Crinigera

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Crinigera
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Pezizomycotina incertae sedis
Order:
Incertae sedis
Family:
Incertae sedis
Genus:
Crinigera

I. Schmidt
Type species
Crinigera maritima
Synonyms

Crinigera maritima I. Schmidt, Natur Naturschutz Mecklenberg7(1): 11 (1969)

Contents

Crinigera is a genus of fungi in the division Ascomycota. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the phylum is unknown ( incertae sedis ), and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any class, order, or family. [1] This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Crinigera maritima. Crinigera maritima is a marine ascomycota fungus species with characteristic appendaged cleistothecia and ascospores that cling onto substrates of wood, algae, or sand. It is found in the mesohaline zone [2] of many different coastal countries. It has been mistaken for a new fungal species Dryosphaera navigans and has yet to be assigned to a class, order, or family.

Taxonomy

Crinigera maritima was first described by I. Schmidt in 1969, [3] who suspected the species belongs to either the Plectascales or Erysiphales families. There is ongoing debate of the classification beyond the subphylum level. After re-examination Crinigera maritima type material, Koch and Jones concluded that Schmidt described two different species to be Crinigera maritima. [4] They renamed Crinigera maritima Schmidt-paratype 214 to Dryosphaera navigans. [5]


Description

The globose, light brown cleistothecial ascocarp [3] is 310-324 μm with a 30-36 μm subiculum that attaches to the substrate. [6] The cleistothecia have branched short appendages, a defining characteristic. [3] Thick walled asci and paraphyses (1) make up the hymenium. The two-celled, cylindrical ascospores have appendages that have been described as hair-like. [3]

Habitat and distribution

This species was initially found growing on Fucus vesiculosus [3] (commonly known as bladder wrack algae) in the Baltic Sea. Ascocarps have been observed growing on driftwood, [7] sand, [8] and algae. [3] Crinigera maritima has also been found in Japan, [6] Denmark, [3] Sri Lanka, [9] Seychelles, [10] Brunei, [11] Brazil, [12] and on the west coast of India. [7] It is an obligate marine fungus. [2]

Ecology

A study in India about fungi that grow on driftwood observed Crinigera maritima as the highest frequency of occurrence (61.4%) compared to other common marine fungi in that region. [13] Another study in India looked at 3327 wood samples and discovered Crinigera maritima in the top five most frequent fungi (10% appearance). [14] The appendages of the ascospores and cleistothecia allow for strong attachment to the substrate. [3]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The defining feature of this fungal group is the "ascus", a microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores, are formed. However, some species of the Ascomycota are asexual, meaning that they do not have a sexual cycle and thus do not form asci or ascospores. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, brewers' and bakers' yeast, dead man's fingers, and cup fungi. The fungal symbionts in the majority of lichens such as Cladonia belong to the Ascomycota.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ascus</span> Spore-bearing cell in ascomycete fungi

An ascus is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Each ascus usually contains eight ascospores, produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera or species can occur in numbers of one, two, four, or multiples of four. In a few cases, the ascospores can bud off conidia that may fill the asci with hundreds of conidia, or the ascospores may fragment, e.g. some Cordyceps, also filling the asci with smaller cells. Ascospores are nonmotile, usually single celled, but not infrequently may be coenocytic, and in some cases coenocytic in multiple planes. Mitotic divisions within the developing spores populate each resulting cell in septate ascospores with nuclei. The term ocular chamber, or oculus, refers to the epiplasm that is surrounded by the "bourrelet".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sordariomycetes</span> Class of fungi

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erysiphales</span> Order of fungi

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References

  1. ↑ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany. 13: 1–58. Archived from the original on 2009-03-18.
  2. 1 2 Tibell, Sanja; Tibell, Leif; Pang, Ka-Lai; Calabon, Mark; Jones, E. B. Gareth (2020-07-02). "Marine fungi of the Baltic Sea". Mycology. 11 (3): 195–213. doi:10.1080/21501203.2020.1729886. ISSN   2150-1203. PMC   7534365 . PMID   33062382.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gareth Jones, E.B.; Moss, S.T.; Koch, J. (June 1980). "Light and scanning electron microscope observations of the marine ascomycete Crinigera maritima". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 74 (3): 625–631. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(80)80065-9.
  4. ↑ Kohlmeyer, Jan; Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, Brigitte (1993-07-01). "A new marine Dryosphaera (Ascomycotina) from the tropics". Canadian Journal of Botany (in French). 71 (7): 992–995. doi:10.1139/b93-113. ISSN   0008-4026.
  5. ↑ Sundari, R.; Vikineswary, S.; Yusoff, M.; Jones, E. B. G. (1996). "Observations on Tropical Arenicolous Marine Fungi on Driftwood from Malaysia and Singapore". Botanica Marina. 39 (1–6). doi:10.1515/botm.1996.39.1-6.327. ISSN   0006-8055. S2CID   84650041.
  6. 1 2 Koch, J.; Jones, E. B. Gareth (1989-04-01). "The identity of Crinigera maritima and three new genera of marine cleistothecial ascomycetes". Canadian Journal of Botany (in French). 67 (4): 1183–1197. doi:10.1139/b89-154. ISSN   0008-4026.
  7. 1 2 Prasannari, K.; Sridhar, K.R. (1997). "Effect of incubation period of driftwood on the occurrence of marine fungi". Indian Journal of Marine Sciences. 26: 380–38.
  8. ↑ Tokura, R. (1984-01-01). "Sand-inhabiting Marine Fungi from Japanese Beaches". Botanica Marina. 27 (12): 567–570. doi:10.1515/botm.1984.27.12.567. ISSN   1437-4323. S2CID   84961309.
  9. ↑ Koch, Jørgen (April 1982). "Some lignicolous marine fungi from Sri Lanka". Nordic Journal of Botany. 2 (2): 163–169. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1982.tb01177.x. ISSN   0107-055X.
  10. ↑ Hyde, K. D.; Jones, E. B. G. (July 1989). "Ecological observations on marine fungi from the Seychelles". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 100 (3): 237–254. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb01720.x.
  11. ↑ Hyde, K. D. (1988). "Studies on the tropical marine fungi of Brunei". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 98 (2): 135–151. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1988.tb01700.x . Retrieved 2022-05-08.
  12. ↑ Booth, Tom (1983-02-01). "Lignicolous marine fungi from São Paulo, Brazil". Canadian Journal of Botany. 61 (2): 488–506. doi:10.1139/b83-057. ISSN   0008-4026.
  13. ↑ Rees, G.; Jones, E. B. G. (1984). "Observations on the Attachment of Spores of Marine Fungi". Botanica Marina. 27 (4): 145–160. doi:10.1515/botm.1984.27.4.145. ISSN   0006-8055. S2CID   84900907.
  14. ↑ Prasannarai, K.; Sridhar, K. R. (2001). "Diversity and abundance of higher marine fungi on woody substrates along the west coast of India". Current Science. 81 (3): 304–311. ISSN   0011-3891. JSTOR   24106333.


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