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Sex-selective abortion is the practice of terminating a pregnancy based upon the predicted sex of the infant. The selective abortion of female fetuses is most common where male children are valued over female children, especially in parts of East Asia and South Asia, as well as in the Caucasus, Western Balkans, and to a lesser extent North America. Based on the third National Family and Health Survey, results showed that if both partners, mother and father, or just the father, preferred male children, sex-selective abortion was more common. In cases where only the mother prefers sons, this is likely to result in sex-selective neglect in which the child is not likely to survive past infancy.
A child (pl. children) is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty, or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty. The term may also refer to an unborn human being. In English-speaking countries, the legal definition of child generally refers to a minor, in this case as a person younger than the local age of majority, regardless of their physical, mental and sexual development as biological adults. Children generally have fewer rights and responsibilities than adults. They are generally classed as unable to make serious decisions.
The field of psychology has extensively studied homosexuality as a human sexual orientation. The American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality in the DSM-I in 1952 as a "sociopathic personality disturbance," but that classification came under scrutiny in research funded by the National Institute of Mental Health. That research and subsequent studies consistently failed to produce any empirical or scientific basis for regarding homosexuality as anything other than a natural and normal sexual orientation that is a healthy and positive expression of human sexuality. As a result of this scientific research, the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the DSM-II in 1973. Upon a thorough review of the scientific data, the American Psychological Association followed in 1975 and also called on all mental health professionals to take the lead in "removing the stigma of mental illness that has long been associated" with homosexuality. In 1993, the National Association of Social Workers adopted the same position as the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association, in recognition of scientific evidence. The World Health Organization, which listed homosexuality in the ICD-9 in 1977, removed homosexuality from the ICD-10 which was endorsed by the 43rd World Health Assembly on 17 May 1990.
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Child marriage is a marriage or domestic partnership, formal or informal, between a child and an adult, or between a child and another child.
Child abuse is physical, sexual, emotional and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child, especially by a parent or a caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or potential wrongful harm to a child and can occur in a child's home, or in organizations, schools, or communities the child interacts with.
Founded in 1800, the Kom are one of the 250 ethnic groups that are located in the grasslands of Cameroon within the Boyo Division of Africa. Kom includes most of Boyo division, including such towns as Fundong, Belo, Njinikom and Mbingo. The area can be reached from Bamenda on the so-called Ring Road.
Breast ironing, also known as breast flattening, is the pounding and massaging of a pubescent girl's breasts, using hard or heated objects, to try to make them stop developing or disappear. The practice is typically performed by a close female figure to the victim, traditionally fulfilled by a mother, grandmother, aunt, or female guardian who will say she is trying to protect the girl from sexual harassment and rape, to prevent early pregnancy that would tarnish the family name, to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections such as HIV/AIDS, or to allow the girl to pursue education rather than be forced into early marriage.
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Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo have not attained a position of full equality with men, with their struggle continuing to this day. Although the Mobutu regime paid lip service to the important role of women in society, and although women enjoy some legal rights, custom and legal constraints still limit their opportunities.
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It is thought that multiple ethnic groups in South Africa have long-standing beliefs concerning gender roles, and most are based on the premise that women in South Africa are less important, or less deserving of power, than men. Some view African traditional social organizations as male centered and male dominated. One prevailing caricature of Afrikaner religious beliefs includes a strong emphasis on the theoretically biblically based notion that women's contributions to society should normally be approved by, or be on behalf of, men. Claims are even made of modern sexism and Christianity being introduced into South Africa by the ancestors of the Afrikaner diaspora.
Domestic violence in Pakistan is an endemic social and public health problem. According to a study carried out in 2009 by Human Rights Watch, it is estimated that between 10 and 20% of women in Pakistan have suffered some form of abuse. Women have reported attacks ranging from physical to psychological and sexual abuse from intimate partners. A survey carried out by the Thomson Reuters Foundation ranked Pakistan as the sixth most dangerous country for women while India ranked 1st as the most dangerous country for women. Given the very few women's shelters in the country, victims have limited ability to escape from violent situations.
Female child labour in Nigeria refers to the high incidence in Nigeria of girls aged 5–14 who are involved in economic activities outside education and leisure. The prevalence of female child labour in Nigeria is largely due to household economic status, but other factors include: the educational status of parents, the presence of peer pressure, and high societal demand for domestic help and sex workers. Additionally, in many rural and Muslim communities in Northern Nigeria, children are sometimes asked to aid religiously secluded women or mothers in running errands.
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Child marriage is a marriage or union between a child under the age of 18 to another child or to an adult. Child marriage is common in a multitude of African countries. In South Sudan, child marriage is a growing epidemic. Child marriage in South Sudan is driven by socioeconomic factors such as poverty and gender inequality. Current figures state that South Sudan is one of the leading countries in the world when it comes to child marriage. Child marriage has negative consequences for children, including health problems and lower education rates for South Sudanese girls. Many initiatives have been taken to combat child marriage in South Sudan, but the presence of societal norms and instability continues to drive its presence in the nation.
Child marriage in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the eighteenth highest in the world. In a child marriage, one or both parties are under the age of eighteen years old. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), 37% of girls are married before they turn eighteen, and 10% of girls are married before age fifteen. Though significantly less than the rate of child marriage for girls, 6% of boys in the DRC are married before age eighteen.
Cameroonian nationality law is regulated by the Constitution of Cameroon, as amended; the Nationality Code of Cameroon, and its revisions; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Cameroon. The legal means to acquire nationality, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as citizenship. Cameroonian nationality is typically obtained under the principle of jus sanguinis, i.e. by birth in Cameroon or abroad to parents with Cameroonian nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalization.
References
- ↑ "Child marriage around the world: CAMEROON", Girls Not Brides
- 1 2 Cislaghi, Beniamino; Mackie, Gerry; Nkwi, Paul; Shakya, Holly (3 October 2019). "Social norms and child marriage in Cameroon: An application of the theory of normative spectrum". Global Public Health. 14 (10): 1479–1494. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2019.1594331 . PMID 30895892. S2CID 84842161.
- 1 2 3 Cislaghi, Beniamino; Nkwi, Paul; Mackie, Gerry; Shakya, Holly (April 2020). "Why context matters for social norms interventions: The case of child marriage in Cameroon". Global Public Health. 15 (4): 532–543. doi:10.1080/17441692.2019.1704818. PMID 31880203. S2CID 209489819.
- ↑ Wetheridge, Louise (30 October 2014). "Child Marriage in West Africa and Cameroon: A Desk Review" (PDF). Plan WARO.
- 1 2 "Cameroon working on legislation to end child marriage". Xinhua News Agency. 28 November 2019. ProQuest 2319199155.
- 1 2 Linonge-Fontebo, Helen Namondo (2018). "Socio-cultural, economical and organisational determinants of child marriage in Cameroon". In Green, M. Christian; Gunn, T. Jeremy; Hill, Mark (eds.). Religion, Law and Security in Africa. Vol. 5. African Sun Media. pp. 351–366. doi:10.2307/j.ctv21ptz2w.27. ISBN 978-1-928314-42-4. JSTOR j.ctv21ptz2w.27.
- 1 2 3 4 Green, Christian (2018). Religion, Law and Security in Africa. African Sun Media. pp. 351–366.
- ↑ Maswikwa, Belinda; Richter, Linda; Kaufman, Jay; Nandi, Arijit (June 2015). "Minimum Marriage Age Laws and the Prevalence of Child Marriage and Adolescent Birth: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa". International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 41 (2): 58–68. doi:10.1363/4105815. PMID 26308258.
- ↑ "Child Marriage Worries Rise Amid Coronavirus Lockdown in Cameroon". The New Humanitarian. June 11, 2020.
- ↑ Chishugi, John; Franke, Trixy (August 2016). "Sexual Abuse in Cameroon: A Four-Year-Old Girl Victim of Rape in Buea Case Study". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 25 (6): 619–626. doi:10.1080/10538712.2016.1194355. PMID 27561118. S2CID 205715174.
- ↑ Walker-Said, Charlotte (November 2017). "Christian Marriage between Tradition and Modernity: Catholic and Protestant Women and Marriage Education in Late Colonial Cameroon, 1939-1960: Catholic and Protestant Women and Marriage Education in Late Colonial Cameroon". Gender & History. 29 (3): 544–569. doi:10.1111/1468-0424.12317. S2CID 149179262.
- ↑ Koski, Alissa; Strumpf, Erin C.; Kaufman, Jay S.; Frank, John; Heymann, Jody; Nandi, Arijit (2018-05-24). Swadener, Beth Blue (ed.). "The impact of eliminating primary school tuition fees on child marriage in sub-Saharan Africa: A quasi-experimental evaluation of policy changes in 8 countries". PLOS ONE. 13 (5): e0197928. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1397928K. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197928 . ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5967724 . PMID 29795648.
- ↑ Amin, Sajeda; Lynch, Andrea (2011). "When girls' lives matter: Ending forced and early marriage in Cameroon". doi: 10.31899/pgy3.1019 . Gale A263786324.
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