DisruptJ20

Last updated

DisruptJ20
PurposeDisrupting the Inauguration of Donald Trump
Protesting the Presidency of Donald Trump
Website www.disruptj20.org [ dead link ]

DisruptJ20 (also Disrupt J20) was an organization that protested and attempted to disrupt events of the presidential inauguration of the 45th U.S. President, Donald Trump, which occurred on January 20, 2017. The group was founded in July 2016 and publicly launched on November 11 after Trump won the 2016 United States presidential election. DisruptJ20's inauguration protests were a part of a wider array of protests organized both locally and nationally from a more extensive initial plan. The protests included efforts to blockade one bridge and to shut down security checkpoints. James O'Keefe and Project Veritas had some success infiltrating DisruptJ20's planned inauguration efforts. [1]

Contents

Description

A Washington, D.C.-based political organization, DisruptJ20 (also appearing with an inserted space before "J20") had the initial stated aim of protesting and disrupting events of the inauguration of Donald Trump as 45th President of The United States. [2] One organizer of the DisruptJ20 protests, Alli McCracken, stated that the group is protesting Trump's views on women, undocumented immigrants and Muslims. Al Jazeera described the members of the organization as "liberal activists". [3] Steven Nelson of the U.S. News & World Report , after interviews with organizers and representatives, described it in December 2016 as the "more radical protest-organizing network DisruptJ20, which has more than 1,700 Facebook group members." [4] A representative of the organization[ who? ] has stated that it would also have demonstrated had Hillary Clinton won the 2016 presidential election. [5]

History and protest planning

Black bloc anarchist protest in Washington D.C on the Equestrian statue of John A. Logan during the J20 protests Inauguration Day Marchers.jpg
Black bloc anarchist protest in Washington D.C on the Equestrian statue of John A. Logan during the J20 protests

DisruptJ20 was founded around July 2016, about six months before Trump's inauguration. [6] "J20" was chosen to stand for January 20, the scheduled day of the 2017 inauguration. [7] DisruptJ20 was publicly launched on November 11, 2016, with a YouTube video and social media accounts. [2] It and its aims were described in an interview with Legba Carrefour, "an organizer with DisruptJ20", [8] [9] [10] as

an umbrella coalition of groups with a core of local organizers who have a lot of activist experience. Washington, D.C. organizers ... most of whom are anarchists. ... The idea ... is we want to undermine Trump's presidency from the get-go. There has been a lot of talk of peaceful transition of power as being a core element in a democracy and we want to reject that entirely and really undermine the peaceful transition. [8]

According to Nelson of the U.S. News & World Report, the DisruptJ20s website in December 2016 associated the organisation with the "DC Welcoming Committee [DCWC] collective" (describing it as "being assisted by" the DCWC) and Nelson reports that DisruptJ20, at this time, involved individuals from an array of progressive groups (as individuals, rather than representing their groups). [4] Nelson quotes Carrefour, who he describes as "a local anarchist handling press" for DisruptJ20, as indicating that "more than 200 people attended an organizing meeting at a local church ... on short notice" and that photographs "show[ed] supporters representing a range of ages and interests." [4] Regarding intent, Carrefour stated to Nelson,

We are planning to shut down the inauguration, that's the short of it ... We're pretty literal about that, we are trying to create citywide paralysis on a level that I don't think has been seen in D.C. before. We're trying to shut down pretty much every ingress into the city as well as every checkpoint around the actual inauguration parade route. [11] [4] [6]

On January 14, 2017, about a hundred demonstrators met at the American University to plan and prepare their protests. [7] [12] Carrefour described their plans for inauguration week, beginning the weekend of January 14–15, 2017 ("MLK weekend"), indicating that DisruptJ20 was:

After the January 14 meetings, James O'Keefe of Project Veritas posted a video shot at pizzeria Comet Ping Pong in the capital showing members of the DC Antifascist Coalition, a part of DisruptJ20, planning to disrupt the DeploraBall at the National Press Building on January 19—through use of stink bombs (of butyric acid) and activation of the building's sprinkler system. [12] [13] [14] DisruptJ20 countered that it had caught on to the Veritas operation and had thus fed its operative a false plot; [12] [13] however, based on the video, the DC police arrested a man associated with the group[ clarification needed ] on January 19, 2017 for his alleged planning to disrupt the DeploraBall. [15] [16] [17] Veritas released a second part to the video showing DisruptJ20 participants discussing their plans to create blockades for bridges and trains; as a result of the latter video, a DisruptJ20 organizer[ who? ] announced that the group would scale back on their blockade efforts, and only shut down one bridge. [18] [19]

Inauguration actions, eve and day

Police presence at the National Press Club (32420557585).jpg
Police presence the day of January 19, outside the National Press Building (NPB), 529 14th Street NW.
Make America Great Again hat on fire outside The National Press Club (32420564445).jpg
Burning of Make America Great Again campaign hat after sunset January 19, outside the NPB.
Disrupt J20 1206683.jpg
Sit-in protest on January 20, attempting to block police line at the intersection of 12th and K Streets NW, in Washington, D.C
Gallery of photographs, DisruptJ20-associated protest events, presidential inauguration, 45th U.S. President, Donald Trump, January 19–20, 2017

DisruptJ20's efforts in Washington, D.C., were a part of a wider array of nationwide protests, that included nationwide rallies such as Our First Stand: Save Our Health Care (organized by congressional Democrats and health care activists) and Poets Protest Against Trump (by such artists, on local city hall steps), both the weekend before the inauguration; the celebrity Love-a-thon (a Facebook-broadcast fund-raiser for liberal causes, featuring a number of film actors) on inauguration day, and the Women's March on Washington, D.C., and hundreds of sister marches nationwide, the day following the inauguration. [20]

Anarchist and Indigenous protesters in Minneapolis during DisruptJ20 2017 Inauguration day protest against Donald Trump (31587414204).jpg
Anarchist and Indigenous protesters in Minneapolis during DisruptJ20 2017

The DisruptJ20 protests were specific actions, organized in Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, Maryland in particular. [20] A number of their protest activities occurred throughout Washington on January 19–20, 2017.[ where? ][ citation needed ] Protests involving DisruptJ20 members from a variety of groups[ clarification needed ] occurred at the National Press Building during the day and into the evening, on the January 19.[ citation needed ] On January 20, DisruptJ20 participants linked arms at security checkpoints,[ where? ] attempting to shut down flow into the inauguration through these checkpoints. [21] [ verification needed ] A post-event press release from DisuruptJ20, reported on by The Washington Post , state that "climate justice activists" numbering ca. 400 participated in physically blocking the inauguration security checkpoints, including a four-hour block of the checkpoint at 3rd and D Streets NW. [22] The statement indicated, "[our] work is done." [22] [ citation needed ]

Broad responses to the effort

Comments both supportive and judgmental have appeared around the DisruptJ20 inauguration activities. Activist filmmaker Michael Moore indicated support for their efforts in the two cities, via Twitter. [20]

Publications ranged in opinion from support to criticism. The presentation from The Huffington Post took the form of an information article directing interested readers to the DisruptJ20 web page, and to various protests in which they could participate. [20]

In February 2017, the organization announced fundraising and legal support for individuals arrested for January 20 activities. [23]

Those arrested on Inauguration Day were charged with rioting, and were released pending a court date. [24] [25] A class action lawsuit was filed for false arrest, and excessive force. [26] [27] [28] [29] On April 3, 2017, the Metropolitan Police Department raided the house of a DisruptJ20 activist as part of its "investigation into the conspiracy to riot." [30] [31]

On 17 July 2017, the US Department of Justice served DreamHost, the company hosting the DisruptJ20 website, with a search warrant [32] for all information held about the site. [33] The information requested in the warrant included the IP addresses of 1.3 million people who visited the site, as well as the date and time of their visit and information about the browser and operating system. [33] In addition to this, the contact information, email content and photos of thousands of people was requested. [34] DreamHost challenged the warrant in court, arguing that it was a "highly untargeted demand" that chilled its users' constitutional rights. [35] The Electronic Frontier Foundation also called the warrant an unconstitutional fishing expedition. [33] On October 10, 2017, Chief Judge Robert Morin of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia issued an order significantly narrowing the warrant's scope. "[W]hile the government has the right to execute its Warrant," he wrote, "it does not have the right to rummage through the information contained on DreamHost's website and discover the identity of, or access communications by, individuals not participating in alleged criminal activity, particularly those persons who were engaging in protected First Amendment activities." [36]

In late November 2017, six people charged with rioting went on trial. Prosecutors alleged that these six people were taking part in DisruptJ20 protests and vandalism. [37] A jury trial found the six defendants not guilty on all counts in December 2017. [38] On January 18, 2018, the U.S. Justice Department dropped charges against 129 people, leaving 59 defendants to face charges related to the DisruptJ20 protest. [39] By early July 2018, federal prosecutors had dropped all charges against all defendants in the case. [40]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black bloc</span> Tactic used by groups of protesters

A black bloc is a tactic used by protesters who wear black clothing, ski masks, scarves, sunglasses, motorcycle helmets with padding or other face-concealing and face-protecting items. The clothing is used to conceal wearers' identities and hinder criminal prosecution by making it difficult to distinguish between participants. It is also used to protect their faces and eyes from pepper spray, which is used by police during protests or civil unrest. The tactic also allows the group to appear as one large unified mass. Black bloc participants are often associated with anarchism, anarcho-communism, communism, libertarian socialism and the anti-globalization movement. A variant of this type of protest is the Padded bloc, where following the Tute Bianche movement protestors wear padded clothing to protect against the police.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">January 20, 2005, counter-inaugural protest</span>

On January 20, 2005, a number of counter-inaugural demonstrations were held in Washington, D.C., and other American cities to protest the second inauguration of President George W. Bush.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James O'Keefe</span> American conservative filmmaker

James Edward O'Keefe III is an American political activist who founded Project Veritas, a far-right activist group that uses deceptively edited videos and information gathering techniques to attack mainstream media organizations and progressive groups. Both O'Keefe and Project Veritas have produced secretly recorded undercover audio and video encounters in academic, governmental, and social service organizations, purporting to show abusive or illegal behavior by representatives of those organizations; the recordings are often selectively edited to misrepresent the context of the conversations and the subjects' responses. O'Keefe served as chairman until he was fired from the organization in February 2023.

The Partnership for Civil Justice Fund (PCJF) is a nonprofit progressive legal organization based in Washington, D.C. Founded by Carl Messineo and Mara Verheyden-Hilliard, the organization focuses on cases regarding free speech and dissent, domestic spying and surveillance, police misconduct, and government transparency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Project Veritas</span> Former far-right activist group in the U.S.

Project Veritas is an American far-right activist group founded by James O'Keefe in 2010. The group produces deceptively edited videos of its undercover operations, which use secret recordings in an effort to discredit mainstream media organizations and progressive groups. Project Veritas also uses entrapment to generate bad publicity for its targets, and has propagated disinformation and conspiracy theories in its videos and operations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protests against Donald Trump</span> Political protests against Donald Trump

Protests against Donald Trump have occurred in the United States, Europe and elsewhere from his entry into the 2016 presidential campaign to his loss to Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election. Protests have expressed opposition to Trump's campaign rhetoric, his electoral win, his inauguration, his alleged history of sexual misconduct and various presidential actions, most notably his aggressive family separation policy. Some protests have taken the form of walk-outs, business closures, and petitions as well as rallies, demonstrations, and marches. While most protests have been peaceful, actionable conduct such as vandalism and assaults on Trump supporters has occurred. Some protesters have been criminally charged with rioting. The largest organized protest against Trump was the day after his inauguration; millions protested on January 21, 2017, during the Women's March, with each individual city's protest taken into consideration, makes it the largest single-day protest in the history of the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inauguration of Donald Trump</span> 58th United States presidential inauguration

The inauguration of Donald Trump as the 45th president of the United States marked the commencement of Donald Trump's term as president and Mike Pence's term as vice president. An estimated 300,000 to 600,000 people attended the public ceremony held on Friday, January 20, 2017, at the West Front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. The event was the 58th presidential inauguration. Held in Washington, D.C., from January 17 to 21, 2017, inaugural events included concerts, the swearing-in ceremony, a congressional luncheon, parade, inaugural balls, and the interfaith inaugural prayer service. The inauguration was protested worldwide.

The DeploraBall was an unofficial inaugural ball event organized by GOTV group MAGA3X and held at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., on the evening of January 19, 2017, to celebrate the victory and inauguration of Donald Trump. The event was met with violent protests outside the venue while the event went on as scheduled inside. In addition to the MAGA3X event, the "DeploraBall" name has also been used to refer to additional events for Trump supporters in Washington, D.C., and other locations. The name is a play on Hillary Clinton's "basket of deplorables" comment made during her 2016 presidential election campaign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of protests against Donald Trump</span>

The following is a timeline of the protests against Donald Trump, the former president of the United States of America, businessman, and television personality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT protests against Donald Trump</span> American protests organized by the LGBT community

There were several protests organized by the LGBT community against the policies of United States President Donald Trump and his administration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clashes at the Turkish Ambassador's Residence in Washington, D.C.</span> 2017 civil conflict

The clashes at the Turkish Ambassador's Residence in Washington, D.C. broke out on May 16, 2017, between Turkey's Police Counter Attack Team and a crowd of protesters, some of whom carried flags of a Kurdish political party. According to Turkey, Turkish bodyguards were acting in self-defense and the protesters were tied to a terrorist group. However, according to US officials the Turkish bodyguards attacked the protesters unprovoked. A protest leader denied that any participants had ties to any terrorist group. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was in Washington that day to meet with U.S. President Donald Trump and observed the clashes from a distance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laura Loomer</span> American far-right activist (born 1993)

Laura Elizabeth Loomer is an American far-right and anti-Muslim conservative political activist, white nationalist, conspiracy theorist and internet personality. She was the Republican nominee to represent Florida's 21st congressional district in the 2020 United States House of Representatives elections, losing to Democrat Lois Frankel. She also ran in the Republican primary for Florida's 11th congressional district in 2022, narrowly losing to incumbent Daniel Webster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patriot Prayer</span> American far-right political group

Patriot Prayer is a US far-right group founded by Joey Gibson in 2016 and based in Vancouver, Washington, a suburban city in the Portland metropolitan area. Since 2016, the group has organized several dozen pro-gun, pro-Trump rallies held in liberal cities in the Pacific Northwest and Northern California. Often met with large numbers of counter-protesters, attendees have repeatedly clashed with left-wing groups in the Portland area. Far-right groups, such as the Proud Boys, have attended the rallies organized by Patriot Prayer, as well as white nationalists, sparking controversy and violence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demonstrations in support of Donald Trump</span> Demonstrations in support of President Donald Trump

Demonstrations in support of the presidency of Donald Trump were held in various parts of the United States following Trump's assumption of the office of President on January 20, 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020–21 United States election protests</span> Nationwide protests in the aftermath of the 2020 United States election

Protests began in multiple cities in the United States following the 2020 United States presidential election between then-President Donald Trump and Democratic Party challenger Vice President Joe Biden, held on November 3, 2020. Biden won the election, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3%) to Trump's 74.2 million (46.9%) and winning the Electoral College by 306 to 232. Biden's victory became clear on November 7, after the ballots had been tabulated. The Electoral College voted on December 14, in accordance with law, formalizing Biden's victory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Earle Sullivan</span> American political activist and photojournalist

John Earle Sullivan, also known as Activist John, is an American political activist and self-identified photojournalist who participated in the January 6, 2021 United States Capitol attack. Due to his involvement, in November 2023, he was convicted by a jury of felony obstruction of an official proceeding, civil disorder, and five misdemeanors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 United States inauguration week protests</span> Protests against the presidency of Joe Biden

Supporters of Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States, held small-scale armed protests and demonstrations at U.S. state capitols in the five days leading up to the inauguration of Joe Biden on January 20, 2021, in opposition to the results of the 2020 United States presidential election, which continued after the failure of the violent January 6 attempt to overturn the election in Trump's favor. Pro-Trump groups failed to stage organized dissent or affect the transition of power in an environment of deterrence and heightened security.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Security preparations for the inauguration of Joe Biden</span> Security preparations

The storming of the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021, raised concerns about the security of the inauguration of Joe Biden two weeks later on January 20, 2021. The inauguration, like all ceremonies since the first inauguration of George W. Bush in 2001, was designated a National Special Security Event (NSSE); however, on this occasion, the week preceding it was included in preparations. Biden chose not to move the ceremony indoors, indicating that he believed a public, outdoor ceremony was necessary to demonstrate strength. Former Homeland Security Advisor Lisa Monaco advised the Biden team on security-related matters for the ceremony.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ShutdownDC</span> Washington, D.C.–based activist organization, founded in 2019

ShutdownDC is an activist organization in the Washington metropolitan area. ShutdownDC formed originally in 2019 as a coalition of climate activists concerned with the climate crisis, aiming to snarl traffic in the city to demand action on the Green New Deal, and other climate-related issues. Since then, ShutdownDC has expanded their scope to advocacy via non-violent direct action on issues as diverse as abortion rights, the International Monetary Fund and World Bank's treatment of the Global South, and abolishing the filibuster.

References

  1. Hermann, Peter (January 25, 2017). "Meetings of activists planning to disrupt inauguration were infiltrated by conservative group" . Retrieved December 22, 2017 via www.WashingtonPost.com.
  2. 1 2 Keefe, Josh (January 7, 2017). "Stop Donald Trump? #DisruptJ20 Wants To Shut Down Inauguration Day Parade". International Business Times . Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  3. Al Jazeera Staff (January 21, 2017). "Donald Trump Sworn in as 45th US President". Al Jazeera English . Retrieved January 21, 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Nelson, Steven (December 15, 2016). "Anti-Trump Activists Plan Road-Blocking 'Clusterf--k' for Inauguration". U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved February 3, 2017 via USNews.com. [Subtitle:] A moderate effort plans to picket the parade route, but a more radical rabble seeks to shut down the show.
  5. Landa, Jonathan; Malone, Scott (January 21, 2017). "Violence Flares in Washington During Trump Inauguration". Reuters.com. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
  6. 1 2 3 For support for this quote's content, see "D.C. braces for protesters during Trump's inauguration week". News 7 Kwwl. January 17, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
  7. 1 2 King, James (January 19, 2017). "At Activist Training Camp, Protesters Prep To Disrupt Inauguration". Vocativ.com. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  8. 1 2 3 Jaffe, Sarah (January 19, 2017). "Interviews for Resistance: A Conversation with Legba Carrefour". The Baffler . Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  9. While an individual with this name appears on various social media accounts (e.g., Twitter and Flickr), the existence of clear references in both the given name and the surname, to Haitian voodoo, directly via Legba and indirectly via Carrefour, make it possible that this participant's name is a pseudonym or nom de guerre. See this participant at Twitter, etc., and see the linked articles on the apparent direct and indirect voodoo references.
  10. There is no report as of February 1, 2017 that this individual bears any relation to the French multinational retailer, Carrefour.
  11. Carrefour also described their aims in more colorful terms, which were widely, if only partially, reported, e.g., "So, we're going for what I'd generally term a clusterf--k," see Nelson, U.S. News, December 15, 2016.
  12. 1 2 3 Freed, Benjamin (January 16, 2017). "Activist Group: Stink-Bomb Plot Was Meant to Fool James O'Keefe". Washingtonian.com. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  13. 1 2 Palma, Bethania (January 18, 2017). "James O'Keefe and Progressive Group 'Sting' Each Other". Snopes.com. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  14. Veritas Staff; James O'Keefe, presenter (January 16, 2017). Part I: Undercover Investigation Exposes Groups Plotting Criminal Activity at Trump Inauguration. Mamaroneck, NY: Veritas Visuals. Retrieved February 5, 2017 via YouTube.
  15. Hermann, Peter (January 20, 2017). "Protesters vowed to shut down the city. Police vowed to protect the inauguration". Washington Post. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  16. Noble, Andrea (January 20, 2017). "Arrested activist featured in Project Veritas inauguration video". Washington Times. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  17. Hermann, Peter (January 24, 2017). "Meetings of activists planning to disrupt inauguration were infiltrated by conservative group". Washington Post. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  18. Nelson, Steven (January 17, 2017). "Anti-Trump DisruptJ20 Activists Scale Back Inauguration Blockade Plans". U.S. News. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  19. Veritas Staff; James O'Keefe, presenter (January 18, 2017). Part II: New Investigation Uncovers Plot to Chain the Trains and Shut Down DC During Inauguration. Mamaroneck, NY: Veritas Visuals. Retrieved February 5, 2017 via YouTube.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Miller, Hayley (January 13, 2017). "Looking For Anti-Trump Protests? Here Are Dozens To Choose From". The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  21. Laughland, Oliver; Siddiqui, Sabrina; Gambino, Lauren (January 20, 2017). "Inauguration protests: more than 200 demonstrators arrested in Washington". The Guardian. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  22. 1 2 Hedgpeth, Dana (January 20, 2017). "Protesters Using Hashtag #DisruptJ20 Says Their Work is Done and Here's What They Did". The Washington Post . Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  23. DJ20 Volunteers (February 4, 2017). "Dear Friends". DisruptJ20.org. Archived from the original (website posting) on September 24, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. "People arrested during Inauguration Day protests could go to prison for 10 years over felony rioting charges" . Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  25. Lennard, Natasha (April 12, 2017). "How the Government Is Turning Protesters Into Felons". Esquire. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
  26. "Lawyer Swept up in Protest Sues for Inauguration Arrests". Strategist. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  27. Krieg, Gregory (January 19, 2017). "Police injured, more than 200 arrested at Trump inauguration protests". CNN. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  28. "Lawsuit filed against police in DC after Inauguration Day arrests". WTOP. January 23, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  29. "Class-action suit filed over police response to inaugural protests". POLITICO. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  30. Berbert, James (April 7, 2017). "Democracy in Crisis: D.C. Police Raid J20 Activist's Home". Washington City Paper. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
  31. "D.C. police infiltrated inauguration protest group, court papers show". Washington Post. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
  32. "Superior Court of the District Of Columbia Search Warrant" (PDF). Superior Court of the District Of Columbia.
  33. 1 2 3 Wong, Julia Carrie; Solon, Olivia (August 15, 2017). "US government demands details on all visitors to anti-Trump protest website". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  34. "DreamHost fights government request seeking 1.3 million IP addresses of DisruptJ20 website visitors". VentureBeat. August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  35. "We Fight for the Users - DreamHost.blog". DreamHost.blog. August 14, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  36. Wamsley, Laurel (October 11, 2017). "Judge Limits DOJ's Warrant For Records From Anti-Trump Site". NPR.
  37. Alexander, Keith L.; Duggan, Paul (November 20, 2017). "Inauguration protesters were 'playing a role in the violence and destruction,' prosecutor says". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  38. Shugerman, Emily (December 21, 2017). "Anti-Trump activists found innocent, avoiding decades in prison for protesting". The Independent. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  39. Shugerman, Emily (January 18, 2018). "Justice Department drops charges against 129 people involved in J20 Trump inauguration day protests". The Independent. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  40. Raymond, Adam K. (July 6, 2018). "Charges Dropped Against Remaining J20 Inauguration Day Protesters". New York Magazine. Retrieved July 7, 2018.

Further reading