Child marriage in Cameroon

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Statistics

Child marriage in Cameroon is common. In 2017, 31% of girls are married off before their 18th birthday, [1] and the national median age for first marriages is 18.5. [2] Cameroon holds the 8th highest marriage rate before age 15 among African countries, with 10.7% of Cameroonian women married before age 15 as of 2020. [3] Compared to the national median age of marriage of 18.5, the median age of marriage for girls without education is 16. [3] In Northern regions of Cameroon, Adamaoua, Far-North, and North, the median age is 16.5. 8% of adolescent girls give birth before the age of 16. [4] Child marriage is most significant in the Far North Region, with 80% of women being married prematurely. [5]

Contents

Causes

Factors leading to child marriage in Cameroon include education, poverty, rural, and social norms. Homogeneity in social norms regarding child marriage exists in rural Cameroon communities. [2] Cameroonian families from rural villages tend to believe a child who refuses or delays a husband is considered to be bewitched or cursed by relatives. [6] Several northern Moghamo villages believe that inexperienced and naive girls are more submissive and respectful wives. [6] In these northern regions, several parents barter their unborn girls to lenders, with the wives being called "money women". [3]  In Magba, the Western region of Cameroon, maturity is determined through physical appearance, menstruation, and breast development rather than age. [7] The practice of fattening, or Leblouh, where premature girls are fed copious food for several weeks to appear more mature, is common in the area. Child marriage is heavily practiced among the Assumbo, Oliti, and Bacheve clans found in the southwest region of Cameroon, with families traditionally having substantial control over marriages. [7] Unions are often conceived as mutual contracts of families, with no involvement of romantic love. [7]

Laws regarding child marriage

Cameroon has inconsistent laws about their minimum age for marriage. [8] The Cameroonian government has yet to adhere to the Maputo Protocol, where Article 6(b) constitutes the legal minimum age for marriage as 18 for boys and girls; official Cameroonian law holds 15 as the minimum age for marriage. [7] However, Cameroon consented to the UN convention of the Rights of the Child, which sets the minimum age for marriage as 18. [9] The Cameroonian penal code delineates that the punishment for forced child marriage in Cameroon is imprisonment for up to 10 years and fines, with this code rarely being enforced. [10]

Prevention programs in Cameroon

Several organizations are working to mitigate child marriage in Cameroon. Cameroon's Ministry of Women's Empowerment is constructing legislation to eliminate child marriage and genital mutilation in the region. [5] Additionally, the Presbyterian Church of Cameroon has proposed resolutions and obligations for their followers to reject and challenge child marriage. The Church hosts programs training deaconesses to criticize the practice in Protestant girls' schools. [11] Removing primary school tuition fees in Cameroon causes a 3% decline in child marriage in Cameroon., [12] with several organizations such as UN Women offering literacy training, counseling, and economic support for young girls subject to child marriage. [13]

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References

  1. ↑ "Child marriage around the world: CAMEROON", Girls Not Brides
  2. 1 2 Cislaghi, Beniamino; Mackie, Gerry; Nkwi, Paul; Shakya, Holly (3 October 2019). "Social norms and child marriage in Cameroon: An application of the theory of normative spectrum". Global Public Health. 14 (10): 1479–1494. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2019.1594331 . PMID   30895892. S2CID   84842161.
  3. 1 2 3 Cislaghi, Beniamino; Nkwi, Paul; Mackie, Gerry; Shakya, Holly (April 2020). "Why context matters for social norms interventions: The case of child marriage in Cameroon". Global Public Health. 15 (4): 532–543. doi:10.1080/17441692.2019.1704818. PMID   31880203. S2CID   209489819.
  4. ↑ Wetheridge, Louise (30 October 2014). "Child Marriage in West Africa and Cameroon: A Desk Review" (PDF). Plan WARO.
  5. 1 2 "Cameroon working on legislation to end child marriage". Xinhua News Agency. 28 November 2019. ProQuest   2319199155.
  6. 1 2 Linonge-Fontebo, Helen Namondo (2018). "Socio-cultural, economical and organisational determinants of child marriage in Cameroon". In Green, M. Christian; Gunn, T. Jeremy; Hill, Mark (eds.). Religion, Law and Security in Africa. Vol. 5. African Sun Media. pp. 351–366. doi:10.2307/j.ctv21ptz2w.27. ISBN   978-1-928314-42-4. JSTOR   j.ctv21ptz2w.27.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Green, Christian (2018). Religion, Law and Security in Africa. African Sun Media. pp. 351–366.
  8. ↑ Maswikwa, Belinda; Richter, Linda; Kaufman, Jay; Nandi, Arijit (June 2015). "Minimum Marriage Age Laws and the Prevalence of Child Marriage and Adolescent Birth: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa". International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 41 (2): 58–68. doi:10.1363/4105815. PMID   26308258.
  9. ↑ "Child Marriage Worries Rise Amid Coronavirus Lockdown in Cameroon". The New Humanitarian. June 11, 2020.
  10. ↑ Chishugi, John; Franke, Trixy (August 2016). "Sexual Abuse in Cameroon: A Four-Year-Old Girl Victim of Rape in Buea Case Study". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 25 (6): 619–626. doi:10.1080/10538712.2016.1194355. PMID   27561118. S2CID   205715174.
  11. ↑ Walker-Said, Charlotte (November 2017). "Christian Marriage between Tradition and Modernity: Catholic and Protestant Women and Marriage Education in Late Colonial Cameroon, 1939-1960: Catholic and Protestant Women and Marriage Education in Late Colonial Cameroon". Gender & History. 29 (3): 544–569. doi:10.1111/1468-0424.12317. S2CID   149179262.
  12. ↑ Koski, Alissa; Strumpf, Erin C.; Kaufman, Jay S.; Frank, John; Heymann, Jody; Nandi, Arijit (2018-05-24). Swadener, Beth Blue (ed.). "The impact of eliminating primary school tuition fees on child marriage in sub-Saharan Africa: A quasi-experimental evaluation of policy changes in 8 countries". PLOS ONE. 13 (5): e0197928. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1397928K. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197928 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   5967724 . PMID   29795648.
  13. ↑ Amin, Sajeda; Lynch, Andrea (2011). "When girls' lives matter: Ending forced and early marriage in Cameroon". doi: 10.31899/pgy3.1019 . Gale   A263786324.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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