Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride

Last updated
Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride [1]
DASTstructure.png
DAST.png
DAST-3D-balls.png
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
N,N-Diethyl-S,S,S-trifluoro-λ4-sulfanamine
Other names
diethyl(trifluorosulfido)amine
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
AbbreviationsDAST
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.048.866 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 253-771-2
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/3C4H12NS.3FH/c3*1-3-6(5)4-2;;;/h3*3-5H2,1-2H3;3*1H/q3*+1;;;/p-3 Yes check.svgY
    Key: OJRFYRBETDFODT-UHFFFAOYSA-K Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/3C4H12NS.3FH/c3*1-3-6(5)4-2;;;/h3*3-5H2,1-2H3;3*1H/q3*+1;;;/p-3
    Key: OJRFYRBETDFODT-DFZHHIFOAR
  • FS(F)(F)N(CC)CC
  • [F-].[F-].[F-].N[S+](CC)CC.CC[S+](N)CC.CC[S+](N)CC
Properties
C4H10F3NS
Molar mass 161.19 g·mol−1
Appearancecolourless oil
Density 1.220 g/cm3
Boiling point 30 to 32 °C (86 to 90 °F; 303 to 305 K) at 3 mmHg
Reacts with water
Solubility reacts with ethanol
soluble[ vague ] in acetonitrile
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
corrosive, flammable, can be explosive
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg GHS-pictogram-acid.svg GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg
Danger
H226, H302, H312, H314, H332
P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P321, P322, P330, P363, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) is the organosulfur compound with the formula Et2NSF3. This liquid is a fluorinating reagent used for the synthesis of organofluorine compounds. [1] The compound is colourless; older samples assume an orange colour.

Contents

Use in organic synthesis

DAST converts alcohols to the corresponding alkyl fluorides as well as aldehydes and unhindered ketones to geminal difluorides. Carboxylic acids react no further than the acyl fluoride. Sulfur tetrafluoride, SF4, effects the same transformation but will also convert the acyl fluoride to the trifluoromethyl derivative. For laboratory-scale operations, DAST is used in preference to SF4, which is far less expensive but less easily handled. A slightly thermally more stable compound is morpho-DAST. [2] Acid-labile substrates are less likely to undergo rearrangement and elimination since DAST is less prone to contamination with acids. Reaction temperatures are milder as well – alcohols typically react at −78 °C and ketones around 0 °C.

Synthesis

DAST is prepared by the reaction of diethylaminotrimethylsilane and sulfur tetrafluoride: [3]

Et2NSiMe3 + SF4 → Et2NSF3 + Me3SiF

The original paper calls for trichlorofluoromethane (Freon-11) as a solvent. [4] Diethyl ether is a green alternative that can be used with no decrease in yield. [5] Because of the dangers involved in the preparation of DAST (glass etching, possibility of exothermic events), it is often purchased from a commercial source. At one time Carbolabs [6] was one of the few suppliers of the chemical but a number of companies now sell DAST. Carbolabs was acquired by Sigma-Aldrich in 1998.

Safety and alternative reagents

Upon heating, DAST converts to the highly explosive (NEt2)2SF2 with expulsion of sulfur tetrafluoride. To minimize accidents, samples are maintained below 50 °C. [7] Bis-(2-methoxyethyl)aminosulfur trifluoride (trade name: Deoxo-Fluor) and difluoro(morpholino)sulfonium tetrafluoroborate (trade name: XtalFluor-M) are reagents related to DAST with less explosive potential. [8] [9] [10] XtalFluor-E has been jointly developed by OmegaChem Inc. and Manchester Organics Ltd. in 2009–2010. [9] [10]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beckmann rearrangement</span> Chemical rearrangement

The Beckmann rearrangement, named after the German chemist Ernst Otto Beckmann (1853–1923), is a rearrangement of an oxime functional group to substituted amides. The rearrangement has also been successfully performed on haloimines and nitrones. Cyclic oximes and haloimines yield lactams.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acyl halide</span> Oxoacid compound with an –OH group replaced by a halogen

In organic chemistry, an acyl halide is a chemical compound derived from an oxoacid by replacing a hydroxyl group with a halide group.

Boron trifluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula BF3. This pungent, colourless, and toxic gas forms white fumes in moist air. It is a useful Lewis acid and a versatile building block for other boron compounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oxygen fluoride</span> Any binary compound of oxygen and fluorine

Oxygen fluorides are compounds of elements oxygen and fluorine with the general formula OnF2, where n = 1 to 6. Many different oxygen fluorides are known:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Xenon difluoride</span> Chemical compound

Xenon difluoride is a powerful fluorinating agent with the chemical formula XeF
2
, and one of the most stable xenon compounds. Like most covalent inorganic fluorides it is moisture-sensitive. It decomposes on contact with water vapor, but is otherwise stable in storage. Xenon difluoride is a dense, colourless crystalline solid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sulfur tetrafluoride</span> Chemical compound

Sulfur tetrafluoride is a chemical compound with the formula SF4. It is a colorless corrosive gas that releases dangerous hydrogen fluoride gas upon exposure to water or moisture. Sulfur tetrafluoride is a useful reagent for the preparation of organofluorine compounds, some of which are important in the pharmaceutical and specialty chemical industries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selenium tetrafluoride</span> Chemical compound

Selenium tetrafluoride (SeF4) is an inorganic compound. It is a colourless liquid that reacts readily with water. It can be used as a fluorinating reagent in organic syntheses (fluorination of alcohols, carboxylic acids or carbonyl compounds) and has advantages over sulfur tetrafluoride in that milder conditions can be employed and it is a liquid rather than a gas.

Organofluorine chemistry describes the chemistry of organofluorine compounds, organic compounds that contain a carbon–fluorine bond. Organofluorine compounds find diverse applications ranging from oil and water repellents to pharmaceuticals, refrigerants, and reagents in catalysis. In addition to these applications, some organofluorine compounds are pollutants because of their contributions to ozone depletion, global warming, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. The area of organofluorine chemistry often requires special techniques associated with the handling of fluorinating agents.

Selectfluor, a trademark of Air Products and Chemicals, is a reagent in chemistry that is used as a fluorine donor. This compound is a derivative of the nucleophillic base DABCO. It is a colourless salt that tolerates air and even water. It has been commercialized for use for electrophilic fluorination.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetrafluoroammonium</span> Chemical compound

The tetrafluoroammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic ion with chemical formula NF+
4
. It is equivalent to the ammonium ion where the hydrogen atoms surrounding the central nitrogen atom have been replaced by fluorine. Tetrafluoroammonium ion is isoelectronic with tetrafluoromethane CF
4
, trifluoramine oxide ONF
3
, tetrafluoroborate BF
4
anion and the tetrafluoroberyllate BeF2−
4
anion.

Fluorination by sulfur tetrafluoride produces organofluorine compounds from oxygen-containing organic functional groups using sulfur tetrafluoride. The reaction has broad scope, and SF4 is an inexpensive reagent. It is however hazardous gas whose handling requires specialized apparatus. Thus, for many laboratory scale fluorinations diethylaminosulfur trifluoride ("DAST") is used instead.

Fluorination with aminosulfuranes is a chemical reaction that transforms oxidized organic compounds into organofluorine compounds. Aminosulfuranes selectively exchange hydroxyl groups for fluorine, but are also capable of converting carbonyl groups, halides, silyl ethers, and other functionality into organofluorides.

Trifluorides are compounds in which one atom or ion has three fluorine atoms or ions associated. Many metals form trifluorides, such as iron, the rare-earth elements, and the metals in the groups 3, 13 and 15 of the periodic table. Most metal trifluorides are poorly soluble in water except ferric fluoride and indium(III) fluoride, but several are soluble in other solvents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Olah reagent</span>

The Olah reagent is a nucleophilic fluorinating agent. It consists of a mixture of 70% hydrogen fluoride and 30% pyridine; alcohols react with this reagent to give alkyl fluorides:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vanadium pentafluoride</span> Chemical compound

Vanadium(V) fluoride is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula VF5. It is a colorless volatile liquid that freezes near room temperature. It is a highly reactive compound, as indicated by its ability to fluorinate organic substances.

Organoxenon chemistry is the study of the properties of organoxenon compounds, which contain carbon to xenon chemical bonds. The first organoxenon compounds were divalent, such as (C6F5)2Xe. The first tetravalent organoxenon compound, [C6F5XeF2][BF4], was synthesized in 2004. So far, more than one hundred organoxenon compounds have been researched.

Fluorine forms a great variety of chemical compounds, within which it always adopts an oxidation state of −1. With other atoms, fluorine forms either polar covalent bonds or ionic bonds. Most frequently, covalent bonds involving fluorine atoms are single bonds, although at least two examples of a higher order bond exist. Fluoride may act as a bridging ligand between two metals in some complex molecules. Molecules containing fluorine may also exhibit hydrogen bonding. Fluorine's chemistry includes inorganic compounds formed with hydrogen, metals, nonmetals, and even noble gases; as well as a diverse set of organic compounds. For many elements the highest known oxidation state can be achieved in a fluoride. For some elements this is achieved exclusively in a fluoride, for others exclusively in an oxide; and for still others the highest oxidation states of oxides and fluorides are always equal.

Difluoroamino sulfur pentafluoride is a gaseous chemical compound of fluorine, sulfur, and nitrogen. It is unusual in having a hexa-coordinated sulfur atom with a link to nitrogen. Other names for this substance include difluoro(pentafluorosulfur)amine, pentafluorosulfanyldifluoramine, and pentafluorosulfanyl N,N-difluoramine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Difluorodisulfanedifluoride</span> Chemical compound

1,1,1,2-tetrafluorodisulfane, also known as 1,2-difluorodisulfane 1,1-difluoride or just difluorodisulfanedifluoride (FSSF3) is an unstable molecular compound of fluorine and sulfur. The molecule has a pair of sulfur atoms, with one fluorine atom on one sulfur, and three fluorine atoms on the other. It has the uncommon property that all the bond lengths are different. The bond strength is not correlated with bond length but is inversely correlated with the force constant (Badger's rule). The molecule can be considered as sulfur tetrafluoride in which a sulfur atom is inserted into a S-F bond.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terbium(IV) fluoride</span> Chemical compound

Terbium(IV) fluoride is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula TbF4. It is a white solid that is a strong oxidizer. It is also a strong fluorinating agent, emitting relatively pure atomic fluorine when heated, rather than the mixture of fluoride vapors emitted from cobalt(III) fluoride or cerium(IV) fluoride.

References

  1. 1 2 Fauq, Abdul H.; Singh, Rajendra P.; Meshri, Dayal T. (2006). "Diethylaminosulfurtrifluoride". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rd175.pub2. ISBN   0-471-93623-5.
  2. Markovskii, LN; Pashinnik, VE; KIRSANOVA, NA (1975). "Sulfur Bis(dialkylamino Difluorides". Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii. 11: 74–77 via Web of Science.
  3. W. J. Middleton, E. M. Bingham "Diethylaminosulfur Trifluoride" Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 6, p.440; Vol. 57, p.50. Online version
  4. Middleton, William J. (1975-03-01). "New fluorinating reagents. Dialkylaminosulfur fluorides". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 40 (5): 574–578. doi:10.1021/jo00893a007. ISSN   0022-3263.
  5. L. N. Markovskij; V. E. Pashinnik; A. V. Kirsanov (1973). "Application of Dialkylaminosulfur Trifluorides in the Synthesis of Fluoroorganic Compounds". Synthesis. 1973 (12): 787–789. doi:10.1055/s-1973-22302.
  6. REACTION OF SULFOXIDES WITH DIETHYLAMINOSULFUR TRIFLUORIDE: FLUOROMETHYL PHENYL SULFONE, A REAGENT FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF FLUOROALKENES, Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 9, p.446 (1998); Vol. 72, p.209 (1995)
  7. Messina, P. A.; Mange, K. C.; Middleton, W. J. (1989). "Aminosulfur Trifluorides: Relative Thermal Stability". Journal of Fluorine Chemistry. 42 (1): 137–143. Bibcode:1989JFluC..42..137M. doi:10.1016/S0022-1139(00)83974-3.
  8. Gauri S. Lal; Guido P. Pez; Reno J. Pesaresi; Frank M. Prozonic (1999). "Bis(2-methoxyethyl)aminosulfur trifluoride: a new broad-spectrum deoxofluorinating agent with enhanced thermal stability". Chemical Communications (2): 215–216. doi:10.1039/a808517j.
  9. 1 2 l'Heureux, A.; Beaulieu, F.; Bennett, C.; Bill, D. R.; Clayton, S.; Laflamme, F. O.; Mirmehrabi, M.; Tadayon, S.; Tovell, D.; Couturier, M. (2010). "Aminodifluorosulfinium Salts: Selective Fluorination Reagents with Enhanced Thermal Stability and Ease of Handling†,‡". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 75 (10): 3401–3411. doi:10.1021/jo100504x. PMC   2869536 . PMID   20405933.
  10. 1 2 Beaulieu, F.; Beauregard, L. P.; Courchesne, G.; Couturier, M.; Laflamme, F. O.; l’Heureux, A. (2009). "Aminodifluorosulfinium Tetrafluoroborate Salts as Stable and Crystalline Deoxofluorinating Reagents". Organic Letters. 11 (21): 5050–5053. doi:10.1021/ol902039q. PMC   2770860 . PMID   19799406.