Crotalus simus

Middle American rattlesnake
Yucatán Neotropical rattlesnake (Crotalus simus)
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Viperidae
Genus:	Crotalus
Species:	C. simus
Binomial name
Crotalus simus Latreille In Sonnini & Latreille, 1801
Synonyms
Crotalus simus Latreille In Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 Caudisona durissa– Cope, 1861 C[rotalus]. terrificus– Cope In Yarrow In Wheeler, 1875 Crotalus durissus durissus – Klauber, 1936 C[rotalus] terrificus copeanus – Amaral, 1937 Crotalus (Crotalus) durissus durissus– J. Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970 Crotalus durissus neoleonensis – Juliá-Zertuche & Treviño-Saldaña, 1978 (nomen nudum) [2] [3] Crotalus simus– Porras & Solarzano, 2006 Crotalus simus– Quijada-Mascareñas & Wüster, 2006

Common names: Middle American rattlesnake, ^[2] Central American rattlesnake, ^[4] tzabcan (local name for subspecies C. s. tzabcan)

Crotalus simus is a venomous pit viper species found in Mexico and Central America. The specific epithet is Latin for "flat-nosed", likely because its head is blunt compared with lanceheads ( Bothrops ).

Description

Adults commonly exceed 130 cm (51 in) in length, with males growing larger than females. Large males reach 140–160 cm (55–63 in) in some populations. The maximum length is 180 cm (71 in). ^[2]

The body has a rough appearance because the dorsal scale keels are accentuated into protuberances or tuberculations. This is most apparent on the scale rows on either side of the body with a decreasing intensity in the lower rows. The vertebral scales are about as prominently keeled as the fourth row down on the flanks (with the vertebral scales as the first row). ^[4]

Distribution and habitat

The species is found from Mexico in southwestern Michoacán on the Pacific coast, and Veracruz and the Yucatan Peninsula on the Atlantic coast, south through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua to west-central Costa Rica. It is absent from Panama, but apparently does occur on the Atlantic side of Colombia. ^[2] The type locality given is "Ceylan", which is incorrect. ^[3] A neotype from the vicinity of El Arenal, Zacapa Department, Guatemala, at 360 m above sea level was selected. ^[5]

Its habitats are semiarid, including dry or very dry tropical forests, thorn woodland, and arid scrub forest. It also occurs in mesic forests with relatively dry, open areas. ^[2]

Uses

To the Mayans, the Yucatan species ( C. tzabcan ) ^[6] is greatly revered. The word tzabcan means rattlesnake in Mayan. There are many representations of snakes in Maya art. Although many temples have rattlesnake shapes carved, what the rattlesnake actually symbolizes is unknown. ^[7] Shamans dry and roast rattlesnakes, grinding them into a powder used as medicine.^{[ citation needed ]}

Venom

Bites are similar to rattlesnake bites in the United States. Local symptoms may be severe, with pain, massive swelling, blistering, and necrosis that lead to fasciotomies and in some cases amputations. Systemic effects involving hemostatic disturbances are rare, as are kidney failure, and neurotoxicity. Only venom from neonates contains crotoxin; a constituent typically found in C. durissus venom that produces neurotoxic symptoms. ^[8]

Taxonomy

Previously, until 2004, the description for this form was listed as the nominate subspecies for the tropical rattlesnake, C. durissus . ^[3] Molecular genetic data suggest the taxa culminatus and tzabcan should be considered as separate species from C. simus ^[9]

References

1. Dwyer, Q.; Lamar, W.; Porras, L.W.; Solórzano, A.; Sunyer, J.; Chaves, G. (2014). "Crotalus simus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014: e.T197480A2488426. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T197480A2488426.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
2. Campbell, J.A.; Lamar W.W. (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. pp. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN   0-8014-4141-2..
3. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN   1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN   1-893777-01-4 (volume).
4. Klauber LM. 1997. Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition. 2 volumes. Reprint, University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN   0-520-21056-5.
5. Wallach, Van (2014). Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Kenneth Lee Williams, Jeff Boundy (2nd ed.). Florida: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 196. ISBN   978-1-4822-0848-1.
6. "Crotalus tzabcan". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 30 August 2025.
7. Saturno, W.A; Taube, K.A; Stuart, D (2005). Los murales de San Bartolo, El Petén, Guatemala, parte1: El mural del norte (PDF) (2nd ed.). Center for American Studies.
8. Warrell DA. 2004. Snakebites in Central and South America: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Clinical Management. In Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN   0-8014-4141-2.
9. Wüster, W., J.E. Ferguson, J.A. Quijada-Mascareñas, C.E. Pook, M.G. Salomão & R.S. Thorpe (2005) Tracing an invasion: landbridges, refugia and the phylogeography of the Neotropical rattlesnake (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus durissus). Molecular Ecology 14(4): 1095–1108.

Further reading

• Sonnini, C.S. & Latreille, P.A. 1801. Histoire naturelle des Reptiles, avec figures dessinées d'après nature; Tome III. Seconde Partie. Serpens. Crapelet. Paris. 335 pp. (Crotalus simus, p. 202.)