Climate of Greenland

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Koppen-Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Greenland 1991-2020 Koppen-Geiger Map v2 GRL 1991-2020.svg
Köppen–Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Greenland 1991–2020
Retreat of the Helheim Glacier, Greenland Retreat of the Helheim Glacier, Greenland.jpg
Retreat of the Helheim Glacier, Greenland
Map of Greenland's rate of change in ice sheet height Cambios en la capa de hielo de Groenlandia.jpg
Map of Greenland's rate of change in ice sheet height
Map of Greenland bedrock Topographic map of Greenland bedrock.jpg
Map of Greenland bedrock

Greenland's climate is a tundra climate (Köppen ET) on and near the coasts and an ice cap climate (Köppen EF) in inland areas. It typically has short, cool summers and long, moderately cold winters.

Contents

Due to Gulf Stream influences, Greenland's winter temperatures are very mild for its latitude. In Nuuk, the capital, average winter temperatures are only −9 °C (16 °F). [1] In comparison, the average winter temperatures for Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada, are around −27 °C (−17 °F). [2] Conversely, summer temperatures are very low, with an average high around 10 °C (50 °F). [1] This is too low to sustain trees, and the land is treeless tundra.

On the Greenland ice sheet, the temperature is far below freezing throughout the year, [3] and record high temperatures have peaked only slightly above freezing. The record high temperature at Summit Camp is 2.2 °C (36.0 °F). [4]

In the far south of Greenland, there is a very small forest in the Qinngua Valley, due to summer temperatures being barely high enough to sustain trees. There are mountains over 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) high surrounding the valley, which protect it from cold, fast winds travelling across the ice sheet. [5] It is the only natural forest in Greenland, but is only 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) long.

Climate change

The Greenland ice sheet is 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) thick and broad enough to blanket an area the size of Mexico. The ice is so massive that its weight presses the bedrock of Greenland below sea level and is so all-concealing that not until recently did scientists discover Greenland's Grand Canyon or the possibility that Greenland might actually be three islands. [6]

If the ice melted, the interior bedrock below sea level would be covered by water. It is not clear whether this water would be at sea level or a lake above sea level. If it would be at sea level it could connect to the sea at Ilulissat Icefjord, in Baffin Bay and near Nordostrundingen, creating three large islands. [7] But it is most likely that it would be a lake with one drain.

It is thought that before the last Ice Age, Greenland had mountainous edges and a lowland (and probably very dry) center which drained to the sea via one big river flowing out westwards, past where Disko Island is now. [8]

There is concern about sea level rise caused by ice loss (melt and glaciers falling into the sea) on Greenland. Between 1997 and 2003 ice loss was 68–92 km3/a (16–22 cu mi/a), compared to about 60 km3/a (14 cu mi/a) for 1993/4-1998/9. Half of the increase was from higher summer melting, with the rest caused by the movements of some glaciers exceeding the speeds needed to balance upstream snow accumulation. [9] A complete loss of ice on Greenland would cause a sea level rise of as much as 6.40 meters (21.0 ft).

Researchers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the University of Kansas reported in February 2006 that the glaciers are melting twice as fast as they were five years ago. By 2005, Greenland was beginning to lose more ice volume than anyone expected – an annual loss of up to 52 cubic miles or 217 cubic kilometres per year, according to more recent satellite gravity measurements released by JPL. The increased ice loss may be partially offset by increased snow accumulation due to increased precipitation.

Between 1991 and 2006, monitoring of the weather at one location (Swiss Camp) found that the average winter temperature had risen almost 10  °F (5.6  °C ).

Recently, Greenland's three largest outlet glaciers have started moving faster, satellite data show. These are the Jakobshavn Isbræ at Ilulissat on the western edge of Greenland, and the Kangerdlugssuaq and Helheim glaciers on the eastern edge of Greenland. The two latter accelerated greatly during the years 2004–2005, but returned to pre-2004 velocities in 2006. [10] The accelerating ice flow has been accompanied by a dramatic increase in seismic activity. In March 2006, researchers at Harvard University and the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University reported that the glaciers now generate swarms of earthquakes up to magnitude 5.0. [6]

The retreat of Greenland's ice is revealing islands that were thought to be part of the mainland. In September 2005 Dennis Schmitt discovered an island 400 miles (644 km) north of the Arctic Circle in eastern Greenland which he named Uunartoq Qeqertaq, Inuit for "warming island". [11]

Future projections

In the Arctic, temperatures are rising faster than anywhere else in the world. Greenland is losing 200 billion tonnes of ice per year. Research suggests that this could increase the sea levels' rise by 30 centimeters by the end of the century. These projections have the possibility of changing as satellite data only dates back to 40 years ago. This means that researchers must view old photographs of glaciers and compare them to ones taken today to determine the future of Greenland's ice. [12]

Climate data

Temperature extremes

Climate data for Greenland
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)15.3
(59.5)
16.0
(60.8)
16.0
(60.8)
19.1
(66.4)
24.8
(76.6)
30.1
(86.2)
26.3
(79.3)
25.2
(77.4)
24.9
(76.8)
19.3
(66.7)
21.6
(70.9)
15.9
(60.6)
30.1
(86.2)
Record low °C (°F)−66.1
(−87.0)
−63.3
(−81.9)
−64.8
(−84.6)
−57.3
(−71.1)
−49.0
(−56.2)
−37.5
(−35.5)
−33.0
(−27.4)
−39.2
(−38.6)
−46.0
(−50.8)
−55.4
(−67.7)
−60.0
(−76.0)
−69.6
(−93.3)
−69.6
(−93.3)
Source 1: Weather Extremes Greenland , retrieved 28 July 2020 (all record lows except for Jan, Mar, May, Dec)(Jan and Feb record highs), Meteo Climat (Mar-Dec highs)
Source 2: Georgi, Johannes (1935), Eismitte record low, PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.604003 , retrieved 28 July 2020 (March record low),

May record low at Summit , retrieved 28 July 2020 (May record low), WUnderground , retrieved 28 July 2020 (record low all time)

Highest temperatures

MonthTemperatureDateLocation
January15.3 °C (59.5 °F)29 January 2003Nuuk, Sermersooq
February16.0 °C (60.8 °F)20 February 2005Nanortailak, Kujalleq
March16.0 °C (60.8 °F)31 March 1975Narsarsuaq, Kujalleq
April19.1 °C (66.4 °F)26 April 2016Narsarsuaq, Kujalleq
May24.8 °C (76.6 °F)29 May 2012Narsarsuaq, Kujalleq
June30.1 °C (86.2 °F)23 June 1915Ivittuut, Sermersooq
July26.3 °C (79.3 °F)6 July 2008Nuuk, Sermersooq
August25.2 °C (77.4 °F)3 August 1899Tasiilaq, Sermersooq
September24.9 °C (76.8 °F)2 September 2010Nuuk, Sermersooq
October19.3 °C (66.7 °F)5 October 2016Tasiilaq, Sermersooq
November21.6 °C (70.9 °F)21 November 2015Tasiilaq, Sermersooq
December15.9 °C (60.6 °F)21 December 2001Narsarsuaq, Kujalleq

Lowest temperatures

MonthTemperatureDateLocation
January−66.1 °C (−87.0 °F)9 January 1954North Ice, Northeast Greenland
February−63.3 °C (−81.9 °F)21 February 2002Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
March−64.8 °C (−84.6 °F)20 March 1931Eismitte, Northeast Greenland
April−57.3 °C (−71.1 °F)21 April 2011Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
May−49.0 °C (−56.2 °F)9 May 2018Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
June−37.5 °C (−35.5 °F)1 June 2011Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
July−33.0 °C (−27.4 °F)4 July 2017Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
August−39.2 °C (−38.6 °F)29 August 2004Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
September−46.0 °C (−50.8 °F)24 September 2009Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
October−55.4 °C (−67.7 °F)26 October 2018Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
November−60.0 °C (−76.0 °F)26 November 2001Summit Camp Station, Northeast Greenland
December−69.6 °C (−93.3 °F)22 December 1991Klinck Station, Northeast Greenland

Towns

Climate data for Nuuk (Köppen ET)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)15.3
(59.5)
13.0
(55.4)
15.2
(59.4)
14.6
(58.3)
18.3
(64.9)
23.8
(74.8)
26.3
(79.3)
25.1
(77.2)
23.8
(74.8)
19.9
(67.8)
15.8
(60.4)
13.3
(55.9)
26.3
(79.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)−5.0
(23.0)
−6.0
(21.2)
−5.1
(22.8)
−0.7
(30.7)
3.9
(39.0)
8.4
(47.1)
11.1
(52.0)
10.2
(50.4)
6.5
(43.7)
2.3
(36.1)
−1.1
(30.0)
−3.2
(26.2)
1.8
(35.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)−7.5
(18.5)
−8.6
(16.5)
−7.7
(18.1)
−3.0
(26.6)
1.2
(34.2)
5.0
(41.0)
7.4
(45.3)
7.0
(44.6)
4.0
(39.2)
0.2
(32.4)
−3.3
(26.1)
−5.5
(22.1)
−0.9
(30.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−9.7
(14.5)
−10.9
(12.4)
−10.0
(14.0)
−5.2
(22.6)
−1.2
(29.8)
2.0
(35.6)
4.4
(39.9)
4.5
(40.1)
2.0
(35.6)
−1.8
(28.8)
−5.3
(22.5)
−7.7
(18.1)
−3.3
(26.1)
Record low °C (°F)−32.5
(−26.5)
−29.6
(−21.3)
−27.5
(−17.5)
−30.0
(−22.0)
−19.0
(−2.2)
−10.3
(13.5)
−6.6
(20.1)
−4.7
(23.5)
−8.2
(17.2)
−16.6
(2.1)
−24.4
(−11.9)
−25.2
(−13.4)
−32.5
(−26.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)67.1
(2.64)
51.1
(2.01)
58.9
(2.32)
53.3
(2.10)
57.4
(2.26)
61.7
(2.43)
69.3
(2.73)
90.8
(3.57)
104.6
(4.12)
80.5
(3.17)
79.0
(3.11)
74.5
(2.93)
852.6
(33.57)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)13.812.715.113.213.010.512.512.514.113.514.314.4159.6
Average snowy days13.612.114.511.49.42.80.10.24.39.812.713.8104.7
Average relative humidity (%)73.874.774.378.381.185.085.386.782.376.773.373.478.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 15.565.0148.8180.0189.1204.0195.3164.3141.080.630.06.21,419.8
Mean daily sunshine hours 0.52.34.86.06.16.86.35.34.72.61.00.23.9
Source 1: Danish Meteorological Institute [13] [14]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows), [15] Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun 1980–1990), [16] NOAA (humidity 1991-2020) [17]
Climate data for Kangerlussuaq (Köppen Dfc/ET/BSk)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)12.3
(54.1)
13.9
(57.0)
14.4
(57.9)
17.8
(64.0)
22.4
(72.3)
25.2
(77.4)
26.6
(79.9)
22.9
(73.2)
21.1
(70.0)
17.1
(62.8)
15.8
(60.4)
11.9
(53.4)
26.6
(79.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)−13.5
(7.7)
−14.8
(5.4)
−10.8
(12.6)
−0.9
(30.4)
8.4
(47.1)
15.3
(59.5)
16.8
(62.2)
14.0
(57.2)
7.7
(45.9)
−0.8
(30.6)
−7.0
(19.4)
−10.5
(13.1)
0.3
(32.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)−18.5
(−1.3)
−19.8
(−3.6)
−16.6
(2.1)
−6.2
(20.8)
3.6
(38.5)
10.0
(50.0)
11.2
(52.2)
8.7
(47.7)
3.5
(38.3)
−4.6
(23.7)
−11.3
(11.7)
−15.2
(4.6)
−4.6
(23.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−23.3
(−9.9)
−24.9
(−12.8)
−22.2
(−8.0)
−11.6
(11.1)
−1.7
(28.9)
4.2
(39.6)
5.0
(41.0)
3.3
(37.9)
−1.0
(30.2)
−8.7
(16.3)
−15.7
(3.7)
−19.9
(−3.8)
−9.7
(14.5)
Record low °C (°F)−47.2
(−53.0)
−46.8
(−52.2)
−45.4
(−49.7)
−34.4
(−29.9)
−21.8
(−7.2)
−4.7
(23.5)
−0.7
(30.7)
−4.8
(23.4)
−15.4
(4.3)
−29.7
(−21.5)
−36.3
(−33.3)
−45.5
(−49.9)
−47.2
(−53.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)7.9
(0.31)
6.1
(0.24)
5.2
(0.20)
7.6
(0.30)
10.9
(0.43)
13.4
(0.53)
27.6
(1.09)
31.7
(1.25)
22.7
(0.89)
13.1
(0.52)
11.7
(0.46)
9.8
(0.39)
167.7
(6.61)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)2.92.01.72.32.83.45.26.95.23.83.93.243.3
Average relative humidity (%)70.268.166.564.157.755.157.264.867.372.972.671.465.7
Source 1: Danish Meteorological Institute [18] [19]
Source 2: NOAA [20]
Climate data for Narsarsuaq (Köppen Dfc/ET)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)14.2
(57.6)
15.3
(59.5)
16.5
(61.7)
19.1
(66.4)
24.8
(76.6)
25.2
(77.4)
24.1
(75.4)
23.6
(74.5)
22.4
(72.3)
18.7
(65.7)
18.4
(65.1)
15.9
(60.6)
25.2
(77.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)−2.1
(28.2)
−2.6
(27.3)
−0.7
(30.7)
4.9
(40.8)
10.0
(50.0)
14.0
(57.2)
15.7
(60.3)
14.1
(57.4)
9.9
(49.8)
5.1
(41.2)
0.4
(32.7)
−1.6
(29.1)
5.6
(42.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)−6.1
(21.0)
−6.5
(20.3)
−4.7
(23.5)
1.3
(34.3)
5.9
(42.6)
9.6
(49.3)
11.1
(52.0)
9.8
(49.6)
6.1
(43.0)
1.5
(34.7)
−3.3
(26.1)
−5.5
(22.1)
1.6
(34.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−10.5
(13.1)
−11.1
(12.0)
−9.1
(15.6)
−2.6
(27.3)
1.6
(34.9)
5.1
(41.2)
6.7
(44.1)
5.8
(42.4)
2.3
(36.1)
−2.0
(28.4)
−7.3
(18.9)
−9.8
(14.4)
−2.6
(27.4)
Record low °C (°F)−39.7
(−39.5)
−33.7
(−28.7)
−31.9
(−25.4)
−23.1
(−9.6)
−16.7
(1.9)
−2.9
(26.8)
0.1
(32.2)
−0.1
(31.8)
−5.7
(21.7)
−17.8
(0.0)
−26.1
(−15.0)
−35.9
(−32.6)
−39.7
(−39.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)40.0
(1.57)
52.3
(2.06)
37.1
(1.46)
44.7
(1.76)
32.8
(1.29)
44.8
(1.76)
49.8
(1.96)
66.3
(2.61)
80.2
(3.16)
56.7
(2.23)
68.2
(2.69)
39.5
(1.56)
612.4
(24.11)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)10.08.29.510.48.811.112.510.611.29.89.610.1122.0
Average snowy days9.37.68.67.62.70.50.00.11.35.57.68.959.8
Average relative humidity (%)65646665656974726967666567
Mean monthly sunshine hours 26651371681771821921561369444181,431
Source 1: Danish Meteorological Institute (precipitation days and snowy days 1961–1990 and sunshine 1980–1999) [21] [22] [23]
Source 2: Météo Climat (records), [24] NOAA (humidity 1961–1990) [25]
Climate data for Summit Camp (Köppen EF)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)−11.7
(10.9)
−11.0
(12.2)
−12.8
(9.0)
−1.2
(29.8)
−1.4
(29.5)
1.8
(35.2)
2.2
(36.0)
0.9
(33.6)
−2.6
(27.3)
−5.5
(22.1)
−7.1
(19.2)
−13.1
(8.4)
2.2
(36.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)−36
(−33)
−38
(−36)
−32
(−26)
−29
(−20)
−19
(−2)
−11
(12)
−11
(12)
−14
(7)
−22
(−8)
−28
(−18)
−28
(−18)
−36
(−33)
−25
(−14)
Daily mean °C (°F)−43
(−45)
−42
(−44)
−41
(−42)
−33
(−27)
−23
(−9)
−15
(5)
−13
(9)
−16
(3)
−26
(−15)
−34
(−29)
−36
(−33)
−40
(−40)
−30
(−22)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−48
(−54)
−46
(−51)
−45
(−49)
−40
(−40)
−30
(−22)
−19
(−2)
−15
(5)
−21
(−6)
−29
(−20)
−39
(−38)
−42
(−44)
−48
(−54)
−35
(−31)
Record low °C (°F)−61.2
(−78.2)
−63.3
(−81.9)
−61.2
(−78.2)
−57.3
(−71.1)
−47.4
(−53.3)
−37.5
(−35.5)
−33.0
(−27.4)
−39.2
(−38.6)
−46.0
(−50.8)
−51.4
(−60.5)
−60.0
(−76.0)
−63.0
(−81.4)
−63.3
(−81.9)
Source: [26] [27]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aasiaat</span> Town in Greenland

Aasiaat or Ausiait, formerly Egedesminde, is a town in the Qeqertalik municipality in western Greenland, located on its namesake island in the heart of Aasiaat Archipelago at the southern end of Disko Bay. With a population of 2,980 as of 2021, it is Greenland's fifth-largest town.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kangerlussuaq Airport</span> Main international airport in Greenland

Kangerlussuaq Airport is an airport in Kangerlussuaq, a settlement in the Qeqqata municipality in central-western Greenland. Alongside Nuuk Airport and Narsarsuaq Airport, it is one of only three civilian airports in Greenland large enough to handle large aircraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tasiilaq</span> Town in Greenland, Kingdom of Denmark

Tasiilaq, formerly Ammassalik or Angmagssalik and King Oscar Haven, is a town on Ammassalik Island in southeastern Greenland, within the municipality of Sermersooq. With 1,985 inhabitants as of 2020, it is the most populous community on the eastern coast, and the seventh-largest town in Greenland. The Sermilik Station, dedicated to the research of the nearby Mittivakkat Glacier, is located near the town.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paamiut</span> Place in Greenland, Kingdom of Denmark

Paamiut, formerly Frederikshåb, is a town in southwestern Greenland in the Sermersooq municipality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ittoqqortoormiit</span> Place in Greenland

Ittoqqortoormiit, formerly known as Scoresbysund, is a settlement in the Sermersooq municipality in eastern Greenland. Its population was 345 as of 2020, and it has been described as one of the most remote settlements on Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Danish Meteorological Institute</span> Danish national weather forecasting service

The Danish Meteorological Institute is the official Danish meteorological institute, administrated by the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. It makes weather forecasts and observations for Denmark, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jakobshavn Glacier</span> Glacier in Greenland

Jakobshavn Glacier, also known as Ilulissat Glacier, is a large outlet glacier in West Greenland. It is located near the Greenlandic town of Ilulissat and ends at the sea in the Ilulissat Icefjord.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Danmarkshavn</span> Weather station in Greenland

Danmarkshavn is a small weather station located in Dove Bay, on the northeastern shore of the Germania Land Peninsula, in Northeast Greenland National Park, Greenland.

Tourism in Greenland is a relatively young business area of the country. Since the foundation of the national tourist council, Greenland Tourism, in 1992, the Home Rule Government has been working actively with promoting the destination and helping smaller tourist providers to establish their services. Foreign travel agencies have increasingly been opening up sale of Greenland trips and tours, and the cruise industry has had a relatively large increase in routes to Greenland since about the turn of the century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tundra climate</span> Polar climate sub-type

The tundra climate is a polar climate sub-type located in high latitudes and high mountains. It is classified as ET according to the Köppen climate classification. It is a climate which at least one month has an average temperature high enough to melt snow, but no month with an average temperature in excess of 10 °C (50 °F). If the climate occurs at high elevations, it is known as alpine climate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Summit Camp</span> Research station near the apex of the Greenland Ice Sheet

Summit Camp, also known as Summit Station, is a year-round staffed research station near the apex of the Greenland ice sheet. The station is located at 3,216 metres (10,551 ft) above sea level.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of the Nordic countries</span>

The climate of the Nordic countries is that of a region in Northern Europe that consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden and their associated territories, which include the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. Stockholm, Sweden has on average the warmest summer of the Nordic capitals, with an average maximum temperature of 23 °C (73 °F) in July; Copenhagen, Oslo and Helsinki have an average July maximum temperature of 22 °C (72 °F).

Panzgam is a village in Awantipora tehsil of Pulwama district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is 19 kilometres (12 mi) from Pulwama district headquarters and 45 kilometres (28 mi) from Srinagar. It is located at the boundary of Awantipora Tehsil.

References

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