Caving in the United Kingdom

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Duke Street in the Three Counties System, the longest cave system in the UK. Duke Street in Ireby Fell Cavern II.jpg
Duke Street in the Three Counties System, the longest cave system in the UK.

Recreational caving in the United Kingdom dates back to the mid-19th century. The four major caving areas of the United Kingdom are North Yorkshire, South Wales, Derbyshire, and the Mendips. Minor areas include Devon, North Wales, and the Scottish Highlands.

Contents

Caving grew in popularity in the 1950s and 60s through participation in caving clubs. There are about 4,000 active cavers in the UK and nearly twenty times that number who attend instructor-led courses each year in caves around the country. In addition, many tourists visit show caves such as Wookey Hole Caves.

Cave diving is a niche technical area of caving practised in the UK since the 1930s. This skill enables cavers to explore water-filled cave passages in Britain, and around the world. In recent years, British cave divers have been called on internationally for cave rescues and recoveries.

History

Before modern caving developed, John Beaumont wrote detailed descriptions of some Mendip caves in 1681, [1] and in 1780 John Hutton described some of the caves around Ingleborough, which was to popularise caves to those seeking the picturesque. [2] [3]

In the 19th century, John Birkbeck explored potholes in Yorkshire, notably Gaping Gill in 1842 and Alum Pot in 1847–48, returning there in the 1870s. In the mid-1880s, Herbert E. Balch began exploring Wookey Hole Caves and in the 1890s Balch was introduced to the caves of the Mendip Hills. Frenchman Édouard-Alfred Martel reached the underground lake of Marble Arch in Northern Ireland in 1895. In Yorkshire, he made the second descent, after Birkbeck in 1842, into the pothole of Gaping Gill, reaching the Main Chamber, 170 feet lower than Birkbeck had ventured. [4]

By the latter years of the 19th century, caving was established as a sport in the British Isles but remained largely the preserve of a very few adventurers and scientists. [5] [6] One of the oldest established clubs, Yorkshire Ramblers' Club, was founded in 1892 and began exploring the Marble Arch Caves from 1907. [7] The University of Bristol Spelæological Society was founded in 1919. By the 1930s around 30 caving clubs existed. [8] Eli Simpson formed the British Speleological Association (BSA) in 1935. In the same year, the Cave Rescue Organisation was established, the first such organisation in the world. [9] Jack Sheppard undertook the first cave diving explorations in the world in Wookey Hole Caves in the 1930s using standard diving dress.

During the Second World War, Bob Leakey discovered the 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) long Mossdale Caverns north of Grassington in the Yorkshire Dales. After the war, Graham Balcombe formed the Cave Diving Group in 1946. [10] The Cave Research Group of Great Britain separated from BSA in 1948. [8] Jim Eyre was one of the first European cavers to explore the caves of Asia.

Interest in caving grew rapidly in the 1950s and 60s. Neil Moss was the victim of a famous caving accident after descending a narrow unexplored shaft in Peak Cavern in Derbyshire 1959. This period saw the formation of more clubs, regional councils to manage cave access, and the National Association of Caving in 1968. The 7th International Congress of Speleology of the International Union of Speleology (UIS) was held in the UK in 1977 at which British speleological achievements were presented and discussed. [8] [11] Gordon Warwick became a vice president of the UIS, taking a major role at its international conferences.

British cave divers continued to pioneer explorations at Wookey Hole in the Mendips, Keld Head in the Yorkshire Dales and Pozo Azul in Spain. Innovations in techniques and equipment in the 1970s, 1980s and onwards improved safety and made more advanced exploration possible. In 1979, watched by 20 million television viewers, The Underground Eiger showed a world record-breaking cave dive of 6,000 ft (1,800 m) made by Geoff Yeadon and Oliver Statham. Two years later, Martyn Farr established a new world record for underwater cave penetration in the Bahamas. [12]

Because of the long and active history of caving, almost every entrance with surface access in Britain has been fully explored, so the majority of new discoveries take place after months and sometimes years of cave digging. Notable recent discoveries since 1995 include Titan, the largest shaft in Britain, and Ogof Draenen, the second-longest cave in Britain. Fulfilling an idea first proposed in 1968, the Three Counties System, which was first explored in 1898, was proven to be interconnected in 2010–11.

In 2018, there were up to 4,000 regular cavers in the UK and about 70,000 people who went on instructor-led courses into caves in the Yorkshire Dales. [13]

Sites

Caving areas

The four major caving areas of the United Kingdom are North Yorkshire, South Wales, Derbyshire, and the Mendips. [13] Minor areas include Devon, North Wales, and the Scottish Highlands.

Show caves

There are a number of show caves open to visitors in the main caving areas, including Wookey Hole Caves on Mendip, Dan-yr-Ogof in South Wales, Peak Cavern in the Peak District, Ingleborough Cave in the Yorkshire Dales, and Marble Arch Caves in County Fermanagh.

Caving organisations

The British Caving Association is the national body for caving in the United Kingdom. There are a number of regional caving organisations in the UK such as the Cambrian Caving Council. Many caving clubs exist, which often run expeditions abroad, for example to particular territories such as Matienzo or Picos.

Cave rescue

British Cave Rescue Council

British Cave Rescue Council
Founded1967;57 years ago (1967)
Type Registered Charity
Region served
British Isles
ServicesCave Rescue
Peter Dennis [14]
Key people
Bill Whitehouse MBE [14]
Website www.caverescue.org.uk

The British Cave Rescue Council (BCRC) was established in 1967 and is the coordinating body for fifteen cave rescue organisations in the British Isles, including the Cave Rescue Organisation, the Upper Wharfedale Fell Rescue Association and the Irish Cave Rescue Organisation. [15] [16] These organisations have around 1,000 volunteer rescuers available with specialised equipment to provide regional police forces with the capabilities to conduct rescues in caves and disused mines in the British Isles. The rescuers are all experienced cavers who have undertaken training in underground rescue techniques and many have additional specialist skills such as casualty care or cave diving. [17]

Through BCRC, British cave divers, particularly Richard Stanton, John Volanthen, Jason Mallison and Chris Jewell have been called on internationally for cave rescues and recoveries. [18] [19] [20] These include the Alpazat cave rescue in Mexico in 2004, [21] France in 2010, [22] Ireland in 2011, [23] Norway in 2006 and 2014, [24] and the Tham Luang cave rescue in Thailand in 2018. [25] [26] [27]

Information resources

Libraries

Many clubs hold extensive libraries recording decades of exploration in terms of surveys and logbooks, as well as newsletters, reports and books detailing the history of cave explorations both within their nearby areas and abroad on expeditions. Other information is in the form of extensive personal archives that have been bequeathed to the community.

Some areas also have extensive databases of diagrams and other survey documents for particular areas. [28] The following libraries are open to club members, some of which are also open to non-members.

Surveys

Cave surveys have historically been kept by the person who drew them (with the measurement data often lost), or deposited in a club library. They are seldom published (except in reduced form in a guidebook) and can be difficult to obtain because there is no central catalogue listing who holds what.

In about 2012 a central repository for survey data and drawn-up surveys was set up by the BCA and now contains a significant amount of UK (and some foreign, from expeditions) survey data. [31] There are also projects that are attempting to assemble online maps and catalogues from repositories of surveys by overlaying them on satellite imagery:

Guidebooks

The most widely referenced guidebooks for caving the UK are:

Periodicals

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caving</span> Recreational pastime of exploring cave systems

Caving, also known as spelunking and potholing, is the recreational pastime of exploring wild cave systems. In contrast, speleology is the scientific study of caves and the cave environment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wookey Hole Caves</span> Series of limestone caverns in Somerset county, England

Wookey Hole Caves are a series of limestone caverns, a show cave and tourist attraction in the village of Wookey Hole on the southern edge of the Mendip Hills near Wells in Somerset, England. The River Axe flows through the cave. It is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) for both biological and geological reasons. Wookey Hole cave is a "solutional cave", one that is formed by a process of weathering in which the natural acid in groundwater dissolves the rocks. Some water originates as rain that flows into streams on impervious rocks on the plateau before sinking at the limestone boundary into cave systems such as Swildon's Hole, Eastwater Cavern and St Cuthbert's Swallet; the rest is rain that percolates directly through the limestone. The temperature in the caves is a constant 11 °C (52 °F).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cave diving</span> Diving in water-filled caves

Cave-diving is underwater diving in water-filled caves. It may be done as an extreme sport, a way of exploring flooded caves for scientific investigation, or for the search for and recovery of divers or, as in the 2018 Thai cave rescue, other cave users. The equipment used varies depending on the circumstances, and ranges from breath hold to surface supplied, but almost all cave-diving is done using scuba equipment, often in specialised configurations with redundancies such as sidemount or backmounted twinset. Recreational cave-diving is generally considered to be a type of technical diving due to the lack of a free surface during large parts of the dive, and often involves planned decompression stops. A distinction is made by recreational diver training agencies between cave-diving and cavern-diving, where cavern diving is deemed to be diving in those parts of a cave where the exit to open water can be seen by natural light. An arbitrary distance limit to the open water surface may also be specified.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cave rescue</span> Specialized field of wilderness rescue

Cave rescue is a highly specialized field of wilderness rescue in which injured, trapped or lost cave explorers are medically treated and extracted from various cave environments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cave Diving Group</span> UK based cave diver training and certification agency

The Cave Diving Group (CDG) is a United Kingdom-based diver training organisation specialising in cave diving.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marble Arch Caves</span> Limestone caves in Northern Ireland

The Marble Arch Caves are a series of natural limestone caves located near the village of Florencecourt in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. The caves are named after the nearby Marble Arch, a natural limestone arch at the upstream end of Cladagh Glen under which the Cladagh River flows. The caves are formed from three rivers draining off the northern slopes of Cuilcagh mountain, which combine underground to form the Cladagh. On the surface, the river emerges from the largest karst resurgence in Ireland, and one of the largest in the United Kingdom. At 11.5 kilometres (7.1 mi) the Marble Arch Caves form the longest known cave system in Northern Ireland, and the karst is considered to be among the finest in the British Isles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caves of the Mendip Hills</span> Caves in Britain

The caves of the Mendip Hills are formed by the particular geology of the Mendip Hills: large areas of limestone worn away by water makes it a national centre for caving. The hills conceal the largest underground river system in Britain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Cave Research Association</span>

The British Cave Research Association (BCRA) is a speleological organisation in the United Kingdom. Its object is to promote the study of caves and associated phenomena, and it attains this by supporting cave and karst research, encouraging original exploration, collecting and publishing speleological information, maintaining a library and organising educational and scientific conferences and meetings.

There are a number of caving organizations throughout the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Caving Association</span>

The British Caving Association (BCA) is the sports governing body for caving in the United Kingdom. It is recognised by UK Sport, Sport England and SportScotland.

Francis Graham Balcombe was a pioneer of cave diving in the United Kingdom and a founder of the Cave Diving Group together with Jack Sheppard.

Artur "Conrad" Kozłowski was a Polish cave diver who spent his last years in Ireland. Amongst other achievements in cave exploration, he set the record for the deepest cave dive in Great Britain and Ireland at a depth of 103 m (338 ft).

Pollatoomary is the deepest explored underwater cave in Ireland. It has been explored to an underwater depth of 113 metres (371 ft). The explored limit of Pollatoomary is also 23 metres (75 ft) deeper underwater than that of the terminal sump in Wookey Hole Caves in Somerset, England, which previously held the record for the deepest underwater cave in Great Britain and Ireland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tham Luang cave rescue</span> 2018 international rescue in Thailand

In June and July 2018, a junior association football team was rescued from Tham Luang Nang Non, a cave system in Chiang Rai province, northern Thailand. Twelve members of the team, aged 11 to 16, and their 25-year-old assistant coach entered the cave on 23 June after a practice session. Shortly after they entered, heavy rainfall began and partially flooded the cave system, blocking their way out and trapping them deep within.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Volanthen</span> British volunteer cave diver who specialises in rescues

John Paul Volanthen, is a British cave diver who undertakes cave rescues through the Cave Rescue Organisation, South and Mid Wales Cave Rescue, and the British Caving Association. In 2018, he played a leading role in the Tham Luang cave rescue. He cave-dives as a hobby and conducts rescues as a volunteer. He works as an IT consultant in Bristol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rick Stanton</span> British cave diver who specialises in rescues

Richard William Stanton, is a British civilian cave diver who specialises in rescues through the Cave Rescue Organisation and the British Cave Rescue Council. He has been called "one of the world's most accomplished cave-divers", "the face of British cave diving," and "the best cave diver in Europe". Stanton has lived in Coventry for many years, and was formerly a firefighter with the West Midlands Fire Service for 25 years prior to his retirement. In 2018 he played a leading role in the Tham Luang cave rescue and was awarded the George Medal in the Civilian Gallantry List.

The Underground Eiger is a made-for-television documentary that was released in 1979. It details a world record-breaking cave dive of 6,000 ft (1,800 m) made by Geoff Yeadon and Oliver Statham from West Kingsdale Master Cave, in North Yorkshire, England to Keld Head. An estimated 20 million viewers watched its television debut. It has been called "legendary in caving folklore," and notable cave diver Rick Stanton cites it as the impetus that sparked his interest in cave diving.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Penelope Powell</span> Pioneering British cave diver

Penelope Powell was a pioneering cave diver. She was Diver No. 2 for the first successful cave dive using breathing equipment in Britain at Wookey Hole Caves in the Mendip Hills, Somerset on 18 August 1935. Powell was posthumously entered into the Women Divers Hall of Fame (WDHOF) in 2023.

References

  1. ↑ The Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London 1685–1800. London: C. and R. Baldwin. 1809. pp. 487–488. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  2. ↑ West, Thomas (1780). A Guide to the Lakes. London: Richardson & Urquhart. pp. 253–255.
  3. ↑ Trevor R, Shaw (1971). "John Hutton 1740? – 1806". Studies in Speleology. 2 (3–4). London: William Pengelly Cave Studies Trust Ltd: 109–128.
  4. ↑ Martel, É.-A. (1897). "British Caves and Speleology". The Geographical Journal . X (5): 500–511. doi:10.2307/1774383. JSTOR   1774383 . Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  5. ↑ "Brief History – British Cave Rescue Council" . Retrieved 2019-04-22.
  6. ↑ Ives, Mike (2018-07-03). "5 Cave Rescues That Worked: Thailand Can Find Hope in Past Success". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-04-22.
  7. ↑ "Club History". Yorkshire Ramblers’ Club. Archived from the original on 2019-04-28. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
  8. 1 2 3 "The Formation of BCRA". bcra.org.uk. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
  9. ↑ "The History of CRO – The Cave Rescue Organisation" . Retrieved 2019-04-27.
  10. ↑ "The original technical divers since 1946". Cave Diving Group. 2017-03-10. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
  11. ↑ "What is the UIS?". www.uis-speleo.org. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
  12. ↑ Farr, Martyn (2017). The Darkness Beckons: The History and Development of World Cave Diving. Vertebrate Graphics Limited. ISBN   9781910240748.
  13. 1 2 "Caving in the UK: 'The last true wilderness'". BBC. 2018-07-15. Retrieved 2019-04-26.
  14. 1 2 "BCRC Officers". BCRC. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  15. ↑ "Rescue Teams". British Cave Rescue Council. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
  16. ↑ "Organisation – Speleological Union of Ireland and Irish Cave Rescue Organisation" . Retrieved 2019-05-04.
  17. ↑ "About Cave Rescue". British Cave Rescue Council. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
  18. ↑ "PADI Awards Medal of Valor to Thailand Cave Rescuers Representing Diving's Finest Hour". DiveNewswire. 2018-10-31. Retrieved 2019-04-09.
  19. ↑ "Honours for Thai cave rescue divers". BBC News. 28 December 2018.
  20. ↑ "2018 – Pride of Britain Awards". Pride of Britain. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  21. ↑ "UK cavers prompt diplomatic row". BBC. 2004-03-25. Retrieved 2019-04-27. Two divers from the Cave Rescue Organisation – one of whom has extensive experience of the Cuetzalan cave system – flew to Mexico from London on Tuesday morning.
  22. ↑ "Cave explorer found dead after dramatic eight-day search". France 24. 2010-10-12. Retrieved 2019-04-27. British rescue divers John Volanthen and Rick Stanton, called in from Wales
  23. ↑ Siggins, Lorna. "British rescue team recovers body of missing cave diver". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2019-04-27. The British team had been flown in as part of an inter-governmental request, due to their international expertise.
  24. ↑ Kremer, William (2016-05-09). "The cave divers who went back for their friends" . Retrieved 2019-04-27. Rick Stanton world-renowned for his rescue and recovery work in caves ... done a recovery there in 2006 ... received a request for help from the Norwegian police, and two weeks later, he and two other British divers, John Volanthen and Jason Mallinson, clambered into Steinugleflaget
  25. ↑ "Thailand cave rescue: The Brits who helped find the boys". BBC News. BBC. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  26. ↑ "British divers Richard Stanton and John Volanthen at the heart of the Thai cave rescue". The Times. 4 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018. Rick Stanton, 57, and John Volanthen, 47, who are among the best rescue divers in the world, have taken part in similar operations in Ireland, Norway and France. Mr Stanton once helped to save British cavers who had been trapped underground in Mexico for more than a week. "They are two of the best," said Martin Grass, chairman of the Cave Diving Group
  27. ↑ "Meet the British 'A-team' divers at the center of Thailand cave rescue". Washington Post. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  28. ↑ "History". Mendip Cave Registry and Archive. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  29. ↑ "British Caving Library". British Cave Research Association. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  30. ↑ "BCRA Online Archive". British Cave Research Association. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  31. ↑ "Cave Registry Data Archive". British Caving Association. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
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