Zaid's two-story house built in 2015 over 600 square yards. 6 bulldozers took 5 hours. [25] The reason given for demolishing the building was that the blueprints of the building were not cleared by local authorities before construction. [25] A number of other structures, illegal constructions, or belonging to known gangsters were also raised. [27] [28] [29] [30] This number increased by the end of 2021. [19] In February 2021, Yogi stated that 67,000 acres (270 km2) of land had been freed from mafia control. [31] Yogi said that the illegal properties that are being seized and bulldozed will be replaced by new houses for the Dalits and the poor, playgrounds and other social needs, [32] [33] [34] and warned the mafia of harassing the poor, farmers and traders. [35] Public response within Uttar Pradesh in relation to the use of the bulldozer has been mixed. [36] The Yogi government has also warned about the misuse of bulldozers. [37] [38]

Elections

We have a special machine which we are using for building expressways and highways. At the same time, we are using it to crush the mafia who exploited people to build their properties

Yogi Adityanath,during state election campaigns, 2022 [1]

Yogi Adityanath went on to use the bulldozer in his election campaign for the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election held between 10 February to 7 March 2022. This earned him the tag "bulldozer baba". [39] [40] The term had initially been used as a taunt by an opposition party. [3] [41] In some rallies Yogi also mentioned "bulldozers taking rest". [42]

Madhya Pradesh

Shivraj Singh Chauhan, the chief minister of Madhya Pradesh, another state with a BJP CM, went on to use the bulldozer in a similar manner was seen in Uttar Pradesh. [43] By 19 March, CM Chauhan had ordered the use of the bulldozer against property of the mafia as well as against gang rape, rioting and kidnapping accused in Seoni, Sheopur, Jaora, Shahdol and Raisen. [44] [45] The Shahdol rape incident took place on 16 March and the house of the accused was demolished on 22 March. This was following an investigation by the chief municipality officer who found a number of illegalities in the construction of the house. [44] [46] [47] Following clashes on Holi in Khamriya village of Raisen, the administration used bulldozers to demolish encroachments of accused rioters. [48] [49] Many of alleged perps were of a "particular community". [43] In a similar manner as the tag given to Yogi "bulldozer baba", banners were seen in Bhopal with "bulldozer mama" [lower-alpha 5] written and an image of CM Chauhan and a bulldozer in the background. [45] [50]

Following a rape incident on 28 March in a government guesthouse in Rewa, CM Chauhan ordered a bulldozer to be used against the house of the accused, a Mahant. [51] Following clashes in Khargone on 10 April 2022, Ram Navami, 16 houses and 29 shops were demolished by Chouhan's government. [52] [53] Some of the demolished buildings were constructed under the government housing initiative Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana. [1]

Ram Navami and Hanuman Jayanti violence in April 2022
10 AprilKhargone, MP; [53]
Howrah and Bankura, WB [54]
11 AprilKhambat, GJ; [55] [56]
Lohardaga, JH; [57]
Baina, Vasco, GA [58]
16 AprilJahangirpuri, DL; [53]
Hubli, KA; [59]
Bhagwanpur, Roorkee, UK [60] [61]
17 April Holagunda, Kurnool, AP [62]
18 April Amravati, MH [63]
In Bold are locations where bulldozers were used in response. In Italics a threat to use bulldozers was seen.

Karanataka and Uttarakhand

On 16 April, localized riots took place in Hubli, Karnataka. [64] Following violence, there were calls in the state demanding "bulldozer" form of justice. [65] [66] [4] On the same day violence was also seen in Uttarakhand's Bhagwanpur region. In the following days bulldozers were seen in proximity to properties of the riot accused. [60] [61]

Jahangirpuri

On 20 April, following communal violence in Delhi's Jahangirpuri, local authorities issued demolition of certain structures in an eviction and anti-encroachment drive. [67] The Supreme Court of India intervened to stop the demolition. [68] Supposedly the Supreme Court had to give the orders twice as demolition continued for around an hour after the first order. [69] Street carts were also destroyed with bulldozers. [68] Residents said that even registered buildings were damaged. [68] Nine bulldozers were seen in the area and 20 structures destroyed. [1] [70] A political blame game ensued. [71] [72]

Rajasthan

On 22 April, bulldozers were seen demolishing some shops and three temples in Alwar, Rajasthan, a Congress led state but in the BJP held municipality of Rajgarh. [73] [74] [75] Local administration said that consensus had been achieved in the destruction of the shrines, including one which had been built on a drain, and that it was part of an anti-encroachment drive and the shrines would be rebuilt on "non-controversial land". [75] During another anti-encroachment drive the next day a gaushala was part of the removed structures and cleared land. [76] [77]

On Jahangirpuri

Tushar Mehta, on behalf of North Delhi Municipal Corporation, stated that the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act provides for removal of "stall, chair, bench, box, ladder, bale" without notice. Just as Ganesh Gupta's juice shop was removed without notice, everything on public land was removed. In the case of buildings, notices were given. Further the law provides some days and appellate remedy in the case of building as per the Act. [78] As "houses and other permanent structures were targeted" Advocate Dushyant Dave raised this as a primary point before the court. [79]

Reactions

Farm leader and national spokesperson of the Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU) Rakesh Tikait warned the government that if the unjust use of bulldozers doesn't stop, tractors will be used by farmers to stop them. [80] Opposition leaders in response also stated the headquarters of BJP should be demolished and that it was BJP who allowed illegal constructions in Delhi in areas they had held for years. [81] [82] Akhilesh Yadav said that BJP should make the bulldozer its emblem and that it was distracting the Chief Minister from more important governance matters. [83] [84] Manish Sisodia said that the bulldozer was being used as a tool of extortion. [85] Names such as "Bulldozernath" or "the lord of bulldozers" were used. [86] The bulldozer was connected to bulldozing the "dreams of the youth" and being "anti-women". [86] Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind filed two petitions in the Supreme Court of India. [87] [78] On 24 April 2022, Aam Aadmi Party conducted "foot marches" in all the wards of Delhi. [88] Brinda Karat, an Indian politician, has claimed that BJP aims to vilify Muslims through these actions. [89]

Newslaundry , an Indian media watchdog, reported on the response of sections of the Indian media and their coverage of the events and how certain anchors supported the proceedings. [90] Anjana Om Kashyap, a media professional, climbed on board the bulldozers at the Jahangirpuri site and started asking the drivers questions. [91] During one of the demolitions in Uttar Pradesh, a district magistrate (an Indian Administrative Service officer) clicked a selfie, and shared it with the caption "Yeh Hum Hai, Yeh Humaari Car Hai Aur Hamaari Party Ho Rahi Hai" [lower-alpha 6] (transl. This is us, this is our car, our party is happening here). [93]

Commentary

The timing of the Jahangirpuri demolitions, four days after communal clashes in the same area, "reads extremely suspicious", says political commentator N. S. Moorthy . [94] The Supreme Court status quo intervention brought immediate relief. However this order does not seem to make the judiciary the answer to the larger overarching questions related to the perceived targeting of sections of the population, more that what is already being seen. [94]

See also

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References

Notes
  1. ↑ Connected phrases include "bulldozer justice" [1] and "bulldozer raj" [2] with the bulldozer finding its way into the general political lexicon of Uttar Pradesh and India in general. [3] [4]
  2. ↑ Uttar Pradesh is 243,286 square km
  3. ↑ musclemen, strongmen, crime bosses, bahubalis, history-sheeters
  4. ↑ With others being seized, confiscated, sealed.
  5. ↑ Mama is maternal uncle, bulldozer mama can be translated as uncle with the bulldozer. [43]
  6. ↑ A meme that had become a trend in 2021. [92]
Citations
  1. 1 2 3 4 "'Bulldozer Baba, Bulldozer Mama, bulldozer justice': How the modest machine has become the buzzword in Indian politics". Firstpost. FP Explainers. 21 April 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  2. ↑ Pandey, Sanjay; Jha, Satish; Joy, Shemin (24 April 2022). "From Yogi to Jahangirpuri: The rise of the Bulldozer Raj". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  3. 1 2 Sahu, Manish (8 March 2022). "Explained: Not just bulls, how bulldozers made it to election lexicon in UP" . The Indian Express. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  4. 1 2 Shukla, Amandeep (19 April 2022). "Loudspeaker and bulldozer becoming key terms in Indian political lexicon". The Times of India. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  5. 1 2 Behal, Anuj (8 July 2024). "India's Bulldozer Raj: Over 150,000 Homes Razed, 738,000 Left Homeless in Two Years". Frontline. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  6. ↑ Bhatia, Gautam (10 August 2023). "Abandoning the rule of law for 'bulldozer justice' is the first step towards an authoritarian society where ensuring a person's safety, life and liberty will be at the whims and fancies of state officials". The Hindu.
  7. ↑ "Supreme Court questions bulldozer justice, will lay down 'pan-India' norms for due process". The Indian Express. 3 September 2024.
  8. ↑ "'Not Everyone's Hands Can Fit on a Bulldozer': Adityanath Says Days After SC Decries House Demolitions". The Wire.
  9. ↑ "Demolition squad: On the Supreme Court and 'bulldozer justice'". The Hindu.
  10. ↑ "No Demolition Without Permission: SC On Bulldozer Action In Country". Outlook India. 17 September 2024.
  11. ↑ Vaishnav, Milan (23 March 2017). "Adityanath, No Stranger To Criminal Cases, Promises Safer UP". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  12. ↑ "'Leave UP or go to jail': Yogi Adityanath warns supporters of criminals, mafia". Deccan Chronicle. PTI. 26 March 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  13. ↑ Jha, Shiv Pujan (25 April 2017). "Yogi Adityanath government sets up anti-land mafia task force in Uttar Pradesh". India Today. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  14. 1 2 Shukla, Srawan, ed. (6 September 2017). "Will bulldoze your houses even if you think of crime: Yogi Adityanath's warning to mafia". DNA India. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  15. ↑ "2020 में अपराधियों पर कहर बनकर टूटी यूपी पुलिस, किसी की संपत्ति कुर्क, कहीं चला बुलडोजर, देखें लिस्ट | UP Mafia total property seized in 2020 list" [In 2020, UP police broke down by creating havoc on criminals, someone's property was attached, bulldozer went somewhere, see list]. Patrika News (in Hindi). 31 December 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  16. ↑ "भूमाफियाओं पर चला नोएडा अथॉरिटी का बुल्डोजर, कब्जे से छुड़ाई 2000 करोड़ रुपये की जमीनें" [Noida Authority's bulldozer on land mafia, land worth Rs 2000 crores rescued from possession]. Aaj Tak (in Hindi). 4 September 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  17. ↑ Naqvi, Haidar (4 July 2020). "Kanpur gangster Vikas Dubey's house demolished". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  18. ↑ Rashid, Omar (3 July 2020). "Eight U.P. policemen killed after assailants open fire at them in Kanpur, two accused shot dead later". The Hindu. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  19. 1 2 "योगी के बुलडोजर से इस साल जमकर कुचला गया माफिया का गुरूर, निकल गई अपराधियों की हेकड़ी" [This year the mafia's pride was crushed fiercely by Yogi's bulldozer, the arrogance of criminals came out]. Zee News (in Hindi). 30 December 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  20. ↑ "Political patronage nurtured history-sheeter Vikas Dubey". The New Indian Express. IANS. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  21. ↑ Rashid, Omar (10 July 2020). "Gangster Vikas Dubey shot dead in 'exchange of fire'". The Hindu. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  22. 1 2 "UP MLA Mukhtar Ansari's Illegal Properties Demolished In Lucknow: Official". NDTV. Press Trust of India. 27 August 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  23. 1 2 "UP: योगी सरकार की बड़ी कार्रवाई, मुख्तार अंसारी के बेटों की अवैध संपत्ति पर चला बुलडोजर" [UP: Big action of Yogi government, bulldozer on illegal property of sons of Mukhtar Ansari]. Navodaya Times (in Hindi). 27 August 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  24. ↑ "मुख्तार अंसारी के होटल पर चला योगी सरकार का बुलडोजर, गिराई गई बिल्डिंग" [Yogi Sarkar's bulldozer on Mukhtar Ansari's hotel, building demolished]. ABPlive एबीपी न्यूज़ (in Hindi). 1 November 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  25. 1 2 3 Nandan, Nishant, ed. (20 September 2020). "यूपी: माफिया अतीक अहमद के रिश्तेदार के घर चला बुलडोजर, 2 करोड़ का मकान तिनके में बिखर गया; देखें वीडियो" [UP: Mafia bulldozer went to Atiq Ahmed's relative's house, house worth 2 crores was scattered in straws; watch video]. Jansatta (in Hindi). The Indian Express. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  26. ↑ "Operation माफिया: अतीक अहमद के 60 करोड़ रुपये की अवैध संपत्ति पर चला बुलडोजर" [Operation Mafia: Bulldozer on illegal property worth Rs 60 crore of Atiq Ahmed]. Zee News Hindi (in Hindi). 14 September 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  27. ↑ Yadav, Yogesh (26 December 2020). "प्रयागराज में एक और माफिया के अवैध निर्माण पर गरजा योगी सरकार का बुलडोजर" [Yogi government's bulldozer on illegal construction of another mafia in Prayagraj]. Hindustan (in Hindi). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  28. ↑ "फिर चला योगी सरकार का बुलडोजर: मऊ में मॉल और वाराणसी में किया इमारत ध्वस्त". ग़ाज़ीपुर न्यूज़. 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  29. ↑ Tripathi, Gajendra (5 July 2021). "अपराधियों और उपद्रवियों की संपत्ति कब्जे में लेकर गरीबों में बांट रही सरकार: योगी आदित्यनाथ" [The government is distributing the property of criminals and miscreants among the poor: Yogi Adityanath]. Aaj Tak (in Hindi). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  30. ↑ Shantanu, Shashank (22 July 2021). Singh, Vishal Pratap (ed.). "Yogi govt bulldozes illegal Rohingya camps set up in Delhi's Madanpur Khadar over 2.10 hectares land". IndiaTV. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  31. ↑ Singh, Prashasti (23 February 2021). "'UP govt has freed 67,000 acres of land from land mafia': CM Yogi Adityanath". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  32. ↑ "Ram Naam Satya Journey Will Start, Yogi Adityanath Warns On 'Love Jihad'". Outlook India. 31 October 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  33. ↑ "Houses for Dalits and poor on land confiscated from mafia in UP, announces CM Yogi Adityanath". Financial Express. The Indian Express. 19 August 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  34. ↑ Shah, Pankaj (28 October 2020). "Uttar Pradesh: Yogi Adityanath vows jail for those involved in cow slaughter". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  35. ↑ Rathour, Dinesh (12 September 2021). "सीएम योगी की यूपी के माफियाओं को चेतावनी, गरीबों, किसानों व व्यापारियों को परेशान किया तो जीना हराम कर देंगे" [CM Yogi's warning to the mafia of UP, if you harass the poor, farmers and traders, you will make life haram]. Hindustan (in Hindi). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  36. ↑ Verma, Radha, ed. (19 September 2021). "सरकारी संपत्ति पर कब्जा करने वालों का एक ही उपचार- बुलडोज़र, बोले CM योगी" [Only one treatment for those who occupied government property - bulldozers, said CM Yogi, people started asking such questions]. Jansatta (in Hindi). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  37. ↑ "Misuse of bulldozers will not be tolerated: ADG Law and Order after Yogi Adityanath's new directive". The Economic Times. 8 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  38. ↑ श्रीवास्तव, समर्थ (8 April 2022). "'अपराधी-माफिया को बख्शें नहीं, गरीब को छुएं नहीं', बुलडोजर पर योगी का सख्त फरमान" ['Do not spare the criminal-mafia, do not touch the poor', Yogi's strict order on the bulldozer]. Aaj Tak (in Hindi). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  39. ↑ Majumder, Bhaswati Guha (10 March 2022). "Why BJP Workers in Uttar Pradesh Are Celebrating Yogi's Victory on Bulldozers". News18. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  40. ↑ "'Bulldozer baba' -- Mighty Yogi's new sobriquet". ThePrint. PTI. 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  41. ↑ "He is today's Aurangzeb, wasn't loyal to his father, how will he be loyal to you: Shivraj Singh Chouhan takes swipe at Akhilesh Yadav". ThePrint. ANI. 20 February 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  42. ↑ Srivastava, Arun (25 March 2022). "Glorification of 'bulldozer politics' in UP under Yogi doesn't portend well for democracy". National Herald. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  43. 1 2 3 Hebbar, Nistula (12 April 2022). "Analysis | Shivraj Singh Chouhan's metamorphosis from plain 'mama' to 'bulldozer mama'". The Hindu. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 23 April 2022. ...the liberal use of bulldozers to demolish properties of alleged perpetrators of crime (many from a particular community)...
  44. 1 2 "'Bulldozer running...': MP chief minister warns miscreants of house demolition". Hindustan Times. 23 March 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  45. 1 2 Dwary, Anurag (22 March 2022). Kumar, Akhil (ed.). ""Bulldozer Mama": After UP, BJP Pushes 'Tough-On-Crime' Image In Madhya Pradesh". NDTV. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  46. ↑ पांडे, सौरभ (22 March 2022). "शहडोल में गैंगरेप-हत्या के आरोपी के घर पर चला बुलडोजर, छतरपुर में सरकारी जमीन मुक्त" [Bulldozer ran at the house of accused of gangrape-murder in Shahdol, freed government land in Chhatarpur]. News18 हिंदी (in Hindi). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  47. ↑ Mishra, Sachin Kumar (21 March 2022). "Madhya Pradesh: मप्र के श्योपुर और सिवनी में दुष्कर्म के आरोपितों के घरों पर चला बुलडोजर" [Madhya Pradesh: Bulldozers ran on the houses of the accused of rape in Sheopur and Seoni of MP]. Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  48. ↑ राठौड़, विजय सिंह (21 March 2022). "यूपी के बाद अब एमपी में चला बुलडोजर, रायसेन झड़प के आरोपियों के घर किए गए जमींदोज" [Raisen: After UP, bulldozers started running in MP too, houses of accused of Raisen clash were demolished]. ABP live (in Hindi). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  49. ↑ कुमार, मुनेश्वर (20 March 2022). "योगी इफेक्ट! शिवराज से ऑर्डर मिलते ही एमपी में अपराधियों के घर पर चलने लगा बुलडोजर" [Yogi Effect! Bulldozer started running at criminals' house in MP as soon as order was received from Shivraj]. Navbharat Times (in Hindi). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  50. ↑ Singh, Anuraag (22 March 2022). "After UP's 'Bulldozer Baba', MP CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan dons role of 'Bulldozer Mama'". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  51. ↑ IANS (31 March 2022). "'Use Bulldozer To Demolish House of Rape Accused': MP CM Shivraj to Rewa Police". TheQuint. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  52. ↑ Tiwari, Vishnukant (12 April 2022). "'All Gone to Dust': MP Govt Razes 16 Houses, 29 Shops After Ram Navami Violence". TheQuint. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  53. 1 2 3 "Nine states, 15 days: India is witnessing a spate of communal violence". Firstpost. 19 April 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  54. ↑ Dutta, Debayan (11 April 2022). "Hate and Harmony: The Two Sides of Ram Navami in West Bengal". TheQuint. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  55. ↑ Langa, Mahesh (11 April 2022). "Communal clashes in Gujarat: 1 killed, another injured during Ram Navami processions". The Hindu. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  56. ↑ Kshatriya, Dilip Singh (15 April 2022). "After MP, now bulldozer crackdown on illegal shops of riot accused in Gujarat's Khambat". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
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