| Butia catarinensis | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Arecales |
| Family: | Arecaceae |
| Genus: | Butia |
| Species: | B. catarinensis |
| Binomial name | |
| Butia catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi [2010] | |
Butia catarinensis is a mid-sized species of Butia palm native to the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina in Brazil. [1] [2]
The specific epithet refers to the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina where it is the most distributed. [2]
These palms were only named as a new species in 2010, although the populations of this species were known. Before 2010 the palms growing in this region were classified as Butia capitata .
J. R. Mattos reclassified this population as B. capitata var. odorata in 1977 (see B. odorata),
As such, a number of palms under cultivation in botanical gardens, private collections or in the nursery trade under the name B. capitata or B. capitata var. odorata are in fact this species. [3]
Larry R. Noblick and Harri Lorenzi described B. catarinensis, B. matogrossensis and B. pubispatha in 2010 in the Flora brasileira: Arecaceae (palmeiras) by Lorenzi et al. (Noblick also described B. lepidotispatha in 2010). [4]
This is a solitary-trunked palm, the trunk being 0.2–2 m (0.7–6.6 ft), exceptionally 4 m (13 ft), tall, with a diameter of 15–43 cm (5.9–16.9 in). The trunk is covered with the persistent bases of the old palm fronds. These fronds are 9-32 in number and arranged in a spiral around the trunk. The blade is 50–120 cm (20–47 in) by 7–15 cm (3–6 in). The petiole is glabrous (hairless), 18–64 cm (7–25 in) in length and 1.5–2.4 cm (0.59–0.94 in) wide, flat on top and round elsewhere. The margins of the petioles are densely toothed with numerous, robust, up to 4 cm (1.6 in) long spines, and many flattened fibres when the leaves are young. The rachis of the leaf is 65–190 cm (26–75 in) in length, with 48-62 pairs of pinnae (leaflets) which are glaucous-coloured and arranged uniformly along the rachis. Unlike other species of Butia (except B. odorata), these are usually in the same plane, but sometimes inserted at very slightly divergent angels along the rachis, but without giving the leaf a plumose aspect such as in Syagrus, and with each pair of pinnae forming a neat V-shape. The pinnae in the middle of the leaf blade are 35–75 cm (14–30 in) long and 1.3–2.3 cm (0.51–0.91 in) in width. [2]
The inflorescence is branched to the 1st degree, has a peduncle 29–77 cm (11–30 in) long and 1.6–1.9 cm (0.63–0.75 in) wide, and has a prophyll 19–47 cm (7.5–18.5 in) long, 3.2–5.5 cm (1.3–2.2 in) wide, and covered in a brown tomentum. The young inflorescence develops in a glabrous, lightly striated, woody spathe which is 65–110 cm (26–43 in) in length and has an enlarged portion at the end which is 33–73 cm (13–29 in) long 8–17 cm (3.1–6.7 in) wide and ending in a short, sharply pointed tip. The axis (width?) of the inflorescence is 30–60 cm (12–24 in) long. The rachis of the inflorescence is 72–186 cm (28–73 in) long and has 35-135 rachillae (branches) which are 10–45 cm (3.9–17.7 in) long. The flowers can be coloured yellow, greenish-yellow, yellow and violet, or completely violet. The staminate (male) flowers are 9–10 mm (0.4–0.4 in) in length; the pistillate (female) flowers are 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in). [2]
The shapes of both the fruit and nut are ovoid. The ripe fruit are coloured yellow, orange, or red. The fruit are 1.4–2.2 cm (0.6–0.9 in) long, 1.2–2.6 cm (0.47–1.02 in) wide, have a persistent perianth, and have a yellow, juicy, lightly fibrous flesh. The nut is hard, 1.2–1.4 cm (0.5–0.6 in) long, 0.8–1.2 cm (0.3–0.5 in) wide, dark-brown coloured, contains a homogeneous endosperm, and has 1 to 2, rarely 3, seeds within. The nut is without a beak or other sort protuberance on its apex. [2]
It is very similar to Butia odorata , a palm with a similar habitat but further south along the coast, but may be distinguished from this species by its much smaller height, almost always to just 2 m (6.6 ft). [2]
It is native to the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. [5] It grows in the lowlands situated in a relatively narrow strip along the coast from the municipalities of Araquari in Santa Catarina to Osório in Rio Grande do Sul. [2]
It is typically found growing not far from the coast in restinga , a type of dry, coastal, tropical thorn-scrub. [2] [5] It grows on coastal dunes and older stabilised dunes further inland. It appears to prefer densely vegetated or wooded environments. It grows in sandy and rocky soils. [2]
The edible fruit of this palm are collected for myriad uses where the trees grow naturally in Brazil.
As of 2018 the Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora has not yet rated the conservation status for Brazil, and it is listed as 'not evaluated'. [5]
Syagrus is a genus of Arecaceae (palms), native to South America, with one species endemic to the Lesser Antilles. The genus is closely related to the Cocos, or coconut genus, and many Syagrus species produce edible seeds similar to the coconut.
Butia is a genus of palms in the family Arecaceae, native to the South American countries of Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. Many species produce edible fruits, which are sometimes used to make alcoholic beverages and other foods. The name is derived from a Brazilian vernacular word for members of the genus.
Butia eriospatha is a small species of Butia palm endemic to the highlands of southern Brazil. It is very similar to B. odorata, but is easily distinguished from this species by the distinct spathes which are densely covered in rust-coloured, woolly hairs. Indeed, the specific epithet is derived from Greek ἔριον, wool, and Latin spatha, which refers to the spathe. It has been given the name woolly jelly palm (UK) or wooly jelly palm (US) in English. Vernacular names for it where it is native are butiá-da-serra, butiázeiro, butiá-veludo, butiábutiá verdadeiro, butiá-do-campo, yatáy and macumá.
Butia purpurascens is a smallish, relatively slender, endangered species of Butia palm, up to 3-7m tall. It is locally known as palmeira-jataí, coqueiro-de-vassoura, butiá or coquinho-azedo in Portuguese. The Kalunga people call this palm cabeçudo.
Syagrus macrocarpa is a rare species of palm found only as scattered isolated individuals and small groups in the east of the Brazilian states of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. It grows to 4-10m tall, with 8-20 leaves to 2m long. The leaves are bent at the end, with very hairy margins near the trunk, and consist of 180-320 slightly coiled leaflets irregularly arranged in several planes on the rake. The fruit are oval, greenish-yellow, 6–9 cm long. It is grown in cultivation. Seeds are difficult to germinate, with low rates of germination. Common names for it in Minas Gerais are baba-de-boi-grande and maria-rosa.
Lytocaryum is a monoecious genus of flowering plant in the palm family endemic to the Atlantic coast of Brazil, where 4 species are known. Palms once classified as Microcoelum are herein included; the genus is closely related to Syagrus, from which it is differentiated only by abundant tomentum, strongly versatile anthers, and slight epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp differences. The name is Greek for "loose" and "nut".
Butia paraguayensis is a species of Butia palm tree found in the cerrado region of South America. Its natural range runs from Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo in southern Brazil through Paraguay to northern Argentina and Uruguay. It was given the name dwarf yatay palm in English by 2000, and it is locally known as yata'i in Guaraní in Paraguay, or butiá-do-cerrado in Portuguese in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Butia capitata, also known as jelly palm, is a Butia palm native to the states of Minas Gerais and Goiás in Brazil. It is known locally as coquinho-azedo or butiá in (northern) Minas Gerais. This palm grows up to 8m. It has feather palm pinnate leaves that arch inwards towards a thick stout trunk.
Butia yatay, the jelly palm or yatay palm, is a Butia palm native to southern Brazil, Uruguay and northern Argentina. It is known as the butiá-jataí in Portuguese in the south of Brazil, as well as simply jataí or butiá. It is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental in Europe and the United States. It is the tallest of all the species in the genus Butia. The fruit is edible with a sweet flavour.
Syagrus weddelliana, also known as the miniature coconut palm or Weddell's palm, is a feather palm in the palm family. It is closely related to the coconut palm, but is much smaller and more cold tolerant, taking down to about 25 °F (−4 °C). This palm can be successfully grown in hardiness zones 10b–11. The palm has a small stature, only growing to a height of 6 feet (1.8 m). In rare cases, this palm can grow to 10 feet (3.0 m), with a trunk diameter of about 3+1⁄2 inches (9 cm). After flowering, it produces small edible fruits that resemble and taste like coconuts. It has been reported that oil extracted from the nuts has been important commercially. This palm should be grown in well draining soil that is constantly moist, but not soggy, as this can lead to lethal root rot.
Butia lallemantii is a species of palm described in 2006. Unlike more familiar Butia species, this is a clustering, acaulescent species lacking an above-ground trunk. It was the third of such species of Butia described. It is caespitose; branching underground with normally 3-6 branches. It grows to 60–160 cm tall, with 5-12 leaves with 24-40 leaflets a side. The fruit are edible, ovate-lanceolate, yellow-orange, 2.5-3.5 x 1.6-2.5 cm, with a reddish apex.
Butia campicola is a very small species of Butia palm with an underground trunk; native to the cerrados of central Paraguay and south-central Brazil.
Butia odorata, also known as the South American jelly palm, jelly palm, or pindo palm, is a Butia palm native to southernmost Brazil and Uruguay. This slow-growing palm grows up to 10m, although it is often less tall. It is identifiable by its feather palm pinnate leaves that arch inwards towards a thick stout trunk.
Butia stolonifera was an oddly growing palm assigned to the genus Butia found only once in Uruguay in the 19th century, but which now is considered to be uncertain as a valid species.
Butia microspadix is a very small species of grass-like Butia palm usually with an underground trunk; native to the states of Paraná and São Paulo in Brazil.
Butia archeri is a small species of Butia palm with a short trunk native to the states of Goiás, Brasília, Minas Gerais and São Paulo in Brazil.
Butia arenicola is a very small species of Butia palm with an underground trunk; native to Paraguay and the state of Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil. Boquierinho is recorded as a possible local vernacular name for it.
Butia matogrossensis is a smallish species of Butia palm with a trunk of only 0.5 m (20 in) in height or often subterranean, native to the cerrados of the centre, central-east, northeast and likely north of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, after which it is named, in south-central Brazil. It also occurs in neighbouring south-central Goiás to the north. It is endemic to Brazil, occurring only in this country.
Butia pubispatha is a very small and extremely rare species of Butia palm with an underground trunk; endemic to the east of the state of Paraná in southeastern Brazil.