| Diospyros venosa | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Ebenaceae |
| Genus: | Diospyros |
| Species: | D. venosa |
| Binomial name | |
| Diospyros venosa | |
| Synonyms [2] | |
| |
Diospyros venosa is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It is native to Southeast Asia, from the Maluku Islands to Myanmar. It provides raw material for handicrafts, traditional medicine and fuel.
Diospyros venosa grows as a tree, sometimes a shrub, from 5–20 metres (20–70 ft) tall. [3] Inflorescences bear up to 25 flowers. The fruits are ellipsoid to roundish, up to 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter. [4]
The specific epithet venosa is from the Latin meaning 'veined', referring to the leaf. [4]
D. venosa has an accepted infraspecific variety, D. venosa var. olivacea. [5]
Within the genus Diospyros, there is the geographically heterogenous clade XI, with sister species from India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and New Caledonia. D. venosa is a member along with D. ebenum , D. ehretioides , D. fasciculosa , D. maritima , D. pubicalyx , D. styraciformis , and D. wallichii . [6]
Diospyros venosa var. venosa is native to the Maluku Islands, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar. [2]
The var. olivacea is endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. [5]
Its habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests, though it occurs up to 1300m elevation. [4] In the Guning Aias Forest Reserve, Pahang, Malaysia, the Lowland dipterocarp forest has a 30-40m tall canopy of trees in the Anacardiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Sapotaceae, and Sterculiaceae families. [7] Amongst the understorey plants is D. venosa var. venosa. Within the Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Selangor, D. venosa grows as a tree to 10m height, throughout the reserves from the Lowland dipterocarp forest to the lower montane forest at 1300m. [8] The tree/shrub was one of the characteristic plants in the upper elevations (375-450m) ridge and slope community within the Seraya-ridge forest of the Semangkok Forest Reserve, Selangor, Malaysia. [9] The seraya-ridge forest is a subtype of Hill dipterocarp forest, characterised by the dipterocarp Shorea curtisii and the palm Eugeissona tristis , the most common type of hill forest in Peninsular Malaysia.
In Malaysia it is known as kayu arang (a general name for Diospyros species). [8] In the Khmer language, angɔt kmao [10] and ângkât' khmau slëk thôm [3] refer to the plant.
Twigs from the plant are used as firewood. The ebony-like wood is used to make luxury knick-knacks. The roots are used in a traditional medicine decoction as a sedative, as well as a component of a tonic. [3] Villagers living on the plateau of Phnom Kulen National Park, in Svay Leu District, Siem Reap Province, northwestern Cambodia, use the root and wood chips of the shrub in their traditional medicinal practices to improve post-partum care and circulation, to treat malaria, and to treat sexually transmitted diseases in women. [10]
Diospyros is a genus of over 700 species of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs. The majority are native to the tropics, with only a few species extending into temperate regions. Individual species valued for their hard, heavy, dark timber, are commonly known as ebony trees, while others are valued for their fruit and known as persimmon trees. Some are useful as ornamentals and many are of local ecological importance. Species of this genus are generally dioecious, with separate male and female plants.
Sindora siamensis is a species of tree in the subfamily Detarioideae of the family Fabaceae. It has an accepted infraspecific, the variety S. siamensis var. maritima (Pierre) K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen. See taxon box to the right below, and below for details on the variety maritima. The nominate species is found in many countries in tropical Asia. Like several other species in the genus Sindora, its wood is considered valuable; the least concern conservation status may reflect efforts to replant this species, but mortality rates are high. As well as the wood, the plant provides raw material for chemical products, food and drink, and domestic utensils.
Aglaia leptantha is a species of tree in the family Meliaceae. It is found in Mainland and Island Southeast Asia. People use the plant for food, incense, and for human and bovine medicine. Gibbons also eat parts of the tree.
Campylospermum serratum is a plant in the family Ochnaceae. The specific epithet serratum is from the Latin meaning "with teeth", referring to the leaf margin. It is found in Tropical Asia, from Sulawesi, Indonesia to Hainan, Zhōngguó/China and over to southwestern India. Gomphia serrata was a previous common name for the species. The plant is used for it wood and its sap is used in folk medicine and in the past for teeth-blackening.
Dipterocarpus intricatus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae found in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.
Diospyros andamanica is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 20 metres (70 ft) tall. Twigs are rusty brown or blackish. Inflorescences bear up to 30 or more flowers. The fruits are roundish to ellipsoid, up to 3 cm (1 in) in diameter. The tree is named after the Andaman Islands. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests from sea level to 700 metres (2,300 ft) elevation. D. andamanica is found in the Andaman Islands, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and Borneo.
Diospyros areolata is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. The specific epithet areolata means 'net-like', referring to the leaf veins.
Diospyros foxworthyi is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 20 metres (70 ft) tall. Inflorescences bear up to 15 flowers. The fruits are roundish to oblong, up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. The tree is named for the American botanist F. W. Foxworthy. Habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. D. foxworthyi is found in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.
Diospyros pyrrhocarpa is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 23 metres (80 ft) tall. Twigs dry greyish to brownish. Inflorescences bear up to three flowers. The fruits are roundish to ovoid-ellipsoid, up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. The specific epithet pyrrhocarpa is from the Greek meaning 'fiery red or yellow fruits'. Habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. D. pyrrhocarpa ranges from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands through Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo to the Philippines. In Cebu and Negros Regions in the Philippines, the tree is commonly known as Kunalum.
Diospyros ridleyi is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall. Twigs are reddish brown when young. Inflorescences bear up to three flowers. The fruits are round to ovoid, up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. The tree is named for the English botanist Henry Nicholas Ridley. Habitat is mainly lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. D. ridleyi is found in India, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.
Diospyros rigida is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 26 metres (90 ft) tall. The twigs are greyish black. The fruits are round, up to 4.5 cm (2 in) long. The specific epithet rigida is from the Latin meaning 'stiff or rigid', referring to the leaves. Habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. D. rigida is found in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.
Diospyros rufa is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall. Twigs are reddish when young. Inflorescences bear up to 10 flowers. The fruits are round to ellipsoid, up to 3.5 cm (1 in) in diameter. The specific epithet rufa is from the Latin meaning 'reddish', referring to the indumentum of the young twigs. Habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. D. rufa is found in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.
Charcoal Wood is a tree in the family Ebenaceae and the genus Diospyros, a genus of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs. The tree is named for Simeulue Island in Sumatra.
Diospyros singaporensis is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 28 metres (90 ft) tall. Inflorescences bear up to three flowers. The fruits are round, shiny black, up to 3.5 cm (1 in) long. The tree is named after Singapore. Habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. D. singaporensis is found in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.
Diospyros sumatrana is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. The specific epithet refers to Sumatra.
Brownlowia emarginata is a slightly climbing tree, a member of the family Malvaceae. It occurs in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand.
The dog teak or Nepali elephant apple is a small tree with tortuous twigs, Dillenia pentagyna is a member of the family Dilleniaceae, and is found from Sulawesi to South-Central China to India and Sri Lanka. Material from the tree has some minor uses.
Elaeocarpus stipularis is a tree in the Elaeocarpaceae family. It is found from the Aru Islands, eastern Indonesia, to Philippines, and through Mainland Southeast Asia to Odisha, India. It has edible fruit, its wood is used and some medical uses are ascribed to it.
Diospyros cambodiana is a tree in the Ebenaceae family, endemic to the Mekong basin, Cambodia. It grows some 15-20m tall in flooded/swamp forest. One of its vernacular names derives from the perceived likeness of its flowers to mouse droppings. The plant is used for construction, craftwork, firewood and medicine.
Memecylon lilacinum is a tree species in the Melastomataceae family. It is usually an understorey species in closed forests. It is native to an area of tropical Asia, from Jawa to Philippines to Vietnam and the Andaman Islands and Myanmar. It is a food plant for the macaque Macaca facsicularis and a bee in the Megachilidae family.
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