Dahabshiil

Last updated • 8 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Dahabshiil
Industry Money transfer
Founded2004 (2004)
Burao, Somaliland
FounderMohamed Said Duale
Headquarters
Burao
,
Somaliland
Key people
 Abdirashid Duale (CEO)
Number of employees
over 2,000
Website www.dahabshiil.com

Dahabshiil (Somali : Dahabshiil, Arabic : دهب شيل) is a Somali funds transfer company, and is the largest money-transfer business in Africa. [1] It's headquartered in Burao Somaliland. [2] Formed in 2004, the firm operates from over 24,000 outlets and employs more than 2,000 people across 126 countries. [3] It provides financial services to international organisations, as well as to both large and small businesses and private individuals. [4] [5] [6] The company is also involved in community building projects in Somalia. [4]

Contents

History

A Dahabshiil franchise outlet in Brisbane, Australia. Dahabaustmoor.jpg
A Dahabshiil franchise outlet in Brisbane, Australia.

Dahabshiil (meaning "Gold smelter" in Somali) [2] was founded in 1970 by Mohamed Said Duale, a Somali entrepreneur based in Burao, the capital city of Togdheer province in Somaliland. [7]

Initially a general trading enterprise, the firm began specialising in remittance broking during the 1970s, when many Somali males from Somalia migrated to the Gulf States for work. This resulted in a growing demand for services to transfer money from those migrant workers back to their families. [2] [8]

Because of foreign exchange controls imposed by the Somali government at the time, most of the funds were transferred via a trade-based system known as Franco Valuta (FV); the latter process involved the import of goods, proceeds from the sale of which were sent to migrants' families. [9] These transactions formed the bulk of Dahabshiil's business throughout the 1980s. [10]

With the Somali Civil War fast approaching, the Duale family were among the hundreds of thousands who retreated to the Somali-inhabited Somali Region in neighbouring Ethiopia. The business in Somalia collapsed, but Duale was able to draw on an extensive network of contacts in the Gulf to re-establish the venture, setting up a small office in Ethiopia to serve displaced Somali communities there and in Djibouti. [11]

In 1989, Dahabshiil opened its first office in London where a number of Somalis had arrived during the war. The branch in Whitechapel was managed by Mohammed Duale's son, Abdirashid Duale, who began to expand the business as the Somali population in the UK grew. [12]

Somali money transfer industry

A Dahabshiil franchise outlet in Puntland, Somalia. Dahabpun.jpg
A Dahabshiil franchise outlet in Puntland, Somalia.

Funds transfer services have become a large industry in Somalia. [5] Estimates of the aggregate value of remittances from the Somali diaspora back to the home country vary. However, a recent study by the United Nations Development Programme suggested a figure of around $1.6 billion, sent largely by emigrants in the US, Europe and the Gulf region. [13] [14] Industry experts estimate that Dahabshiil handles around two-thirds of all remittances to Somali-speaking regions. [15]

Most of the Somali money transfer operators (MTOs) are credentialed members of either the Somali Money Transfer Association (SOMTA), an umbrella organisation that regulates the community's money transfer sector, or its predecessor, the Somali Financial Services Association (SFSA). Besides Dahabshiil, Somali MTOs include Qaran Express, Mustaqbal, Amal Express, Kaah Express, Hodan Global, Olympic, Amana Express, Iftin Express and Tawakal Express. A unique feature of these Somali funds transfer companies is that they all charge lower commission fees than their Western counterparts; typically around 5% for sums of up to $1,000, a range encompassing the vast majority of Somali household remittances. For amounts greater than $1,000, Somali MTOs charge commissions of 3% to 4%, significantly lower than Western Union's 7.1% fee and MoneyGram's 7.2% fee for sending similar amounts to Ethiopia. Charges for the remittance of charity funding vary between 0% and 2%. [6]

Accounting for almost a quarter of household income in Somalia, funds remitted by the Somali diaspora have helped to sustain communities in some of the most remote locations in the Horn of Africa. [13] [16] With around 40% of households receiving such assistance from relatives working abroad, remittances have proved significant in promoting private sector activity in telecoms, transport and housing, as well as in basic infrastructure, health and education. [16] [17] It has also been argued that the inflow of such foreign-based capital has helped keep the Somali shilling afloat and offset depreciatory and inflationary pressures. [18]

Overview

Branches and transfer network

Dahabshiil is the largest of the Somali money transfer operators (MTOs), having captured most of the market vacated by Al-Barakaat. The firm has its headquarters in Dubai and employs more than 2,000 people across 144 countries, with 130 branches in Somalia, a further 130 branches in the United Kingdom, and 400 branches globally. [19] [20] [21] Its worldwide network comprises more than 24,000 agent and branch locations, and the company offers both SMS notification and 24-hour online transfers. [22] [23]

Products and services

A Dahabshiil franchise outlet in Columbus, Ohio, USA. Dahabshiil.jpg
A Dahabshiil franchise outlet in Columbus, Ohio, USA.

Remittance transfer remains Dahabshiil's core business, but the company has diversified to offer financial services to international organisations, businesses and private individuals. [24] Most of the major international development organisations operating in Somalia use Dahabshiil to transfer funds, including the UN, WHO, World Bank, Oxfam, Save the Children and Care International. [25]

In 2008, Dahabshiil acquired a majority stake in Somtel, a Somalia-based telecommunications firm specializing in high speed broadband, mobile internet, and mobile phone services. [26] [27] The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. [28] [29]

In early 2009, Dahabshiil opened an Islamic bank, Dahabshil Bank International, in Djibouti. [30] An international bank, DBI provides services to business and private clients demanding Shariah-compliant financing. [31] Operations centre on asset finance, partnership finance and lease finance.

That same year, Dahabshiil teamed up with leading Somali retailers, hotels, restaurants, and petrol stations to launch 'Dahabshiil eCash', Somalia first debit card service. [32] [33]

Community investment

Dahabshiil invests 5% of its annual profits in community projects aimed at improving schools, hospitals, agriculture and sanitation services. [25] It also sponsors a number of social events, including the Somali Week Festival and the Somali Youth Sports Association in the UK, which help to promote understanding and cooperation through Somali art and culture and sport, respectively. [34] After the tsunami of 2004, the company helped provide immediate relief to the people in the regions of Somalia that were most affected. [35] In 2009, the firm also donated $20,000 toward the establishment of a state-of-the-art mental health facility in Garowe, the administrative capital of the northeastern Puntland region of Somalia. [36]

Compliance

Dahabshiil's services are managed according to international regulations to combat terrorism, money laundering and other illegal activities. [37] The firm is a member of the International Association of Money Transfer Networks (IAMTN), the UK Money Transmitter Association and the USA Money Transmitter Association. [26] [38]

In 2010, Dahabshiil became the first international payments firm to achieve authorisation from the UK Financial Services Authority (FSA), under the Payment Services Regulations of that year which demand the highest standards of security, customer protection, transparency and speed of delivery. [39]

In May 2013, Barclays announced its decision to end the banks business relationship with Dahabshiil, citing a lack of "strong anti-laundering governance structures." The decision was delayed after British lawmakers lobbied Barclays. [40] In July 2013, Mo Farah, the Somali-born Olympic gold medalist, joined legislators and activists in a campaign urging Barclays Bank to repeal its decision to withdraw from the UK remittance market. [41] On 5 November 2013, the High Court in London granted an interim injunction preserving the banking arrangement between Dahabshiil and Barclays until the conclusion of a full trial. [42] Judge Launcelot Henderson described Barclays' decision to terminate Dahabshiil's account as "unfair", and requested a detailed examination into the reasons behind the bank's decision. [43] Barclays have since ended their relationship with Dahabshiil as part of their de-risking.

Partnership

In September 2020, Dahabshiil has collaborated with Maico Money Transfer, a Rwandan startup in Fintech. [44]

Controversies

Guantanamo Bay detainee

In February 2009, Peter Finn writing in The Washington Post , cited allegations that Guantanamo captive Mohammed Sulaymon Barre, while working for Dahabshiil, may have laundered money for terrorists. He suggested this was an example of the difficulties that faced the joint task force US President Barack Obama had put in place to conduct new reviews of the detainees' status. [45]

Unfair advantage through ties with the government

Ever since Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud was elected for president in 2010, certain Somali journalists and political groups have been accusing him of providing Dahabshiil with unfair advantage and complete control over Somali remittances, which play a significant role on the local economy. [17] These allegations are often based on the fact that Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud has appointed Ali H. Hassan, who is Dahabshiil's founder cousin, as the chief of cabinet, and Sa'ad Haji Ali Shireh, the former CEO of the firm as a minister [46]

Website shutdown

In 2011, a group of independent Somali journalists alleged that Dahabshiil had temporarily succeeded in convincing their web-host to shut down their site because they had published stories critical of the firm. [47] They published a copy of a letter faxed to their webhosting service, demanding the removal of over a dozen of their articles about Dahabshiil. [48] The reporters also suggested one of the stories Dahabshiil wanted removed concerned a song by popular Somali singer Saado Ali Warsame that was critical of Dahabshiil. [47]

Bell Pottinger

In 2011, an undercover investigation by The Independent suggested that public relations firm Bell Pottinger had been contracted by Dahabshiil to minimise any negative reporting of the company, including the Guantanamo Bay detainee affair. [49] The Bell Pottinger executives detailed their techniques, which purportedly included manipulating the ranking of Google search results to suppress unwanted coverage, and also boasted that they had a 'team' that could manage Wikipedia articles. The contract was said to have been a success. [50]

Barclays bank account closure

In 2013, Barclays Bank announced that it would no longer provide banking services to Dahabshiil, citing concerns over compliance with anti-money laundering regulations. [51] The move followed a similar decision by the British bank, HSBC, to sever ties with the company in 2012. This resulted in Dahabshiil's accounts being closed by both banks, leading to financial difficulties for the company and its customers.

Dahabshiil has since been fighting to regain access to banking services. [52]

Hussein et al v. Dahabshiil

On 9 December 2015, the son of killed Somali artist Saado Ali Warsame filed a lawsuit against Dahabshiil in US federal court. The plaintiff Harbi Hussein claims that the company bankrolled the assassination of his mother and other Al-Shabaab terror. The 24-page complaint filed in United States District Court for the Southern District of New York [53] traces Ali's musical career, her opposition to the former military junta and outspoken criticism of the company which entailed publishing a song where it referred to Dahabshiil as "Blood Smelter" as opposed to its original meaning, "Gold Smelter". [54]

Related Research Articles

Hawala or hewala, originating in India as havala, also known as havaleh in Persian, and xawala or xawilaad in Somali, is a popular and informal value transfer system based on the performance and honour of a huge network of money brokers. They operate outside of, or parallel to, traditional banking, financial channels and remittance systems. The system requires a minimum of two hawaladars that take care of the "transaction" without the movement of cash or telegraphic transfer. While hawaladars are spread throughout the world, they are primarily located in the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Hawala follows Islamic traditions but its use is not limited to Muslims.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Somalia</span>

Somalia is classified by the United Nations as a least developed country, with the majority of its population being dependent on agriculture and livestock for their livelihood. The economy of Somalia is $25.6 billion by gross domestic product as of 2024. For 1994, the CIA estimated it at purchasing power parity to be approximately $3.3 billion. In 2001, it was estimated to be $4.1 billion. By 2009, the CIA estimated that it had grown to $5.731 billion, with a projected real growth rate of 2.6%. In 2014, the International Monetary Fund estimated economic activity to have expanded by 3.7% primarily. This expansion was driven by growth in the primary sector and the secondary sector. According to a 2007 British Chambers of Commerce report, the private sector has experienced growth, particularly in the service sector. Unlike the pre-civil war period, when most services and the industrial sector were government-run, there has been substantial, albeit unmeasured, private investment in commercial activities. The investment has been largely financed by the Somali diaspora, and includes trade and marketing, money transfer services, transportation, communications, fishery equipment, airlines, telecommunications, education, health, construction and hotels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Communications in Somalia</span>

Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, and 2 October 2017, the president of Somalia Finally signed the National Communications Law, and became the official Law that regulated the ICT industry. Under that Law, National Communications Authority (NCA) of the federal Republic of Somalia has been established, with board of directors and a general manager. Somalia currently is ranked first in Africa for most affordable mobile data per gigabyte and 7th in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Financial services</span> Economic service provided by the finance industry

Financial services are economic services tied to finance provided by financial institutions. Financial services encompass a broad range of service sector activities, especially as concerns financial management and consumer finance.

An informal value transfer system (IVTS) is any system, mechanism, or network of people that receives money for the purpose of making the funds or an equivalent value payable to a third party in another geographic location, whether or not in the same form. Informal value transfers generally take place outside of the conventional banking system through non-bank financial institutions or other business entities whose primary business activity may not be the transmission of money. The IVTS transactions occasionally interconnect with formal banking systems, such as through the use of bank accounts held by the IVTS operator.

Al-Barakat, or Al-Barakaat, which means "Blessings" in Arabic, is a group of companies established in 1987 in Somalia. The firm is involved in the modern form of hawala, an informal value transfer system and remittance method. By 2001, Al-Barakat had outlets in 40 countries, and was the country's largest private employer. It handled about $140 million USD a year from the Somali diaspora, and also offered phone and internet services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Remittance</span> Money transfer by a foreign worker to their home country

A remittance is a non-commercial transfer of money by a foreign worker, a member of a diaspora community, or a citizen with familial ties abroad, for household income in their home country or homeland. Money sent home by migrants competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries. Workers' remittances are a significant part of international capital flows, especially with regard to labor-exporting countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Somaliland</span>

The economy of Somaliland largely relies on primary production and agriculture, where livestock is the main export of the country, which it ships to neighbouring Djibouti and Ethiopia, as well as to Gulf states, such as UAE, Saudi Arabia and Oman. Somaliland has a GDP per capita of $1361 and a gross domestic product GDP of $7,583,000,000 as of 2024, most of which it receives in remittances from Somalis working abroad. The COVID-19 pandemic has restricted Somaliland's trade flows with decreased demand in the agriculture sector, a significant source of tax revenue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Telecommunications in Somaliland</span>

Telecommunications in Somaliland, an internationally unrecognised republic claimed by Somalia, are mainly concentrated in the private sector. A number of local telecommunications firms operate in the region, including Golis Telecom Somalia, SomCable, Somtel and Telesom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Bank of Somalia</span> State-owned bank in Somalia

The Central Bank of Somalia (CBS) is the monetary authority of Somalia. Somalia has struggled to reestablish a functioning state since the collapse of an authoritarian regime in 1991. Somalia has been cited as a real-world example of an anarchist stateless society and a country with no formal legal system. The Transitional Federal Government, formed in 2004, was recognized as the central government of Somalia. Among other duties, it is in charge of ensuring financial stability, maintaining the internal and external value of the local currency, and promoting credit and exchange conditions that facilitate the balanced growth of the national economy. Within the scope of its powers, it also contributes to the financial and economic policies of the State.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdirashid Duale</span> Somali entrepreneur

Abdirashid Duale is a Somali entrepreneur. He is the CEO of Dahabshiil, an international funds transfer company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdusalam H. Omer</span> Somali economist and politician

Abdisalam Omer Hadliye, also known as Abdisalan Hadliye Omar, is a Somali economist and politician. He was previously a Chief of Staff at the Executive Office of the Mayor of the District of Columbia, a Director of the UNDP Somalia Financial Services and Governance Program, and a Chief Business Officer for the District of Columbia Public Schools. He also served as Governor of the Central Bank of Somalia in 2013. He served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Somalia from 27 February 2015 to 29 March 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Somtel</span>

Somtel is a telecommunications company headquartered in Hargeisa, Somaliland.

Hussein Abdi Halane is a Somali economist and politician. He twice served as the Minister of Finance of Somalia.

Salaam Somali Bank, often abbreviated to SSB, is a Somali commercial bank. It is headquartered in Mogadishu, Somalia. SSB is one of the largest privately owned banks in the country.

WorldRemit is a digital cross border remittance business that provides international money transfer and remittance services in more than 130 countries and over 70 currencies. It was founded in 2010 by Ismail Ahmed, Catherine Wines, and Richard Igoe.

International money transfers made by migrant workers and immigrants sending a portion of their earnings to their families in their country of origin are known as remittances. Remittances are an important aspect of the global economy, totaling an estimated $601 billion (USD) for the year 2015. The United States is currently the largest source of international remittances in the world, sending a total of $148 billion in 2017. Mexico received the largest portion of these remittances, accounting for more than $30 billion USD. making the U.S.-Mexico remittance corridor one of the largest in the world. With the exception of the 2008 global financial crisis, remittances sent from the U.S. have been consistently climbing for the past half century. This major increase in remittances can be partially attributed to the larger population of immigrants and migrant workers, as well as to increasing globalization in the financial and money markets. China and India are also major recipients of U.S. remittances, and are the top two recipients of remittances globally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saad Ali Shire</span> British-Somali politician, agronomist and economist

Dr. Saad Ali Shire Naleye is a British-Somaliland politician, agronomist and economist, who is currently serving as the Minister of Finance of Somaliland. Shire formerly served as the Foreign Minister of Somaliland. He is also served as the Minister of Planning and National Development of Somaliland. He is a founder member of many academic institutions and professional associations including The University of Hargeisa, the University of Burao, Somaliland Society of Agriculture, Somaliland Economics Association, Somaliland Statistics Association, and Somaliland Society of UK.

Hawala and crime describes notable examples of hawala used in money laundering.

References

  1. ↑ "Transfer window: An African money-transfer firm with big ambitions". The Economist . 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 Jaco Maritz (5 October 2010). "Running a thriving money transfer business from Somaliland". How we made it in Africa. Archived from the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011. Dahabshiil, a Somali word reportedly meaning gold smelter, was born as a result of Somalia's civil war, when those living outside the country had to send money to their relatives and friends back home.
  3. ↑ Katrina Manson (24 May 2011). "Money man serves the Somali diaspora". Forbes . Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  4. 1 2 "Decades of community service recognised with award". Tower Hamlets Recorder. 13 May 2010. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  5. 1 2 Paul Trustfull. "Freeing Finance: If money makes the world go round, Dahabshiil CEO Abdirashid Duale makes sure it goes to the right people". Forbes . Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  6. 1 2 "UK Somali Remittances Survey" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
  7. ↑ Matthew Saltmarsh "Somalis' Money Is Lifeline for Homeland", The New York Times (11 November 2009).
  8. ↑ "Overseas Development Institute" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  9. ↑ COMPAS Publications [ permanent dead link ]
  10. ↑ Pike, John. "Red Beret Reign of Terror". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  11. ↑ "Dahabshiil Provides Vital Remittances, Says BBC". hiiraan.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  12. ↑ Harowo [usurped]
  13. 1 2 United Nations Development Programme Archived 25 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ "United Nations Industrial Development Organization" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  15. ↑ "Mobile Money Africa". mobilemoneyafrica.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  16. 1 2 The Norwegian Council for Africa Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  17. 1 2 World Bank Social Development Papers. siteresources.worldbank.org. Archived 2012-10-21 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ "Business in Somalia: Commerce amid chaos. Canny traders adapt to anarchy", The Economist (10 February 2011).
  19. ↑ "Dahabshiil" . Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  20. ↑ "UK Somali Remittance Survey" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
  21. ↑ Yahoo! Finance [ permanent dead link ]
  22. ↑ "International Association of Money Transfer Networks". Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  23. ↑ Odindo Ayieko All Africa "Somalia: Amid the Chaos, Money Transfer is Booming Business", allafrica.com (20 September 2010).
  24. ↑ "Dahabshiil Provides Vital Remittances, says BBC". Dahabshiil (Dubai). 7 April 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  25. 1 2 "Entrepreneur Spotlight: Abdirashid Duale", The African Business Journal (July 2010).
  26. 1 2 International Association of Money Transfer Networks Archived 9 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ↑ Yahoo! Finance [ permanent dead link ]
  28. ↑ Turner, Caitlin. "Paving the Way for a Cashless Society: Somaliland and Mobile Banking". TechChange. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  29. ↑ Monty Munford "Guest Post: Could Tiny Somaliland Become the First Cashless Society?", TechCrunch.com (5 September 2010).
  30. ↑ Financial Technology Africa [ permanent dead link ]
  31. ↑ Somali Directory Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ↑ "eCash service launched in Somalia", mobilemoneyafrica.com (1 November 2009).
  33. ↑ "Somalis get first-ever debit card". BBC News. 28 October 2009.
  34. ↑ "Decades of community service recognised with award". Tower Hamlets Recorder. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  35. ↑ Trustfull, Paul. "Freeing Finance: If money makes the world go round, Dahabshiil CEO Abdirashid Duale makes sure it goes to the right people". Forbes. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  36. ↑ Puntland leader launches welfare agency Archived 24 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ↑ "Somaliland JNA". Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
  38. ↑ Harowo [usurped]
  39. ↑ "Financial Services Authority". Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
  40. ↑ Barclays Defends Somali Account Closing on Money-Laundering Risk
  41. ↑ Muir, Hugh (26 July 2013). "Mo Farah pleads with Barclays not to end remittances to Somaliland". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  42. ↑ Kiragu, Peter (6 November 2013). "Somaliland: Dahabshiil Receives Reprieve Against Barclays". The Star (Nairobi). Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  43. ↑ Somali Money Transfer Company Wins Injunction Against Barclays Bank
  44. ↑ Mugisha, Emmanuel (30 September 2020). "Maico partners with Dahabshiil to leverage global money transfers". The New Times. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  45. ↑ Peter Finn (17 February 2009). "Sorting through complex, and often flawed, cases: Investigators set out to decide detainees' fate". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  46. ↑ "Foreign Exchange Controversies". InternationalMoneyTransfers.org. 2015.
  47. 1 2 "On the other hand, the Dahabshiil Company shut down the sunatimes.com". Suna Times. 27 October 2010. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 2011-12-10.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  48. ↑ Bird & Bird (27 April 2011). "re: www.sunatimes.com" (PDF). Suna Times. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 2011-12-10.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  49. ↑ Newman, Melanie; Wright, Oliver (6 December 2011). "Caught on camera: top lobbyists boasting how they influence the PM". The Independent . London. Archived from the original on 8 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
  50. ↑ "Dahabshiil -- you couldn't find it within the first 10 pages". Suna Times. 7 December 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 2011-12-09.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  51. ↑ "Barclays account shutdown raises Somali fears". BBC News. 10 July 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  52. ↑ Colchester, Max. "Barclays Settles Dispute With Money Transfer Company Dahabshiil". WSJ. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  53. ↑ "Hussein et al v. Dahabshiil Transfer Services Ltd. et al". Justia: Dockets and Filings. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  54. ↑ Klasfeld, Adam. "Slain Somali Icon's Son Targets Terror Funds". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.