Diospyros venosa

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Diospyros venosa
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Ebenaceae
Genus: Diospyros
Species:
D. venosa
Binomial name
Diospyros venosa
Synonyms [2]
  • Maba venosa (Wall. ex A.DC.) King & Gamble

Diospyros venosa is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It is native to Southeast Asia, from the Maluku Islands to Myanmar. It provides raw material for handicrafts, traditional medicine and fuel.

Contents

Description

Diospyros venosa grows as a tree, sometimes a shrub, from 5–20 metres (20–70 ft) tall. [3] Inflorescences bear up to 25 flowers. The fruits are ellipsoid to roundish, up to 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter. [4]

Taxonomy

The specific epithet venosa is from the Latin meaning "veined", referring to the leaf. [4]

D. venosa has an accepted infraspecific variety, D. venosa var. olivacea. [5]

Within the genus Diospyros, there is the geographically heterogenous clade XI, with sister species from India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and New Caledonia. D. venosa is a member along with D. ebenum , D. ehretioides , D. fasciculosa , D. maritima , D. pubicalyx , D. styraciformis , and D. wallichii . [6]

Distribution

Diospyros venosa var. venosa is native to the Maluku Islands, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar. [2]

The var. olivacea is endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. [5]

Habitat

Its habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests, though it occurs up to 1300m elevation. [4] In the Guning Aias Forest Reserve, Pahang, Malaysia, the Lowland dipterocarp forest has a 30-40m tall canopy of trees in the Anacardiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Sapotaceae, and Sterculiaceae families. [7] Amongst the understorey plants is D. venosa var. venosa. Within the Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Selangor, D. venosa grows as a tree to 10m height, throughout the reserves from the Lowland dipterocarp forest to the lower montane forest at 1300m. [8] The tree/shrub was one of the characteristic plants in the upper elevations (375-450m) ridge and slope community within the Seraya-ridge forest of the Semangkok Forest Reserve, Selangor, Malaysia. [9] The seraya-ridge forest is a subtype of Hill dipterocarp forest, characterised by the dipterocarp Shorea curtisii and the palm Eugeissona tristis , the most common type of hill forest in Peninsular Malaysia.

Vernacular names

In Malaysia it is known as kayu arang (a general name for Diospyros species). [8] In the Khmer language, angɔt kmao [10] and ângkât' khmau slëk thôm [3] refer to the plant.

Uses

Twigs from the plant are used as firewood. The ebony-like wood is used to make luxury knick-knacks. The roots are used in a traditional medicine decoction as a sedative, as well as a component of a tonic. [3] Villagers living on the plateau of Phnom Kulen National Park, in Svay Leu District, Siem Reap Province, northwestern Cambodia, use the root and wood chips of the shrub in their traditional medicinal practices to improve post-partum care and circulation, to treat malaria, and to treat sexually transmitted diseases in women. [10]

Related Research Articles

<i>Diospyros</i> Genus of trees and shrubs

Diospyros is a genus of over 700 species of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs. The majority are native to the tropics, with only a few species extending into temperate regions. Individual species valued for their hard, heavy, dark timber, are commonly known as ebony trees, while others are valued for their fruit and known as persimmon trees. Some are useful as ornamentals and many are of local ecological importance. Species of this genus are generally dioecious, with separate male and female plants.

<i>Sindora siamensis</i> Species of legume

Sindora siamensis is a species of tree in the subfamily Detarioideae of the family Fabaceae. It has an accepted infraspecific, the variety S. siamensis var. maritima (Pierre) K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen. See taxon box to the right below, and below for details on the variety maritima. The nominate species is found in many countries in tropical Asia. Like several other species in the genus Sindora, its wood is considered valuable; the least concern conservation status may reflect efforts to replant this species, but mortality rates are high. As well as the wood, the plant provides raw material for chemical products, food and drink, and domestic utensils.

Aglaia leptantha is a species of tree in the family Meliaceae. It is found in Mainland and Island Southeast Asia. People use the plant for food, incense, and for human and bovine medicine. Gibbons also eat parts of the tree.

<i>Campylospermum serratum</i> Species of shrub or tree

Campylospermum serratum is a plant in the family Ochnaceae. The specific epithet serratum is from the Latin meaning "with teeth", referring to the leaf margin. It is found in Tropical Asia, from Sulawesi, Indonesia to Hainan, Zhōngguó/China and over to southwester India. Gomphia serrata was a previous common name for the species. The plant is used for it wood and its sap is used in folk medicine and in the past for teeth-blackening.

<i>Dipterocarpus intricatus</i> Species of tree

Dipterocarpus intricatus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae found in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.

Diospyros andamanica is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 20 metres (70 ft) tall. Twigs are rusty brown or blackish. Inflorescences bear up to 30 or more flowers. The fruits are roundish to ellipsoid, up to 3 cm (1 in) in diameter. The tree is named after the Andaman Islands. Habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests from sea level to 700 metres (2,300 ft) elevation. D. andamanica is found in the Andaman Islands, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and Borneo.

Diospyros areolata is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall. Twigs are reddish brown when young. Inflorescences usually bear three flowers. The fruits are round, up to 4 cm (2 in) in diameter. The specific epithet areolata is from the Latin meaning "net-like", referring to the leaf veins. Habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp and swamp forests. D. areolata is found in Peninsular Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java and Borneo.

Diospyros dictyoneura is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall. The fruits are ellipsoid, up to 4.5 cm (2 in) long. The specific epithet dictyoneura is from the Greek meaning "net of nerves", referring to the leaf veins. Habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. D. dictyoneura is found from Indochina to west Malesia. In order to grow, the diospyros dictyoneura requires access to the sun. Its leaves are deciduous, and it attracts bees and birds.

Diospyros foxworthyi is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 20 metres (70 ft) tall. Inflorescences bear up to 15 flowers. The fruits are roundish to oblong, up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. The tree is named for the American botanist F. W. Foxworthy. Habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. D. foxworthyi is found in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.

Diospyros pyrrhocarpa is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 23 metres (80 ft) tall. Twigs dry greyish to brownish. Inflorescences bear up to three flowers. The fruits are roundish to ovoid-ellipsoid, up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. The specific epithet pyrrhocarpa is from the Greek meaning "fiery red or yellow fruits". Habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. D. pyrrhocarpa ranges from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands through Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo to the Philippines. In Cebu and Negros Regions in the Philippines, the tree is commonly known as Kunalum.

Diospyros ridleyi is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall. Twigs are reddish brown when young. Inflorescences bear up to three flowers. The fruits are round to ovoid, up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. The tree is named for the English botanist Henry Nicholas Ridley. Habitat is mainly lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. D. ridleyi is found in India, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.

Diospyros rigida is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 26 metres (90 ft) tall. The twigs are greyish black. The fruits are round, up to 4.5 cm (2 in) long. The specific epithet rigida is from the Latin meaning "stiff or rigid", referring to the leaves. Habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. D. rigida is found in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.

Diospyros rufa is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall. Twigs are reddish when young. Inflorescences bear up to 10 flowers. The fruits are round to ellipsoid, up to 3.5 cm (1 in) in diameter. The specific epithet rufa is from the Latin meaning "reddish", referring to the indumentum of the young twigs. Habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. D. rufa is found in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.

Diospyros singaporensis is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 28 metres (90 ft) tall. Inflorescences bear up to three flowers. The fruits are round, shiny black, up to 3.5 cm (1 in) long. The tree is named after Singapore. Habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. D. singaporensis is found in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.

Diospyros sumatrana is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. The specific epithet refers to Sumatra.

Brownlowia emarginata is a slightly climbing tree, a member of the family Malvaceae. It occurs in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand.

<i>Dillenia pentagyna</i> Species of flowering plant

A small tree with tortuous twigs, Dillenia pentagyna is a member of the family Dilleniaceae, and is found from Sulawesi to South-Central China to India and Sri Lanka. Material from the tree has some minor uses.

Elaeocarpus stipularis is a tree in the Elaeocarpaceae family. It is found from the Aru Islands, eastern Indonesia, to Philippines, and through Mainland Southeast Asia to Odisha, India. It has edible fruit, its wood is used and some medical uses are ascribed to it.

Diospyros cambodiana is a tree in the Ebenaceae family, endemic to the Mekong basin, Cambodia. It grows some 15-20m tall in flooded/swamp forest. One of its vernacular names derives from the perceived likeness of its flowers to mouse droppings. The plant is used for construction, craftwork, firewood and medicine.

Memecylon lilacinum is a tree species in the Melastomataceae family. It is usually an understorey species in closed forests. It is native to an area of tropical Asia, from Jawa to Philippines to Vietnam and the Andaman Islands and Myanmar. It is a food plant for the macaque Macaca facsicularis and a bee in the Megachilidae family.

References

  1. ↑ Barstow, M. (2021). "Diospyros venosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T174043A1410481. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 "Diospyros venosa Wall. ex A.DC". Plants of the World Online (POWO). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Science. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 Pauline Dy Phon (2000). Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge. Phnom Penh: Imprimerie Olympic. pp. 14, 15.
  4. 1 2 3 Ng, Francis S.P. (April 2002). "Diospyros venosa Wall. ex A.DC.". In Soepadmo, E.; Saw, L. G.; Chung, R. C. K. (eds.). Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. (free online from the publisher, lesser resolution scan PDF versions). Vol. 4. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. pp. 98–99. ISBN   983-2181-27-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  5. 1 2 "Diospyros venosa var. olivacea (King & Gamble) Ng". Plants of the World Online (POWO). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Science. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  6. ↑ Duangjai, Sutee; Samuel, Rosabelle; Munzinger, Jérôme; Forest, Félix; Wallnöfer, Bruno; Barfuss, Michael H.J.; Fischer, Gunter; Chase, Mark W. (2009). "A multi-locus plastid phylogenetic analysis of the pantropical genus Diospyros (Ebenaceae), with an emphasis on the radiation and biogeographic origins of the New Caledonian endemic species" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 52 (3): 602–620. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.021. PMID   19427384 . Retrieved 11 May 2020.[ dead link ]
  7. ↑ Chua, L.S.L.; et al. (2006). "A checklist of seed plants at Gunung Aias Forest Reserve, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia". Malayan Nature Journal. 59 (2): 121–52. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  8. 1 2 Faridah Hanum, I.; Ibrahim, A. Z.; Shamsul Khamis; Nazre, M.; Lepun, P.; Rusea, G.; Lajuni, J. J.; Latiff, A. (2001). "An Annotated Checklist of Higher Plants in Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Puchong, Selangor" (PDF). Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. Universiti Putra Malaysia Press. 24 (1): 63–78. ISSN   1511-3701 . Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  9. ↑ Kassim, Abd. Rahman (2002). "Species assembly and site preference of tree species in a primary Seraya-ridge forest of Peninsular Malaysia". Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 14 (3): 287–303. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  10. 1 2 Walker, Taylor J. (26 April 2017). An examination of medicinal ethnobotany and biomedicine use in two villages on the Phnom Kulen plateau (Report). Roanoke, United States: Undergraduate Research Awards, Hollins University. Retrieved 27 April 2020.


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