David Snoke

Last updated
David W. Snoke
Scientific career
Fields Physics
Institutions University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania
American Physical Society

David W. Snoke is a Distinguished Professor of Physics at the University of Pittsburgh and co-director of the Pittsburgh Quantum Institute. In 2006 he was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society "for his pioneering work on the experimental and theoretical understanding of dynamical optical processes in semiconductor systems." [1] In 2004 he co-wrote a controversial paper with prominent intelligent design proponent Michael Behe. In 2007, his research group was the first to report Bose-Einstein condensation of polaritons in a trap. [2] Snoke and theoretical physicist Jonathan Keeling recently published an article announcing a new era for polariton condensates saying that polaritons are arguably the "...best hope for harnessing the strange effects of quantum condensation and superfluidity in everyday applications." [3]

Contents

Academic career

Snoke received his bachelor's degree in physics from Cornell University and his PhD in physics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He has worked for The Aerospace Corporation and was a visiting scientist and Fellow at the Max Planck Institute. [4]

His experimental and theoretical research has focused on fundamental quantum mechanical processes in semiconductor optics, i.e. phase transitions of electrons and holes. Two main thrusts have been Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] and polaritons. [10] [2] He has also had minor efforts in numerical biology, and has published on the topic of the interaction of science and theology.

Bose-Einstein Condensation of Polaritons

Figure 1: Energy distribution of polaritons in equilibrium, at various densities. The solid lines are fits to the equilibrium Bose-Einstein distribution. The two sets of data at the highest densities are not fit to the Bose-Einstein distribution because they have a condensate which is strongly altered in its momentum distribution by interactions of the particles. From Ref. Sciadv.adk6960-f2.jpg
Figure 1: Energy distribution of polaritons in equilibrium, at various densities. The solid lines are fits to the equilibrium Bose-Einstein distribution. The two sets of data at the highest densities are not fit to the Bose-Einstein distribution because they have a condensate which is strongly altered in its momentum distribution by interactions of the particles. From Ref.

In 2007, Snoke's research group at the University of Pittsburgh used stress to trap polaritons in confined regions, [2] similar to the way atoms are confined in traps for Bose–Einstein condensation experiments. The observation of polariton condensation in a trap was significant because the polaritons were displaced from the laser excitation spot, so that the effect could not be attributed to a simple nonlinear effect of the laser light. Later milestones from Snoke and collaborators include showing a clear difference between polariton condensation and standard lasing, [12] showing quantized circulation of a polariton condensate in a ring, [13] and the first clear demonstration of Bose-Einstein condensation of polaritons in equilibrium [11] (see Figure 1), in collaboration with the Keith Nelson group at MIT. Prior to this result, polariton condensates were always observed out of equilibrium. [14] [15] For a general discussion of Bose-Einstein condensation of polaritons, see this page.

Nonequilibrium dynamics

The basic questions of how systems out of equilibrium approach equilibrium (“equilibration”, or “thermalization”) have involved longstanding deep questions of physics, sometimes called the thermodynamic “arrow of time,” with debates going back to Boltzmann. In 1989 Snoke was one of the first to perform simulations of the equilibration of a Bose-Einstein condensate, using numerical solution of the quantum Boltzmann equation . [16] In 1994 Snoke showed agreement of time-resolved experimental measurements of a particle distribution to solution of the quantum Boltzmann equation . [17] In 2012 he and theorist Steve Girvin published a seminal paper [18] on the justification of the Second Law of Thermodynamics based on analysis of the quantum Boltzmann equation, which has impacted the philosophy of the Second Law. [19] Other work by Snoke has included nonequilibrium dynamics of electron plasma [20] and the Mott transition from exciton gas to electron-hole plasma. [21]

Foundations of Quantum Mechanics

Snoke recently published a book entitled "Interpreting Quantum Mechanics: Modern Foundations" [22] which discusses basic philosophy of quantum mechanics, included an extended critique of the many-worlds interpretation. The later chapters of this book include discussion of his original work on objective-collapse theory (also called spontaneous collapse), which proposes a modification of quantum field theory that gives wave function collapse due to local environmental fluctuations. [23] [24] [25]

Numerical biology

In 2004, Snoke co-authored an article with Michael Behe, a senior fellow of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, in the scientific journal Protein Science, [26] which received widespread criticism. Snoke's contribution to the paper was an appendix which verified the numerical results with analytical calculations that showed the relevant power law, namely that for a novel feature requiring multiple neutral mutations, the time to fixation has a sublinear dependence on population size.

Behe has stated that the results of the paper support his notion of irreducible complexity, based on the calculation of the probability of mutations required for evolution to succeed. However, the published version did not address the concept directly; according to Behe, all references to irreducible complexity were eliminated prior to the paper's publication at the behest of the reviewers. [27] Michael Lynch authored a response, [28] to which Behe and Snoke responded. [29] Protein Science discussed the papers in an editorial. [30] Protein Science received letters that "contained many points of disagreement with the Behe and Snoke article", including the points that: [30]

The paper's assumptions have been severely criticised and the conclusions it draws from its mathematical model have been both criticised and contradicted:

On May 7, 2005, Behe described the paper in presenting arguments for irreducible complexity in his testimony at the Kansas evolution hearings. [34] At the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial later that year it was the one article referenced by both Behe and Scott Minnich as supporting intelligent design. In his ruling, Judge Jones noted that "A review of the article indicates that it does not mention either irreducible complexity or ID. In fact, Professor Behe admitted that the study which forms the basis for the article did not rule out many known evolutionary mechanisms and that the research actually might support evolutionary pathways if a biologically realistic population size were used." [35]

Despite the controversy, this article has continued to inspire further work on the problem of the time scale for novel function, with over 100 citations. [36] [37] [38]

In 2014 Snoke, along with coauthors Jeffrey Cox and Donald Petcher, published a numerical study of the evolution of novel structures, in the journal Complexity. [39] The model claimed to address the fundamental problem of the tradeoff of the cost of allowing novel structures which are not yet functional, versus the benefit of the eventual new function.

Science and theology

His book, A Biblical Case for an Old Earth (Baker Books, 2006) was described in a review by Law Professor David W. Opderbeck, in the American Scientific Affiliation's Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith as "succeed[ing] admirably" in "establish[ing] that the 'day-age' view is a valid alternative for Christians who hold to biblical inerrancy", but as "less persuasive" at "argu[ing] for a concordist understanding of the Genesis texts and modern science." [40] Snoke was elected a Fellow of the American Scientific Affiliation in 2006. [4] In 2014 he published a review article for the Discovery Institute, [41] arguing that the prevailing paradigm of modern systems biology favors an intelligent design perspective, namely that systems biologists commonly assume a “good design” paradigm. In 2022 he published a paper in Biocosmos [42] that argues that the second law of thermodynamics implies that the original of life corresponds to an extremely unlikely, low-entropy state. Chapter 7 of his book, Interpreting Quantum Mechanics: Modern Foundations", gives an extended discussion of how quantum mechanics does and does not impact certain theological questions, including a critique of the use of the Copenhagen interpretation to justify mind-over-matter spiritualism, and a critique of attempts to argue that quantum fluctuations can generate something from nothing. [43]

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. ↑ Archive (1995-present), American Physical Society
  2. 1 2 3 R. Balili; V. Hartwell; D.W. Snoke; L. Pfeiffer; K. West (2007). "Bose-Einstein Condensation of Microcavity Polaritons in a Trap". Science . 316 (5827): 1007–10. Bibcode:2007Sci...316.1007B. doi:10.1126/science.1140990. PMID   17510360. S2CID   2682022.
  3. ↑ David Snoke; Jonathan Keeling (2017). "The new era of polariton condensates". Physics Today. 70 (10): 54. Bibcode:2017PhT....70j..54S. doi:10.1063/PT.3.3729. S2CID   125773659.
  4. 1 2 "ASA newsletters, November/December 2006" (PDF).{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ↑ D.W. Snoke; W.W. Ruehle; Y.-C. Lu; E. Bauser (1992). "Nonthermal Distribution of Electrons on Picosecond Timescale in GaAs". Physical Review Letters . 68 (7): 990–993. Bibcode:1992PhRvL..68..990S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.990. PMID   10046050.
  6. ↑ D.W. Snoke (1992). "Density dependence of electron scattering at low density". Physical Review B . 50 (16): 11583–11591. Bibcode:1994PhRvB..5011583S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.50.11583. PMID   9975291.
  7. ↑ D.W. Snoke; D. Braun; M. Cardona (1991). "Carrier thermalization in Cu2O: Phonon emission by excitons". Physical Review B . 44 (7): 2991–3000. Bibcode:1991PhRvB..44.2991S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.44.2991. PMID   9999890.
  8. ↑ D.W. Snoke; J.D. Crawford (1995). "Hysteresis in the Mott transition between plasma and insulating gas". Physical Review E . 52 (6): 5796–5799. arXiv: cond-mat/9507116 . Bibcode:1995PhRvE..52.5796S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.52.5796. PMID   9964092. S2CID   5995968.
  9. ↑ D.W. Snoke (2008). "Hysteresis in the Mott transition between plasma and insulating gas". Solid State Communications. 146 (1): 73. arXiv: 0709.1415 . Bibcode:2008SSCom.146...73S. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2008.01.012. S2CID   17313346.
  10. ↑ Z. Voros; D. Snoke; L. Pfeiffer; K. West (2006). "Trapping Excitons in a Two-Dimensional In-Plane Harmonic Potential: Experimental Evidence for Equilibration of Indirect Excitons". Physical Review Letters . 97 (1): 016803. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..97a6803V. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.016803. PMID   16907396.
  11. 1 2 Alnatah, Hassan; et al. (2024-05-03). "Coherence measurements of polaritons in thermal equilibrium reveal a power law for two-dimensional condensates". Physical Review Letters. 10 (18). doi:10.1126/sciadv.adk6960.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  12. ↑ B. Nelsen; R. Balili; D.W. Snoke; L. Pfeiffer; K. West (2009). "Lasing and polariton condensation: Two distinct transitions in GaAs microcavities with stress traps". Journal of Applied Physics. 105 (12): 122414–122414–5. Bibcode:2009JAP...105l2414N. doi: 10.1063/1.3140822 .
  13. ↑ G.Q. Liu; D.W. Snoke; A. Daley; L. Pfeiffer; K. West (2015). "A new type of half-quantum circulation in a macroscopic polariton spinor ring condensate". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112 (9): 2676–81. arXiv: 1402.4339 . Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.2676L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1424549112 . PMC   4352789 . PMID   25730875.
  14. ↑ See e.g.; T. Byrnes; Na Young Kim; Y. Yamamoto (2014). "Exciton=-polariton condensates". Nature Physics. 10 (11): 803. arXiv: 1411.6822 . Bibcode:2014NatPh..10..803B. doi:10.1038/nphys3143. S2CID   118545281.
  15. ↑ See also; D. Sanvitto; S. Kéna-Cohen (2016). "The road towards polaritonic devices". Nature Materials. 15 (10): 1061–73. Bibcode:2016NatMa..15.1061S. doi:10.1038/nmat4668. PMID   27429208.
  16. ↑ D.W. Snoke; J.P. Wolfe (1989). "Population-Dynamics of a Bose-Gas Near Saturation". Physical Review B. 39 (7): 4030–4037. Bibcode:1989PhRvB..39.4030S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.39.4030. PMID   9948737.
  17. ↑ D.W. Snoke; D. Braun; M. Cardona (1991). "Carrier thermalization in Cu_2O: Phonon emission by excitons". Physical Review B. 44 (7): 2991–3000. Bibcode:1991PhRvB..44.2991S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.44.2991. PMID   9999890.
  18. ↑ D.W. Snoke; G.Q. Liu; S.M. Girvin (2012). "The basis of the Second Law of thermodynamics in quantum field theory". Annals of Physics. 327 (7): 1825. arXiv: 1112.3009 . Bibcode:2012AnPhy.327.1825S. doi:10.1016/j.aop.2011.12.016. S2CID   118666925.
  19. ↑ Brown, Harvey R. (2017). "Section 8: Once and for all: the curious role of probability in the Past Hypothesis".
  20. ↑ D.W. Snoke (1992). "Density dependence of electron scattering at low density". Physical Review B. 50 (16): 11583–11591. Bibcode:1994PhRvB..5011583S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.50.11583. PMID   9975291.
  21. ↑ D.W. Snoke (2008). "Predicting the ionization threshold for carriers in excited semiconductors". Solid State Communications. 146 (1–2): 73–77. arXiv: 0709.1415 . Bibcode:2008SSCom.146...73S. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2008.01.012. S2CID   17313346.
  22. ↑ Snoke, David W. (2024). Interpreting Quantum Mechanics: Modern Foundations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-009-26155-5.
  23. ↑ Snoke, D. W.; Maienshein, D. N. (November 2023). "Experimental Predictions for Norm-Conserving Spontaneous Collapse". Entropy. 25 (11): 1489. doi:10.3390/e25111489. ISSN   1099-4300.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  24. ↑ Snoke, D. W. (2021-10-16). "A Model of Spontaneous Collapse with Energy Conservation". Foundations of Physics. 51 (5): 100. doi:10.1007/s10701-021-00507-z. ISSN   1572-9516.
  25. ↑ Snoke, D. W. (2023-03-08). "Mathematical Formalism for Nonlocal Spontaneous Collapse in Quantum Field Theory". Foundations of Physics. 53 (2): 34. doi:10.1007/s10701-023-00674-1. ISSN   1572-9516.
  26. ↑ Michael Behe and David W. Snoke (2004). "Simulating evolution by gene duplication of protein features that require multiple amino acid residues". Protein Science. 13 (10): 2651–2664. doi:10.1110/ps.04802904. PMC   2286568 . PMID   15340163.
  27. ↑ Michael J. Behe, Day 10, morning testimony, in Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, trial transcript page 46 Archived 2008-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ↑ Michael Lynch (2005). "Simple evolutionary pathways to complex proteins". Protein Science. 14 (9): 2217–2225. doi:10.1110/ps.041171805. PMC   2253472 . PMID   16131652.
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  30. 1 2 Mark Hermodson (2005). "Editorial and position papers". Protein Science. 14 (9): 2215–2216. doi:10.1110/ps.051654305. PMC   2253483 .
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  33. ↑ Afriat, Livnat; Cintia Roodveldt; Giuseppe Manco; Dan S. Tawfik (November 21, 2006). "The Latent Promiscuity of Newly Identified Microbial Lactonases Is Linked to a Recently Diverged Phosphotriesterase" (PDF). Biochemistry . 45 (46): 13677–86. doi:10.1021/bi061268r. PMID   17105187.
  34. ↑ "Kansas Evolution Hearings: Michael Behe and John Calvert" . Retrieved 2008-03-10.
  35. ↑ Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ,400F. Supp. 2d707, 745(M.D.PaDecember 20, 2005)., docket # 04cv2688, Ruling, page 88
  36. ↑ Spirov, Alexander V.; Myasnikova, Ekaterina M. (March 2023). "Problem of Domain/Building Block Preservation in the Evolution of Biological Macromolecules and Evolutionary Computation". IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics. 20 (2): 1345–1362. doi:10.1109/TCBB.2022.3175908. ISSN   1557-9964.
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  38. ↑ Bershtein, Shimon; Tawfik, Dan S. (November 2008). "Ohno's Model Revisited: Measuring the Frequency of Potentially Adaptive Mutations under Various Mutational Drifts". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (11): 2311–2318. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn174. ISSN   1537-1719.
  39. ↑ David W. Snoke; Jeffrey Cox; Donald Pletcher (2014). "Suboptimality and Complexity in Evolution". Complexity. 21 (1): 322–327. Bibcode:2015Cmplx..21a.322S. doi:10.1002/cplx.21566.
  40. ↑ Opderbeck, David W. (2007). "Review of 'A Biblical Case for an Old Earth'". Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith . American Scientific Affiliation.
  41. ↑ D.W. Snoke (2014). "Systems Biology as a Research Program for Intelligent Design". BIO-Complexity. 2014 (3). doi:10.5048/BIO-C.2014.3. S2CID   54870446.
  42. ↑ Snoke, David W. (2022-01-01). "Spontaneous Appearance of Life and the Second Law of Thermodynamics". BioCosmos: New perspectives on the origin and evolution of life. 2 (1): 1–11. doi:10.2478/biocosmos-2022-0006.
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  44. ↑ Greytak, Thomas (October 1995). "Review of Bose–Einstein Condensation, edited by Allan Griffin, David W. Snoke, and Sandro Stringari". Physics Today. 48 (10): 63. doi:10.1063/1.2808208.
  45. ↑ Burnett, Keith (May 2001). "Review of Bose-Einstein Condensation of Excitons and Biexcitons: and Coherent Nonlinear Optics with Excitons by Sviatoslav A. Moskalenko and David W. Snoke". 54 (5): 60. doi: 10.1063/1.1381109 .{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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