Charaxes castor

Charaxes castor
Giant emperor, Male
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Genus:	Charaxes
Species:	C. castor
Binomial name
Charaxes castor (Cramer, [1775]) [1] [2]
Synonyms
Papilio castorCramer, 1775 (not Westwood, 1842) Charaxes castor var. godartiAurivillius, 1899 Charaxes castor f. agingaStoneham, 1931 Charaxes castor godarti f. severusBiederman, 1935 Charaxes castor f. flavimarginalisStoneham, 1936 Charaxes castor var. flavifasciatusButler, 1895 Charaxes castor var. orientalisLanz, 1896 Charaxes castor flavifasciatus f. reimeriRothschild, 1900 Charaxes castor flavifasciatus ab. dyscritavan Son, 1979

Charaxes castor, the giant emperor or giant charaxes, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found throughout the Afrotropical realm below the Sahel. ^[3]

The flight period is year-round but more common in late summer to autumn. ^[4]

Description

For a key to the terms used, see Glossary of entomology terms.

The wingspan is 75–85 mm in males and 85–105 mm in females. The ground-colour of the upper surface deep black, as in Charaxes brutus  ; the median band is light ochre-yellow, on the forewing anteriorly double, being composed in cellules 2—6 of two more or less completely separated spots, on the hindwing short and triangular, reaching at most to vein 3. On the under surface the white-bordered markings of the basal area are deep black. — castor Cr. has a light orange-yellow median band and the light marginal spots of the forewing are absent or very small; the ground-colour of the under surface is in the basal part red-brown or pure black (= ab. godarti Auriv.). Senegambia to the Congo and Uganda. — flavifasciatus Btlr. is the East African race, which occurs from Delagoa Bay and Nyassaland to Somaliland and only differs in the lighter median band and the more distinct marginal spots on the upperside of the forewing; in this form also the ground-colour in the basal part of the under surface is sometimes red-brown, sometimes pure black (= ab. reimeri Rothsch.). — comoranus Rothsch. agrees with the West African form as regards the colour of the discal band on the upper surface, but differs in the transverse band which accompanies the white discal band of the upper surface on its distal side; this is yellow on the forewing and red-brown on the hindwing and — unlike that of all the continental forms — broken up into spots. Island of Great Comoro. ^[5]

A full description is given by Walter Rothschild and Karl Jordan, 1900 Novitates Zoologicae Volume 7:287-524. page 436 et seq. (for terms see Novitates Zoologicae Volume 5:545-601 )

• 
  C. castor Female dorsal, from Maka, Central African Republic
• 
  C. castor Male ventral, from the Central African Republic
• 
  C. castor male

Natural History

Life-sized colour plates and description of the larval and pupal stages of C. castor and additional related species, illustrated by Dr. V. G. L. van Someren, are readily available. ^[6]

Biology

The habitat is forest and savanna. Notes on the biology of castor are given by Pringle et al (1994), Larsen, T.B. (1991), Larsen, T.B. (2005) and Kielland, J. (1990), ^{[7] [8] [9] [10]}

Larval foodplants

Larvae feed on Bridelia micrantha , Afzelia quanzensis , Tragia spp., Gymnosporia spp., Maytenus senegalensis , Schotia brachypetala , Bridelia micrantha and Cassia fistula . ^{[3] [4]}

Subspecies

Listed alphabetically. ^[3]

• C. c. arthuri van Someren, 1971 ^[11] (Pemba island)
• C. c. castor (Cramer, [1775]) (throughout African range)
• C. c. comoranus Rothschild, 1903 . ^[12] (Comoros)
• C. c. flavifasciatus Butler, 1895 ^[13] (eastern Kenya, northern and eastern Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, eastern Zimbabwe, South Africa, Eswatini)

Related Species

Historical attempts to assemble a cluster of presumably related species into a "Charaxes jasius Group" have not been wholly convincing. More recent taxonomic revision, ^[14] corroborated by phylogenetic research, allow a more rational grouping congruent with cladistic relationships. Within a well-populated clade of 27 related species sharing a common ancestor approximately 16 mya during the Miocene, ^[15] 26 are now considered together as The jasius Group. ^[14] One of the two lineages forms a robust clade of seven species sharing a common ancestor approximately 2-3 mya, i.e. during the Pliocene, ^[15] and are considered as the jasius subgroup. ^[14]

The jasius Group (26 Species)

Clade 1: jasius subgroup (7 species): ^[14]

• Charaxes jasius
• Charaxes epijasius [stat.rev.2005] ^[14]
• Charaxes legeri
• Charaxes saturnus [stat.rev.2005] ^[14]
• Charaxes pelias
• Charaxes castor
• Charaxes hansali

Clade 2: contains the well-populated three additional subgroups (19 species) of the jasius Group, called the brutus, pollux, and eudoxus subgroups. ^[14] Further exploration of the phylogenetic relationships amongst existing Charaxes taxa is required to improve clarity.

References

1. Cramer, P. [1775-1776]. De Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld-deelen Asia, Africa en America. Amsteldam & Utrecht. 1: [vi], xxx, 16 pp., 155 pp.
2. "Afrotropical Butterflies: File H - Charaxinae - Tribe Charaxini". Archived from the original on 2013-11-09. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
3. "Charaxes Ochsenheimer, 1816" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
4. Woodhall, Steve (2005). Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. ISBN   978-1-86872-724-7.
5. Aurivillius, [P.O.]C. 1908-1924. In: Seitz, A. Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde Band 13: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die afrikanischen Tagfalter, 1925, 613 Seiten, 80 Tafeln (The Macrolepidoptera of the World 13).Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
6. van Someren, V.G.L.; Rogers, Rev. K. St. A. (1928). "The Butterflies of Uganda and Kenya (Part 7) Family Nymphalide - Charaxidi" (PDF). Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society. 31–32: 111–113 & 136–138. hosted by Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL)
7. Pringle et al , 1994. Pennington’s Butterflies of Southern Africa, 2nd edition
8. Larsen, T.B. 1991The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford: i-xxii, 1-490.
9. Kielland, J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne and London: 1-363.
10. Larsen, T.B. 2005 Butterflies of West Africa. Apollo Books, Svendborg, Denmark: 1-595 (text) & 1-270 (plates).
11. van Someren, V.G.L. 1971. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae). Part VII. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 26:181-226.
12. Rothschild, W., 1903. Some new butterflies and moths. Novitates Zoologicae 10: 309-312.
13. Butler, A. G 1895 On collections of Lepidoptera from British Central Africa and Lake Tanganyika Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895 (2) : 250-270, pl. 15-16 Full text
14. Turlin, B. (2005). Bauer & Frankenbach (ed.). Butterflies of the World: Charaxes 1. Vol. 22. Keltern: Goecke & Evers. pp. 2–3. ISBN   3937783156.
15. "Out of Africa again: A phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on five gene regions" Archived 2019-07-25 at the Wayback Machine . Aduse-Poku, Vingerhoedt, Wahlberg. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2009) 53;463–478

External links

• Charaxes castor castor images at Consortium for the Barcode of Life
• Charaxes castor comoranus images at BOLD
• Charaxes castor flavifasciatus images at BOLD
• Images of C. castor castor Royal Museum for Central Africa (Albertine Rift Project)
• African Butterfly Database Range map via search