| Dares validispinus | |
|---|---|
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| Dares validispinus, pair | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Phasmatodea |
| Family: | Heteropterygidae |
| Subfamily: | Dataminae |
| Tribe: | Datamini |
| Genus: | Dares |
| Species: | D. validispinus |
| Binomial name | |
| Dares validispinus Stål, 1875 | |
Dares validispinus is a species of stick insects. Like most other members of the genus Dares , the species is native to Borneo, more precisely in the northwest of the island.
The species shows the typical habitus for the genus. The females are about 40 to 50 millimetres (1.6 to 2.0 in) long, have no spines and many tubercles on the body surface. The coloring is mostly dominated by rather dark brown tones. Light brown to yellowish spots are often found symmetrically on both halves of the body. The underside is colored light brown to beige. The antennae usually consist of 24, rarely up to 26 segments. Their basal segment (scapus) is flat and has a tooth on the outside. As is typical for the genus, the abdomen of the females of Dares validispinus is widest in the middle and also highest there in adult, egg-laying specimens. Males, at 35 to 41 millimetres (1.4 to 1.6 in) in length, remain smaller than the females, but on average they are slightly longer than the males of the closely related Dares verrucosus . They are colored with a relatively high contrast. On the dark brown shiny body there are various longitudinally arranged, light brown to yellow areas, which result in a light central stripe on the abdomen. On the thorax, more precisely on the meso- and metathorax, several of these yellow areas are arranged in such a way that they look like a brown-yellow, especially from the side Stripe patterns work, which rise slightly towards the spines and thus appear a bit wavy. The legs are also completely colored dark brown. The males have four more or less distinct spines on their heads. At the rear meso- and metanotum edge there is another pair of spines. To the side of the spines on meso- and metanotum there is a further spike each on the pleura. In contrast to Dares verrucosus and Dares ulula , the males of Dares validispinus lack a distinct pair of spines at the front edge of the mesothorax. On the upper side of the posterior half of the abdomen there are 3 to 4 paired, spine-like lobes. The antennae of the males each consist of 23 segments. [1] [2]
Dares validispinus is native to a wide strip in the northwest of the island of Borneo, where it has been detected from Sarawak via Brunei to Sabah. There is also evidence from the area Labuan. [1]
This Dares species is just as nocturnal as the others of this genus. During the day the animals hide. In addition, their color and body shape make them easy to confuse with parts of plants. This strategy of camouflage (here phytomimesis) is not given up even if the animals are discovered. When touched, they drop to the ground and remain there motionless in playing dead. Only when there is no further contact do they slowly move back towards a suitable hiding place.
Only two to three eggs are laid on the ground per week. These are approximately spherical and about 3.2 millimetres (0.13 in) in diameter and dark brown in color with irregular gray-brown spots. There are 0.3 millimetres (0.012 in) long, creamy white, curved hairs on the surface, which often causes the eggs to stick together. The large micropylar plate has three arms. One of the arms points in the direction of the lid (operculum) and almost reaches it, while the other two run circularly around the lower quarter of the egg. The almost round operculum has a diameter of 2.0 to 2.4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.094 in). After four to six months, the approximately 14 millimetres (0.55 in) long nymphs hatch. Older female nymphs are often contrasting reddish brown and brightly patterned. Often they show, as is typical for many members of the genus, a few bright, almost white spots at the base of the abdomen. It takes about a year for them to grow into imagos. Adult females can live to be around two years old. Males are more short-lived. [1] [2] [3] [4]
Carl Stål described the species in 1875 together with the genus Dares as their type species. The specific epithet "validispinus" chosen by him is borrowed from the Latin and means "strongly thorny". Klaus Günther introduced the species in 1935 as synonym to Dares ulula. The Austrian entomologist Burghard Hausleithner identified the specimens examined by him in 1991 at the Natural History Museum, Vienna as Dares validispinus and despite this synonymization synonymized Dares verrucosus with this one. Philip Edward Bragg found in 1998 in the specimens examined by Hausleithner that only the females belong to Dares validispinus, while the male nymph is a representative of Dares verrucosus which was thereby validated again. From the two males described by Stål and deposited as paralectotypes in the Natural History Museum Vienna, one animal was selected as the lectotype. [1] [5] [6]
Allan Harmann and Mary Salton brought the first living specimens of this species from the Niah National Park in Sarawak to Great Britain in 1979/80. This makes Dares validispinus the first species of the genus that was cultivated in the terrariums of European enthusiasts. Further imports were made, for example, in 1994 by Mel Herbert from Brunei and in 1996 by Frank H. Hennemann and Oskar V. Conle from Mount Serapi in Sarawak. A stock that Jonah Voo Zhong Xuan collected in Sabah in 2017 and has been breeding since then is referred to as Dares validispinus 'Kiansom' with details of the place where it was found.
Dares validispinus is easy to keep and breed. A higher humidity is preferred, which can be achieved by a layer of soil covered with moist moss. In breeding, the leaves of bramble and many other Rosaceae are eaten, as well as those of hazel, oak and Gaultheria shallon (salal). [2] [3] [4]
Dares validispinus is listed by the Phasmid Study Group under PSG number 38. [7]
Heteropteryx is a monotypic genus of stick insects containing Heteropteryx dilatata as the only described species. and gives its name to the family of the Heteropterygidae. Their only species may be known as jungle nymph, Malaysian stick insect, Malaysian wood nymph, Malayan jungle nymph, or Malayan wood nymph and because of their size it is commonly kept in zoological institutions and private terrariums of insect lovers. It originates in Malay Archipelago, more precisely on the Malay Peninsula and Borneo and is nocturnal.
Pulchriphyllium giganteum, commonly known as the Giant Malaysian Leaf insect, is a species of leaf insects described from Malaysia by Hausleithner in 1984 and placed in the genus Pulchriphyllium since 2021. Pulchriphyllium giganteum is the largest species belonging to the genus Pulchriphyllium reaching 105 mm in size. They are found most abundantly in the west Malaysian tropics. The females typically have large elytra that lie edge to edge on the abdomen and tend to lack hind wings making them usually flightless. Males have small elytra and sometimes transparent non-leaflike functional hind wings. Pulchriphyllium giganteum found in the wild tend to be mostly females and the first male of this species was not found until 1994. In captivity, the species has primarily been observed to reproduce through parthenogenesis meaning the females are asexual. The primary reproductive pattern in the wild is unknown. Eggs tend to be brown or black and glossy and resemble the look of seeds. They hatch around 6 months after breeding. Newly hatched young nymphs tend to be wingless and brown or reddish in color. They develop their green color after feeding on leaves. Both the adult and larval stages are phytophagous meaning they feed on plants. The main plant food sources for this species are oak and bramble tree leaves.
The Heteropterygidae is a family of stick insects belonging to the suborder Euphasmatodea. Species can be found in Australasia, East and Southeast Asia. More than 130 valid species are descriebed.
Datamini is the only tribe within the subfamily of the Dataminae from the order of the Phasmatodea. The representatives of this subfamily are on average not as large as those of the other two subfamilies belonging to the family of Heteropterygidae.
Heteropterygini is the only tribe within the subfamily of the Heteropteryginae from the order of the Phasmatodea in the family Heteropterygidae. With 19 representatives described, this subfamily represents both the species-poorest and that of the three subfamilies, to which the largest and most striking species are counted.
Epidares nolimetangere, the touch-me-not stick insect, is an insect species from the order of the Phasmatodea and the only representative of the genus Epidares. The species name nolimetangere comes from Latin and means "don't touch me". It refers to the prickly appearance of the animals.
The genus Dares, which is mainly native to Borneo, combines relatively small and mostly dark-colored Phasmatodea species.
Mearnsiana is a monotypic genus of stick insects, containing Mearnsiana bullosa as the so far only described representative.
Aretaon is a genus of stick insects native to Borneo and the Philippine island Palawan.
Dares murudensis is a relatively small species of stick insect. Like most other members of the genus Dares, the species is native to Borneo.
Dares philippinensis is a species of stick insects. This species is not native to Borneo like most other members of the genus Dares, but to the Philippine island Palawan.
Dares verrucosus is a species of stick insects. Like most other members of the genus Dares, the species is native to Borneo, more precisely in the north of the island.
Dares ulula is a species of stick insects. Like most other members of the genus Dares, the species is native to Borneo, more precisely in the northwest of the island. The males are extremely prickly even for the representatives of the genus Orestes. Females are colored with a relatively high contrast.
Aretaon muscosus is a stick insect species from the family Heteropterygidae, which is native to Borneo.
Trachyaretaon carmelae is a species of stick insects. Even if there was no formal synonymisation, Trachyaretaon brueckneri is generally used as its synonym.
Tisamenus serratorius is a stick insect species that occurs on the Philippine island Luzon.
Hoploclonia cuspidata is a stick insect species native to the north of Borneo and is also called Brunei Hoploclonia stick insect.
Hoploclonia gecko is a relatively small, spiny and darkly colored stick insect species that is native to the northwest of Borneo.
Hoploclonia abercrombiei is a stick insect species known from the northwest of Borneo, more precisely from only one place in the Malay state Sarawak.
Haaniella erringtoniae is a stick insect species. It is a typical representative of the subfamily Heteropteryginae. The occasionally used common name Errington's Haaniella refers to the species name.
Data related to Dares validispinus at Wikispecies
Media related to Dares validispinus at Wikimedia Commons