Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a second messenger important in many biological processes. cAMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway. It should not be confused with 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase.
Guanylate cyclase is a lyase enzyme. Guanylate cyclase is often part of the G protein signaling cascade that is activated by low intracellular calcium levels and inhibited by high intracellular calcium levels. In response to calcium levels, guanylate cyclase synthesizes cGMP from GTP. cGMP keeps cGMP-gated channels open, allowing for the entry of calcium into the cell. Like cAMP, cGMP is an important second messenger that internalizes the message carried by intercellular messengers such as peptide hormones and nitric oxide, and can also function as an autocrine signal. Depending on cell type, it can drive adaptive/developmental changes requiring protein synthesis. In smooth muscle, cGMP is the signal for relaxation, and is coupled to many homeostatic mechanisms including regulation of vasodilation, vocal tone, insulin secretion, and peristalsis. Once formed, cGMP can be degraded by phosphodiesterases, which themselves are under different forms of regulation, depending on the tissue.
Guanylate cyclase 2C, also known as guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C), intestinal guanylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase-C receptor, or the heat-stable enterotoxin receptor (hSTAR) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GUCY2C gene.
Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is the only known receptor for nitric oxide, NO. It is soluble, i.e. completely intracellular. Most notably, this enzyme is involved in vasodilation. In humans, it is encoded by the genes GUCY1A2, GUCY1A3, GUCY1B2 and GUCY1B3.
Retinal guanylyl cyclase 1 also known as guanylate cyclase 2D, retinal is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GUCY2D gene.
Adenylyl cyclase type 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADCY6 gene.
Adenylyl cyclase type 7 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADCY7 gene.
Adenylyl cyclase type 9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADCY9 gene.
Adenylyl cyclase type 8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADCY8 gene.
Guanylate cyclase-coupled receptors or Membrane-bound guanylyl cyclases are single-pass transmembrane proteins. Guanylate cyclase-coupled receptor on cell surface consists of two parts: the extracellular part, or the receptor domain, and the intracellular part, or the guanylate cyclase activity domain. When the receptor is activated by the ligation, it can cyclize the guanylate into cGMP. An example of Guanylate cyclase-coupled receptors is ANF receptors in kidney. Additionally, there exist intracellular guanylate cyclase-coupled receptor like soluble NO-activated guanylate cyclase.
In enzymology, diguanylate cyclase, also known as diguanylate kinase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:
Retinal guanylyl cyclase 2 also known as guanylate cyclase F (GUCY2F) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GUCY2F gene.
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