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Carpenter bees are species in the genus Xylocopa of the subfamily Xylocopinae. The genus includes some 500 bees in 31 subgenera. The common name "carpenter bee" derives from their nesting behavior; nearly all species burrow into hard plant material such as dead wood or bamboo. The main exceptions are species in the subgenus Proxylocopa, which dig nesting tunnels in suitable soil.
The subfamily Xylocopinae occurs worldwide, and includes the large carpenter bees, the small carpenter bees, the allodapine bees, and the relictual genus Manuelia.
Hylaeus is a large and diverse cosmopolitan genus within the bee family Colletidae. This genus is also known as the yellow-faced bees or masked bees. This genus is the only truly globally distributed colletid, occurring on all continents except Antarctica.
The genus Megachile is a cosmopolitan group of solitary bees, often called leafcutter bees or leafcutting bees; it also includes the called resin bees and mortar bees. While other genera within the family Megachilidae may chew leaves or petals into fragments to build their nests, certain species within Megachile neatly cut pieces of leaves or petals, hence their common name. This is one of the largest genera of bees, with more than 1500 species in over 50 subgenera. The alfalfa leafcutter bee is managed on a commercial scale for crop pollination, and has been introduced by humans to various regions around the world.
Helix ceratina, the Corsican snail, is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Helicidae, the typical snails.
The cosmopolitan bee genus Ceratina, often referred to as small carpenter bees, is the sole lineage of the tribe Ceratinini, and is not closely related to the more familiar carpenter bees. The genus presently contains over 300 species in 23 subgenera. They make nests in dead wood, stems, or pith, and while many are solitary, a number are subsocial, with mothers caring for their larvae, and in a few cases where multiple females are found in a single nest, daughters or sisters may form very small, weakly eusocial colonies. One species is unique for having both social and asocial populations, Ceratina australensis, which exhibits all of the pre-adaptations for successful group living. This species is socially polymorphic with both solitary and social nests collected in sympatry. Social colonies in that species consist of two foundresses, one contributing both foraging and reproductive effort and the second which remains at the nest as a passive guard. Cooperative nesting provides no overt reproductive benefits over solitary nesting in this population, although brood survival tends to be greater in social colonies. Maternal longevity, subsociality and bivoltine nesting phenology in this species favour colony formation, while dispersal habits and offspring longevity may inhibit more frequent social nesting in this and other ceratinines.
Ceratina cyanea, common name blue carpenter bee, is a species of bee belonging to the family Apidae, subfamily Xylocopinae.
Ceratina binghami is a species of bee belonging to the family Apidae, subfamily Xylocopinae. It constructs nests in stems of plants such as Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Adenanthera pavonina. Females guard the nest entrance.
Ceratina smaragdula, also known as Ceratina (Pithitis) smaragdula, is a species of green metallic bees belonging to the family Apidae, subfamily Xylocopinae.
Ceratina tanganyicensis, also known as Ceratina (Simioceratina) tanganyicensis, is a species of bee belonging to the family Apidae, subfamily Xylocopinae.
Ceratina beata, also known as Ceratina (Xanthoceratina) beata, is a species of bee belonging to the family Apidae, subfamily Xylocopinae.
Ceratina picta, also known as Ceratina (Xanthoceratina) picta, is a species of bee belonging to the family Apidae subfamily Xylocopinae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.
The Oriental carpenter bee, Xylocopa nasalis, or Xylocopa (Biluna) nasalis, is a species of carpenter bee. It is widely distributed in Southeast Asian countries. It is a major pollinator within its ecosystem, and is often mistaken for a bumblebee. The species leads a solitary lifestyle with a highly female-biased colony in the nest.
Ceratina cobaltina is a species of small carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Central America.
Ceratina nanula is a species of small carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
Ceratina calcarata, the spurred ceratina, is a species of small carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in eastern North America. This species ranges from Georgia, USA north to Ontario, Canada and east to Nova Scotia, Canada. This bee is a common generalist, native pollinator, it pollinates plants like watermelon and cucumber very effectively. C. calcarata adds to the productivity of a wide range of ecological and agricultural systems due to its wide range and abundance. This small bee is becoming a model organism in the scientific research of social evolution. C. calcarata is the first subsocial bee species to have its genome published, allowing researchers to investigate the evolutionary origins of social behaviour.
Ceratina dallatorreana is a species of small carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Africa, Europe and Northern Asia, and North America.
Ceratina acantha is a species of small carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Central America and North America. These bees nest in dead twigs.
Ceratina dupla, the doubled ceratina, is a species of small carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in the eastern half of North America. It was formerly confused with the species Ceratina floridana and Ceratina mikmaqi, until molecular analyses demonstrated significant genetic differences between the taxa.
References
- 1 2 "Ceratina hieroglyphica Smith, 1854". Discoverlife.org. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
- ↑ P S, Anusree Padmanabhan; Chellappan, Mani (27 July 2022). "A Comparative Study on Nest Architecture And Lifecycle of Two Small Carpenter Bees Ceratina Smaragdula (F.) and Ceratina Hieroglyphica Smith". Indian Journal of Entomology: 38–43. doi:10.55446/IJE.2021.339.