Charaxes varanes

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Pearl emperor
Charaxes varanes vologeses (Male) (face dorsale).jpg
In Malawi
Pearl Emperor (Charaxes varanes), underside.jpg
Underside
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Nymphalidae
Genus: Charaxes
Species:
C. varanes
Binomial name
Charaxes varanes
(Cramer, 1764)
Synonyms
  • Papilio varanesCramer, 1777
  • Palla vologesesMabille, 1876
  • Charaxes nigrescensButler, 1896
  • Charaxes varanes brachycaudaLe Cerf, 1923
  • Charaxes varanes vologeses ab. minorStorace, 1948
  • Charaxes varanes vologeses ab. antinoriiStorace, 1948

Charaxes varanes, the pearl emperor, Karkloof emperor, or pearl charaxes, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae, found in Africa from Saudi Arabia to South Africa. [1] [2]

Contents

The wingspan is 65–70 millimetres (2.6–2.8 in) in males and 70–90 millimetres (2.8–3.5 in) in females. Its flight period is year round. [3]

Larvae feed on Allophylus species and Cardiospermum halicacabum . [2] [3]

Description

The upperside of the body and roughly the inner half of the wings is white, sharply delineated on the forewings parallel to the length of the body, and diffusely delineated parallel to the margin of the hindwing. Outside the white area of the upperside, the wings are orange to brown, with a pattern of lighter and darker flecks. The underside of the body and wings mimic a dead leaf. A slightly diffuse but clear, sepia brown straight line divides the under wing in a zone next to the body and a zone near the wings' edges. The inner zone is mostly light beige with three parallel, curved, interrupted, grey-brown wavy lines, circling the wings' attachment to the body. A triangle based on the front of the forewing and bordering the division line has the dark grayish-brown color of the outer zone. The outer zone of the underside of the hindwing has a line of clear eyespots while the forewing has vaguer markings. The outer spur on the hindwing is well developed. Male and female are alike. [4] A full description is given by Rothschild, W and Jordan, K. [5]

Behaviour

The pearl emperor is a large, actively, fast and high-flying butterfly. It is the most common Charaxes in the Gambia, where it is present throughout the year in various habitats. They are usually observed as single individuals flying fast and high. They mostly rest with closed wings, although males may sit high with slightly opened wings. [4]

Taxonomy

Charaxes varanes group. Type species of subgenus Stonehamia (Hadrodontes) The group members are:

Charaxes varanes vologeses Charaxes varanes vologeses (Male).jpg
Charaxes varanes vologeses

Subspecies

Listed alphabetically: [2]

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References

  1. ↑ Cramer, P. [1777]. De Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld-deelen Asia, Africa en America. Amsteldam & Utrecht. 2: 151 pp
  2. 1 2 3 Charaxes varanes at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
  3. 1 2 Woodhall, Steve (2005). Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. ISBN   978-1-86872-724-7.
  4. 1 2 Penney, David (2009). Field Guide to Butterflies of the Gambia, West Africa. Siri Scientific Press. p. 80. ISBN   0955863627.
  5. ↑ Rothschild, W. and Jordan, K. (1900). Novitates Zoologicae 7:287-524. page 354; for terms see Volume 5:545-601
  6. ↑ Riley, N.D. 1931. Two new Charaxes from southern Arabia. Entomologist 64: 279-280.
  7. ↑ Turlin, B. 1999. Observations sur les especes insulaires Africaines de la sous-famille des Charaxinae Lambillionea 99 (2): 171-182.
  8. ↑ Mabille, P. 1877– [La description de trois especes nouvelles de lepidopteres de Madagascar]. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France (5) 7: 37-39.
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