Cape Town Gardens (House of Assembly of South Africa constituency)

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Cape Town Gardens
Kaapstad-Tuine
Former constituency
for the South African House of Assembly
Cape-1910-Gardens.png
Location of Cape Town Gardens within Cape Town (1910)
Province Cape of Good Hope
Electorate16,522 (1989)
Former constituency
Created 1910
Abolished 1994
Number of members1
Last MHA  Ken Andrew (DP)
Replaced by Western Cape

Cape Town Gardens (Afrikaans: Kaapstad-Tuine) was a constituency in the Cape Province of South Africa, which existed from 1910 to 1994. Named after the suburb of Gardens, and by extension the Company's Garden, it covered the southern parts of the City Bowl of Cape Town. Throughout its existence it elected one member to the House of Assembly and one to the Cape Provincial Council.

Contents

Franchise notes

When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, the electoral qualifications in use in each pre-existing colony were kept in place. The Cape Colony had implemented a "colour-blind" franchise known as the Cape Qualified Franchise, which included all adult literate men owning more than £75 worth of property (controversially raised from £25 in 1892), and this initially remained in effect after the colony became the Cape Province. As of 1908, 22,784 out of 152,221 electors in the Cape Colony were "Native or Coloured". Eligibility to serve in Parliament and the Provincial Council, however, was restricted to whites from 1910 onward.

The first challenge to the Cape Qualified Franchise came with the Women's Enfranchisement Act, 1930 and the Franchise Laws Amendment Act, 1931, which extended the vote to women and removed property qualifications for the white population only – non-white voters remained subject to the earlier restrictions. In 1936, the Representation of Natives Act removed all black voters from the common electoral roll and introduced three "Native Representative Members", white MPs elected by the black voters of the province and meant to represent their interests in particular. A similar provision was made for Coloured voters with the Separate Representation of Voters Act, 1951, and although this law was challenged by the courts, it went into effect in time for the 1958 general election, which was thus held with all-white voter rolls for the first time in South African history. The all-white franchise would continue until the end of apartheid and the introduction of universal suffrage in 1994. [1]

History

Cape Town Gardens was one of the four constituencies created out of the multi-member Cape Town seat for the Cape Parliament. At the time, it covered the entire City Bowl south of Leeuwen Street and Roeland Street, as well as the seaside suburb of Clifton. The latter was moved into the Sea Point seat in 1924, and from that point until its abolition, the constituency saw only minor changes. While the other three seats with the Cape Town prefix were all abolished between 1924 and 1958, Gardens lasted all the way until the end of first-past-the-post elections in 1994.

Like the rest of Cape Town, it was a largely English-speaking seat and loyal to the pro-British side of South African politics. However, its initial Unionist MP, William Duncan Baxter (former Cape Town mayor and son-in-law of Cape Town Central MP John William Jagger), would only hold the seat until 1920, when the Labour candidate R. Forsyth took it as part of that party's wave (Labour also took Salt River and Woodstock in the same year). The following year, South African Party candidate George William Hawley took the seat, but held it for only a few months, with Forsyth taking it back in a by-election later that year. The SAP narrowly won it back in 1924, and narrowly defended it in 1929 despite the Labour candidate being the former Cape Town Castle MP Morris Alexander. C. W. A. Coulter, now the seat's MP, objected to the SAP's merger into the United Party in 1934 and joined the Dominion Party, but was thoroughly defeated by the UP candidate in the 1938 general election. From 1948 to 1958 the seat was represented by Abraham Jonker, who left the UP in 1953 and founded the National Conservative Party, later joining the governing National Party on the NCP's collapse. That was the last time a party other than the main liberal opposition held Gardens, with its last MP being the Democratic Party's federal chairman, Ken Andrew.

Members

ElectionMemberParty
1910 William Duncan Baxter Unionist
1915
1920 Robert Forsyth Labour
1921 George William Hawley South African
1921 byRobert Forsyth Labour
1924 C. W. A. Coulter South African
1929
1933
1934 Dominion
1938 Basil Long United
1943 L. P. Bosman
1948Abraham Jonker
1948
1953
1954 NCP
1957 National
1958 J. M. Connan United
1961
1966
1970 H. A. van Hoogstraaten
1974
1977 Ken Andrew PFP
1981
1987
1989 Democratic
1994 constituency abolished

[2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

Detailed results

Elections in the 1910s

General election 1910: Cape Town Gardens
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Unionist William Duncan Baxter 1,269 60.4 New
Independent H. Liberman83139.6New
Majority 43820.8N/A
Unionist win (new seat)
General election 1915: Cape Town Gardens
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Unionist William Duncan Baxter 1,700 68.7 +8.3
Labour Robert Forsyth77331.3New
Majority 92737.4N/A
Turnout 2,47360.5N/A
Unionist hold Swing N/A

Elections in the 1920s

General election 1920: Cape Town Gardens
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Robert Forsyth 1,365 55.7 +18.3
Unionist William Duncan Baxter 1,08744.3−18.3
Majority 27811.4N/A
Turnout 2,45258.3−2.2
Labour gain from Unionist Swing +18.3
General election 1921: Cape Town Gardens
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
South African George William Hawley 1,935 68.4 New
Labour Robert Forsyth89631.6−24.1
Majority 1,03936.8N/A
Turnout 2,83165.6+7.3
South African gain from Labour Swing N/A
Cape Town Gardens by-election, 8 September 1921 [2]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Robert Forsyth 1,604 50.9 +19.3
South African E. B. Fuller1,55049.1−19.3
Majority 541.8N/A
Turnout 3,15471.8+6.2
Labour gain from South African Swing +19.3
General election 1924: Cape Town Gardens [2]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
South African C. W. A. Coulter 1,781 51.8 −16.6
Labour R. Forsyth1,65848.2+16.6
Majority 1233.6−33.2
Turnout 3,43974.6+9.0
South African hold Swing -16.6
General election 1929: Cape Town Gardens [2]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
South African C. W. A. Coulter 1,726 52.2 +0.4
Labour Morris Alexander 1,58247.8−0.4
Majority 1444.4+0.8
Turnout 3,30882.1+7.5
South African hold Swing +0.4

Elections in the 1930s

General election 1933: Cape Town Gardens [2]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
South African C. W. A. CoulterUnopposed
South African hold
General election 1938: Cape Town Gardens [2]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
United B. K. Long 4,398 76.5 New
Dominion C. W. A. Coulter1,35223.5N/A
Majority 3,04653.0N/A
Turnout 5,75070.5N/A
United gain from Dominion Swing N/A

Elections in the 1940s

General election 1943: Cape Town Gardens [2]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
United L. P. Bosman 5,646 82.4 +5.9
Reunited National H. H. Broodryk1,20717.6New
Majority 4,43964.8N/A
Turnout 6,85366.1−4.4
United hold Swing N/A
Cape Town Gardens by-election, 18 February 1948 [2]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
United Abraham JonkerUnopposed
United hold

References

  1. "EISA South Africa: Historical franchise arrangements". Eisa.org.za. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Schoeman, B.M. (1977). Parlementêre verkiesings in Suid-Afrika 1910-1976. Pretoria: Aktuele Publikasies.
  3. South Africa 1980/81: Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa. Johannesburg: Chris van Rensburg Publications.
  4. South Africa 1983: Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa. Johannesburg: Chris van Rensburg Publications.
  5. Government Gazette of South Africa, No. 10751. 22 May 1987. Pretoria: Government of South Africa.
  6. Government Gazette of South Africa, No. 12109. 20 September 1989. Pretoria: Government of South Africa.