The date was chosen in order to give students, families and others a chance to mourn first, and then on March 24, talk about gun control.[21] Organizers filed a permit application with the National Park Service during the week of February 23, and expected as many as 500,000 people to attend.[22][23] However, the National Mall, which was the planned site of the main march in Washington, D.C., was reportedly already booked for March 24; the application, filed by an unidentified local student group, claimed it was for a talent show.[24][25] A permit was later obtained for Pennsylvania Avenue.[26] The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority announced it would operate extra trains for the march.[27]
The Enough! National School Walkout was held on the one month anniversary of the Stoneman Douglas shooting.[28][29] It involved students walking out from their classes for exactly 17 minutes (one for each of the victims of the massacre)[30] and involved more than 3,000 schools across the United States[31][32] and nearly one million students.[33] Thousands of students also gathered and staged a rally in Washington, D.C., after observing 17 minutes of silence with their backs to the White House.[29][34] After the success of the walkout, Hogg posted a tweet[35] that included a provocative, NRA-style advertisement calling out lawmakers for their inaction on or opposition to gun control efforts, asking "What if our politicians weren't the bitch of the NRA?", and ending with a promotion for the upcoming March.[36]
James Corden promoted the March for Our Lives event.[55]John Zimmer and Logan Green, the co-founders of Lyft, announced their support of the rallies and stated that their company would provide free rides for those attending demonstrations.[56] Dating app Bumble CEO Whitney Wolfe Herd subsequently announced that they were supporting the NeverAgain movement by banning all images of firearms on their dating application.[57]
In Washington, D.C., a prayer and vigil was held at the Washington National Cathedral on the eve of the rally, as a memorial for the victims of gun violence, and to declare the church's belief, "This work is rooted in our commitment to Jesus' command to love our neighbors as ourselves... We gather out of a conviction that the right to bear arms does not trump the right to life."[60][61][62] The litany also included the following refrain:
From so many heartbreaks comes forth a united commitment to go into the streets of our cities and towns and promote a way of peace and well-being for all people. With compassion sown from the threads of sadness and terror, we will mend a nation tattered by gun violence and weave a new cloth of hope and peace.[63]
Guest speakers included Philip and April Schentrup, parents of 16-year-old Carmen Schentrup, who was killed in the shooting in Parkland, Florida.[60][63]
March for Our Lives was among the biggest youth-led protests since the Vietnam War era.[64][65][66] Estimates of participation at the main event in Washington, D.C., range from 200,000 to 800,000.[67][68][69]
Other participants included Naomi Wadler, who is an elementary school student in Alexandria, Virginia,[78][79][80] Trevon Bosley from Chicago whose brother was shot and killed leaving church,[81] Edna Lizbeth Chávez, a high school student from Los Angeles,[82] and Zion Kelly, whose twin brother was shot and killed during an armed robbery.[83]Yolanda Renee King, granddaughter of Martin Luther King Jr., also made an appearance[84] along with Mya Middleton, a student from Chicago representing After School Matters,[85] Matt Post, a senior from Montgomery County,[86] Christopher Underwood, an 11-year old from New York,[87] Alex King and D'Angelo McDade from Chicago,[88] and Matthew Soto, brother of Sandy Hook victim Victoria Soto,[89] and Parkland parents Lori Alhadeff, who lost her daughter Alyssa in the school incident and Manuel & Patricia Oliver, whose lost their son Joaquin and launched a campaign titled "Change The Ref" to honor their son and push for new restrictions on any form of weapon violence.
X González seen on a Jumbotron in the distance during their moment of silence
González, after speaking and naming the seventeen victims, stood silent for over four minutes, after which a cellphone alarm went off and they announced the six minute and twenty second point in their speech, equal to the length of the Parkland shooting.[90][91][92] González ended their speech saying,
Since the time that I came out here, it has been 6 minutes and 20 seconds. The shooter has ceased shooting, and will soon abandon his rifle, blend in with the students as they escape, and walk free for an hour before arrest. Fight for your lives before it's someone else's job.[93]
then walked off stage as the entire crowd along Pennsylvania Avenue applauded loudly. Their speech and emotional moment of silence was praised by media organizations as one of the "most memorable"[94] and "powerful" moments in the day's events.[95][96]
During the rally in Miami Beach, musicians Flo Rida and Gloria & Emilio Estefan's daughter Emily took part in a Miami Beach rally with Mayor Dan Gelber.
Actor Matthew McConaughey took part in the march in Austin, Texas, and other singer-songwriters included Paul Simon, who performed "Sound of Silence" in Stamford, Connecticut, and Brandi Carlile who sung "Hold Out Your Hand", following the release of her sixth studio album "By the Way, I Forgive You", which was released two days after the Parkland tragedy. (The song later became a music video on June 1, 2018, showing montage recap clips of protestors being guided by officers on motorcycle while Brandi is blending in with the crowd and is later seen performing on the front lawn of the Seattle Center.)
Other advocates/activists included Malala Yousafzai, who gave a warm introduction via a video monitor during the Washington March.
Responses
National Rifle Association
A poster saying "Our children's safety should not have to be leveraged"
On March 21, NRATV host Grant Stinchfield stated that "March for Our Lives is backed by radicals with a history of violent threats, language and actions"; fact-checker PolitiFact has rated this statement as being "without merit" and "Pants on Fire" indicating that it is a "ridiculous claim".[98][99]
While the march was occurring, the NRA posted a membership drive video on their Facebook page, declaring that the "protests aren't spontaneous. Gun-hating billionaires and Hollywood elites are manipulating and exploiting children as part of their plan to DESTROY the Second Amendment". Another video dubbed "A March for Their Lies" was uploaded to YouTube featuring Colion Noir, in which he described the planned rally as a "carnival of a march". Noir also said in the video that there is an "agenda that's a million times bigger than the guns".[100][101]
The Washington Post reported that there were many Democrats encouraging the marchers, and many of them, including candidates for office, participated from the sidelines in the march, but few Republicans did similarly.[102] The White House said in a response that they "applaud the many courageous young Americans exercising their first amendment rights."[103]
On the day of the protests, Florida Republican senator Marco Rubio responded by stating: "However, many other Americans do not support a gun ban" and "view banning guns as an infringement on the Second Amendment rights of law abiding citizens that ultimately will not prevent these tragedies." He called for protesters to find "common ground with those who hold opposing views" for change to happen. However, a blanket gun ban was not called for by the protests.[104][105][106]
Former Republican senator and presidential candidate Rick Santorum criticized the Parkland activists, suggesting during an interview with CNN that students should be learning ways to respond to a shooter rather than asking lawmakers "to solve their problem"; Santorum advised students to take classes in CPR rather than marching in Washington.[107][108]The Washington Post quoted several doctors responding to Santorum that CPR would not be at all effective on gunshot victims as they were suffering from blood loss.[109]
Media
A report in The New Yorker praised the leaders of the march for their "extraordinary inclusiveness" in that they expanded the locus of concern from suburban schools to those of urban neighborhoods as well.[110]
Libertarian magazine Reason criticized the march, saying that "Gun violence has declined precipitously over the past 25 years, and most Americans are much safer today than they were a generation ago." and that "mass shootings are not the norm, and kids don't need to be terrified of going to school."[111]
On social media, fake pictures and GIFs of X González tearing up a copy of the U.S. Constitution were circulated in an effort to discredit the march. The images were doctored from originals of González tearing up a shooting target sign. Actor and conservative commentator Adam Baldwin defended circulating the doctored images as "political satire."[112][113]
Use of social media
Previously, protests had occurred for multiple shootings in the United States, such as the 2015 Charleston church shooting, but never had they amassed more than several hundred participants. With social media, more information was relayed to a larger audience in quicker time, giving more people awareness of what was happening across the nation.[114] By National Walkout Day on April 20, 2018, the social medias had followings over 1.3 million people and in Washington, D.C., alone, 200,000 people attended the March For Our Lives protest, whom many younger adults attributed to the big social media presence.[115] The hashtag #MarchForOurLives was used 3.6 million times, and over 7.5 thousand tweets were directed at the NRA social media account.
Twitter
The movement originated after the Parkland shooting in Florida, where 17 individuals died.[116] During the shooting, multiple students used Twitter, including freshman Aidan Minoff, who tweeted, "I am in a school shooting right now..."[117] Twitter allowed others around the world to suddenly be aware of what was happening in real time and showing the raw emotion of these students. Twitter supported greater two-way communication between the organization and the audience than traditional news media outlets.
The March For Our Lives Twitter started in February 2018, with the Twitter handle, @AMarch4OurLives. Up to date, the Twitter account has 450,000 followers and are a student-run organization with a large social media presence.[118] The March For Our Lives Twitter has real time, up to date tweets about the movement. It includes tweets about the red flag bill being signed in from other March For Our Lives accounts based in different locations, such as NYC.[119] In addition, the March For Our Lives Twitter account also alerts their followers about the events that are happening, such as meetings at Town Halls or when certain protests are happening.[120]
Instagram
In March 2018, Selena Gomez shared the march's hashtag #MarchForOurLives with the message: "Protect kids, not guns!" and this post had received 2 million likes.[121] Lady Gaga also documented the march, releasing a series of Instagram videos calling for action from politicians to enforce stricter gun laws.[122] The march has drawn support from Taylor Swift, Miley Cyrus, Kim Kardashian, Ariana Grande, and they have pledged to join and perform at the march.[123]
The students who survived the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting and millions of students worldwide participated in March for Our Lives, emerging as more influential on Instagram than celebrities on the gun control.[124] One of the tools they used were the hashtags. Top hashtags such as #MarchForOurLives #NeverAgain, #GunControlNow, and #EnoughIsEnough are used to spread the word and call on the public's attention.[125] Instagram becomes an 'informal' narrative platform that promoted a 'clicktivism' type of responses from the audience for the march.[126] Besides, students collaborate with Bartle Bogle Hegarty (BBH) to create the first Instagram coloring book. BBH L.A. executive creative director Zach Hilder said, "we wanted to give them tools to elevate their voices, create a way to unify their message and allow everyone to participate in the march. That's the inspiration for Color for Our Lives."[127]
Facebook
The March For Our Lives movement employs Facebook as another social media platform to spread awareness of its campaigns and messages to people around the world. As of March 5, 2019, nineteen days before the one year anniversary of the protests, the MFOL Facebook page had garnered more than 300,000 followers.[128] The page is mainly used to provide updates on national policies regarding gun laws, as well as coverage of various politicians who advocate for more gun safety. Similar to other media platforms, the Facebook page frequently employs popular hashtags such as #MarchForOurLives and #NeverAgain in its posts. Although other social media platforms such as Twitter and Instagram often make posts to increase awareness, Facebook is more often used to organize people in nearby marches or demonstrations in major cities, and this has seen great success.[129] For example, Facebook played a role in the March 24, 2018, March For Our Lives and Never Again collaboration gathering in Washington, D.C., where more than 47,000 people marked themselves as "going," and where more than 90,000 people from across the nation and world marked themselves as "interested" on the Facebook events posting.[130]
Snapchat
The March For Our Lives movement leveraged Snapchat to gain momentum, spread the word and draw attention to what students and supporters were doing around the United States in response to recent shootings on school campuses. Unique from other social media platforms, Snapchat contains a map feature that allowed the world to see when and where activities by its users is taking place. This allowed the student walkouts to be easily tracked around the US.[131] Video shows thousands of students and supporters walking the streets, protesting gun violence and current gun laws.[132] Snapchat created a "March For Our Lives" Sticker that could be used by the platform's users to document the walkouts around the US.[133]
Celebrity controversy
Jesse Hughes, a survivor of the Bataclan terrorist attack, called the march "pathetic", but after being criticized for his comment, later apologized saying, "I was not attempting to impugn the youth of America and this beautiful thing that they accomplished. I truly am sorry, I did not mean to hurt anyone or cause any harm."[134][135][136][137]
In anticipation and planning of the day's events, many streets in the nation's capital were closed to vehicle traffic.[138][139] Several blocks of streets encompassing much of the National Mall, stretching from the Washington Monument to the United States Capitol and from Independence Avenue to E Street, were closed to vehicle traffic.[140][141] Some of the rally-goers grouped at Trump Hotel, expressing displeasure that the Trump administration has not addressed school safety nor gun control in a meaningful way.[142]
In Missouri, marches took place in Kansas City, O'Fallon,[231]Springfield[232] and St. Louis. The St. Louis march was scheduled to begin at 10:00am at Union Station and culminate at the Gateway Arch.[233] Initial estimates anticipated 10,000 attendees.[233] The Kansas City rally held at Theis (Volker) Park, just south of the Nelson-Atkins Art Gallery, drew 6,000 participants.[234] The KC March was organized by students from area-wide high schools, who set up a Facebook page chronicling the event.[235] Twenty-one Kansas and Missouri organizations hosted the event.[236] The rally culminated in a march through the nearby Country Club Plaza upscale shopping district.[237] Organizers partnered with the Poor People's Campaign[238] to promote their Faith Assembly at Community Christian Church—planned by Kansas and Missouri organizers together.[239]
In Ohio there was a rally in Cleveland in Public Square followed by a march through the streets of downtown.[243][244] In Cincinnati a rally took place at City Hall, which followed a performance with seventeen flutes made from shotgun barrels, as a memorial to the victims of the Parkland shooting.[245] Another march occurred in Columbus at the Ohio Statehouse,[246] and other rallies took place in Athens and Dayton, each drawing hundreds of protesters.
A rally in Jacksonville had a turnout of over 1,000 people in Hemming Park. Hundreds of people marched from Hemming Park to the Duval County Courthouse with signs including: "Grab them by the mid-terms" and "#neveragain".[262] Notable speakers included John Phillips, the civil attorney of Jordan Davis, the seventeen year old who was shot and killed at a gas station in 2012 and Stranger Things actor Chester Rushing. In Saint Augustine, the march began by walking over the Bridge of Lions, down Avenida Menenedez, ending at Fort Castillo. The event was organized by Flagler college students with assistance from Indivisible St. Johns, St. Johns DEC, Women's March St.Augustine, and Ponte Vedra United Progress.[263]
The Fernandina march saw a turnout of around 1,200, and began north on 6th Street and then down Centre Street. One sign read: "Let's be responsible adults"; another stated: "Organizing, An Active Form of Grieving".[264]
In an official announcement to the state, Governor Ricardo Rosselló announced that he commissioned the Secretary of State, Luis G. Rivera Marín, to begin preparations for the march in San Juan.[342] Rosselló called for all citizens and civic, religious, and private sector organizations to stand united in solidarity for improved gun control.[342] He also remarked that Puerto Rico has the strictest gun control regulations of all jurisdictions in the country.[342] Rivera Marín stated that "our communities need to be a place where our people have peace, not fear".[343] He announced that the march would begin at Condado Lagoon and culminate at the Peace Pavilion in Luis Muñoz Rivera Park.[344]
At the end of November 2020, Kemuel Delgado established the first March for Our Lives chapter in Puerto Rico.[345][346]
Survivors from the Parkland shooting spoke at rallies in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, Israel. The event in Tel Aviv took place at the country's U.S. Embassy.[355]
Students from the International School of Geneva in Switzerland organized a rally outside the European headquarters of the United Nations, attracting hundreds of students.[356]
International and American students rallied in Rome near the US embassy, some holding signs that read "Protect People, Not Guns", "Enough is Enough", and "Dress Codes Are More Regulated Than Guns", as they wanted to make their voice clear to America.[367] The march in Rome was organized by the Rome chapter of American Expats for Positive Change (AEPC); the organizers stated their efforts to support America and safety in U.S. schools, even though gun violence was not solely an American issue.[368]
In Amsterdam, hundreds participated in a demonstration near the US consulate on the Museumplein.[369] The organizers and speakers included American and Dutch high school students, an alumna of Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, and a Florida student walkout organizer who lost a friend in the Parkland shooting.[370][369][371]
Other protests took place in Lima, Peru, Bogotá, Colombia, Georgetown, Guyana and Caracas, Venezuela, the city where Parkland victim Joaquin Oliver and his family escaped from and immigrated to the U.S. to live a better life because of the city's violence and poverty. They officially became American citizens last year at the time in November 2017.
Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School is a public high school in Parkland, Florida, United States. Established in 1990 as part of the Broward County Public Schools district and named after the writer Marjory Stoneman Douglas, it was the only public high school in Parkland, serving almost the entire city as well as a small section of neighboring Coral Springs.
Everytown for Gun Safety is an American non-profit organization which advocates for gun control and against gun violence. Everytown was formed in 2013 due to a merger between Mayors Against Illegal Guns and Moms Demand Action for Gun Sense in America.
Protests against Donald Trump have occurred in the United States and internationally since his entry into the 2016 presidential campaign. Protests have expressed opposition to Trump's campaign rhetoric, his electoral win, his first inauguration, his alleged history of sexual misconduct and various presidential actions, most notably his travel ban in 2017 and aggressive family separation policy in 2018. Some protests have taken the form of walk-outs, business closures, and petitions as well as rallies, demonstrations, and marches. While most protests have been peaceful, actionable conduct such as vandalism and assaults on Trump supporters has occurred. Some protesters have been criminally charged with rioting. The largest organized protest against Trump was the day after his first inauguration; millions protested on January 21, 2017, during the Women's March, with each individual city's protest taken into consideration, makes it the largest single-day protest in the history of the United States.
The Parkland high school shooting was a mass shooting that occurred on February 14, 2018, when 19-year-old Nikolas Cruz opened fire on students and staff at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in the Miami metropolitan area city of Parkland, Florida, killing 17 people and injuring 17 others. Cruz, a former student at the school, fled the scene on foot by blending in with other students and was arrested without incident approximately one hour and twenty minutes later in nearby Coral Springs. Police and prosecutors investigated "a pattern of disciplinary issues and unnerving behavior".
X González is an American activist and advocate for gun control. In 2018, they survived the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, the deadliest high school shooting in U.S. history, and, in response, co-founded the gun-control advocacy group Never Again MSD.
Never Again MSD is an American student-led political action committee for gun control that advocates for tighter regulations to prevent gun violence. The organization, also known by the Twitter hashtags #NeverAgain, and #EnoughIsEnough, was formed by a group of twenty students attending Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School (MSD) in Parkland, Florida at the time of the deadly shooting in 2018, in which seventeen students and staff members were killed by the gunman, Nikolas Cruz, who was a 19-year-old former student of the school and was armed with an AR-15 style semi-automatic rifle. The organization started on social media as a movement "for survivors of the Stoneman Douglas Shooting, by survivors of the Stoneman Douglas Shooting" using the hashtag #NeverAgain. A main goal of the group was to influence that year's United States mid-term elections, and they embarked on a multi-city bus tour to encourage young people to register to vote.
Cameron Marley Kasky is an American activist and advocate against gun violence who co-founded the student-led gun violence prevention advocacy group Never Again MSD. He is notable for helping to organize the March for Our Lives nationwide student protest in March 2018. Kasky is a survivor of the February 2018 mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School. Kasky was included in Time magazine's "100 Most Influential People of 2018".
In 2018, protests against gun violence in the United States increased after a series of mass shootings, most notably at the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School on February 14 that year. An organized protest in the form of a national school walkout occurred on March 14. March for Our Lives was held on March 24. Another major demonstration occurred April 20, 2018.
Alexander Blake Wind is an American student activist against gun violence. A survivor of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting and a founding member of the Never Again MSD movement, he is a critic of politicians who are supported by the National Rifle Association of America. Wind was one of five Stoneman Douglas students featured on the cover of Time magazine in 2018.
David Miles Hogg is an American gun control activist. He rose to prominence during the 2018 United States gun violence protests as a student survivor of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, helping lead several high-profile protests, marches, and boycotts, including the boycott of The Ingraham Angle. He has also been a target and scapegoat of several conspiracy theories.
Sarah Chadwick is an American activist against gun violence and one of the leaders of the Never Again MSD activist movement.
Jaclyn Corin is an American activist against gun violence. She survived the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in 2018. She is one of the co-founders of March for Our Lives and the organizer of a student protest to Tallahassee, Florida. She has also been a vocal critic of politicians funded by the National Rifle Association.
Lauren Elizabeth Hogg is an American author and activist against gun violence. She survived the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in 2018 and after became a co-founder of March for Our Lives and advocates against gun violence. She is the younger sister of gun control activist and former Marjory Stoneman Douglas student David Hogg. She graduated from MSD High School in 2021, three years after David.
Fred Guttenberg is an American activist against gun violence. His 14-year-old daughter Jaime Guttenberg was murdered in the Parkland high school shooting in suburban Fort Lauderdale, Florida on February 14, 2018. His son, Jesse, also a student at the school, ran from the shooting to meet him at a nearby store. He learned about his daughter's death from a friend who is a Coral Springs SWAT officer. Jessica McBride, for the website Heavy, described him as "one of the strongest voices for changes to gun laws in the wake of the mass shooting".
Kyle Kashuv is an American conservative activist. He survived the 2018 Stoneman Douglas High School shooting and subsequently advocated for gun rights, notably in opposition to his fellow survivors' March for Our Lives movement.
March for Our Lives Portland was a protest held in Portland, Oregon, as part of March for Our Lives, a series of rallies and marches in Washington, D.C., and more than 800 cities across the world on March 24, 2018. Students organized the event, which included a march from the North Park Blocks to Pioneer Courthouse Square where a rally featured speakers, a performance by rock band Portugal. The Man, and a surprise appearance by rapper Black Thought of hip-hop band The Roots. The protest was the city's largest since the January 2017 Women's March on Portland; the Portland Police Bureau estimated a crowd size of 12,000.
The National School Walkout was a national student-led protest on April 20, 2018, the 19th anniversary of the Columbine High School massacre. The walkout was one of many protests against gun violence in the United States that erupted in response to the Marjory Stoneman Douglas mass shooting on February 14, 2018.
Aalayah Eastmond is an American activist and advocate for gun violence prevention, social justice, and racial equality. After surviving the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, Eastmond began her activism during the 2018 United States gun violence protests. She has testified multiple times to the U.S. Congress. Eastmond is an executive council member of Team Enough, a youth-led gun violence prevention organization which is part of the Brady Campaign. Eastmond co-founded Concerned Citizens of DC in the wake of the murder of George Floyd to organize protests supporting social justice issues in Washington, D.C. She supports Black Lives Matter and protests against police brutality.
↑ Wiegel, David (March 24, 2018). "Democrats' message at gun-control rallies: Do what the students say". The Washington Post. Democrats' message at gun-control rallies: Do what the students say ... politicians, most of them Democrats, cheered them on ... Democratic leaders from both houses of Congress participated in the marches... There was less praise for the marches from Republicans.... No Republican leader in Congress commented on the March
↑ Robillard, Kevin (March 25, 2018). "Santorum: Parkland students should learn CPR instead of marching". Politico. Retrieved March 25, 2018. ... Rick Santorum said Sunday that students ... should have responded to the massacre of their classmates by 'taking CPR classes', instead of 'looking to someone else to solve their problem'.
↑ Talbot, Margaret (March 25, 2018). "The Extraordinary Inclusiveness of the March for Our Lives". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 25, 2018. ....leadership has managed to broaden the locus of concern beyond mass shootings at comfortable suburban schools ... to gun violence in urban neighborhoods as well...
↑ Manhattan, March For Our Lives. "Red Flag Bill Signed Today in NYC! Step in the Right Direction in Preventing Gun Violence and Saving Lives ✌🏽 Pic.twitter.com/u5AgirRnlR." Twitter, Twitter, 25 Feb. 2019, twitter.com/mfolmanhattan/status/1100129636774752256
↑ Lives, March For Our. "CHARLESTON, SC: Join Us on Saturday at 3 PM for a Gun Safety Town Hall with @GiffordsCourage, @Townhallproject, and @LeviStraussCo.Let's Talk Background Checks. #HR8 RSVP Here: Https://T.co/gL6NFZd474." Twitter, Twitter, 21 Feb. 2019, twitter.com/AMarch4OurLives/status/1098619466307588096
↑ Gruzd, Anatoliy; Lannigan, James; Quigley, Kevin (2018). "Examining government cross-platform engagement in social media: Instagram vs Twitter and the big lift project". Government Information Quarterly. 35 (4): 579–587. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2018.09.005. S2CID54447076.
↑ Bhardwaj, Prachi. (Mar. 14, 2018), "Snapchat's Maps feature visualized the national student walkouts against gun violence in a stunning way". Business Insider. Retrieved 2019-03-05
↑ "SnapChat video at March for our Lives". KSDK. Retrieved 2019-03-04
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