Related Research Articles
Bioprospecting is the exploration of natural sources for small molecules, macromolecules and biochemical and genetic information that could be developed into commercially valuable products for the agricultural, aquaculture, bioremediation, cosmetics, nanotechnology, or pharmaceutical industries. In the pharmaceutical industry, for example, almost one third of all small-molecule drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 1981 and 2014 were either natural products or compounds derived from natural products.
Herbal medicine is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are a basis of traditional medicine. With worldwide research into pharmacology, some herbal medicines have been translated into modern remedies, such as the anti-malarial group of drugs called artemisinin isolated from Artemisia annua, a herb that was known in Chinese medicine to treat fever. There is limited scientific evidence for the safety and efficacy of many plants used in 21st-century herbalism, which generally does not provide standards for purity or dosage. The scope of herbal medicine sometimes includes fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts.
In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered.
Pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs obtained from medicinal plants, animals, fungi, and other natural sources. The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines pharmacognosy as "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources".
Medicinal plants, also called medicinal herbs, have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times. Plants synthesize hundreds of chemical compounds for various functions, including defense and protection against insects, fungi, diseases, and herbivorous mammals.
Medicinal or pharmaceutical chemistry is a scientific discipline at the intersection of chemistry and pharmacy involved with designing and developing pharmaceutical drugs. Medicinal chemistry involves the identification, synthesis and development of new chemical entities suitable for therapeutic use. It also includes the study of existing drugs, their biological properties, and their quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR).
A natural product is a natural compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature. In the broadest sense, natural products include any substance produced by life. Natural products can also be prepared by chemical synthesis and have played a central role in the development of the field of organic chemistry by providing challenging synthetic targets. The term natural product has also been extended for commercial purposes to refer to cosmetics, dietary supplements, and foods produced from natural sources without added artificial ingredients.
Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals, which are chemicals derived from plants. Phytochemists strive to describe the structures of the large number of secondary metabolites found in plants, the functions of these compounds in human and plant biology, and the biosynthesis of these compounds. Plants synthesize phytochemicals for many reasons, including to protect themselves against insect attacks and plant diseases. The compounds found in plants are of many kinds, but most can be grouped into four major biosynthetic classes: alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, polyketides, and terpenoids.
Ethnomedicine is a study or comparison of the traditional medicine based on bioactive compounds in plants and animals and practiced by various ethnic groups, especially those with little access to western medicines, e.g., indigenous peoples. The word ethnomedicine is sometimes used as a synonym for traditional medicine.
Camptothecin (CPT) is a topoisomerase inhibitor. It was discovered in 1966 by M. E. Wall and M. C. Wani in systematic screening of natural products for anticancer drugs. It was isolated from the bark and stem of Camptotheca acuminata, a tree native to China used in traditional Chinese medicine. It has been used clinically in China for the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors. CPT showed anticancer activity in preliminary clinical trials, especially against breast, ovarian, colon, lung, and stomach cancers. However, it has low solubility and adverse effects have been reported when used therapeutically, so synthetic and medicinal chemists have developed numerous syntheses of camptothecin and various derivatives to increase the benefits of the chemical, with good results. Four CPT analogues have been approved and are used in cancer chemotherapy today: topotecan, irinotecan, belotecan, and trastuzumab deruxtecan. Camptothecin has also been found in other plants including Chonemorpha fragrans.
Jerry L. McLaughlin is a researcher who has conducted research for 28 years studying plants looking for molecules that fight cancer at Purdue University's School of Pharmacy. He published his findings on the Annonaceous acetogenins in peer reviewed journals. These acetogenins have been identified as having a number of effects, including acting as potential anticancer agents.
Plant sources of anti-cancer agents are plants, the derivatives of which have been shown to be usable for the treatment or prevention of cancer in humans.
Justicia gendarussa, commonly known as Willow-leaved justicia ,Lapsulis in Creole Seychelles; is a small erect, branched shrub. According to Plants of the World Online it is native to the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, the Philippines, and New Guinea, and has been introduced to Nepal, the western Himalayas, Pakistan, southern China including Hainan and Taiwan, eastern Africa, and the Mascarene Islands, Comoro Islands, and Seychelles. It has been described as rare and endemic to India, though those claims are at least confusing, in the context of statements that the plant is widely used in various forms for many of its medicinal and insecticidal properties, and that it is a quick-growing, evergreen forest shrub considered to be a native of China and distributed in Sri Lanka, India and Malaysia.
Christophe Wiart is a French scientist.
α-Hederin (alpha-hederin) is a water-soluble pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin found in the seeds of Nigella sativa and leaves of Hedera helix.
Cassandra Leah Quave is an American ethnobotanist, herbarium curator, and associate professor at Emory University. Her research focuses on analyzing natural, plant-based medicine of indigenous cultures to help combat infectious disease and antibiotic resistance. In particular, she studies bacterial biofilm inhibition and quorum-sensing inhibition of botanical extracts for inflammatory skin conditions.
Vobasine is a naturally occurring monoterpene indole alkaloid found in several species in the genus Tabernaemontana including Tabernaemontana divaricata.
Phillip Crews is an African American chemist at UCSC. His research work is around marine natural products chemistry and diversity education in chemistry. He was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2008.
George Robert Pettit II was a Regents’ Professor in Chemistry in the School of Molecular Sciences (SMS) at Arizona State University. He was an internationally renowned and respected researcher in the field of natural anticancer compounds throughout his career of over six decades. Pettit has been honored by the International Cancer Advocacy Network, the American Society of Pharmacognosy, and Washington State University, his alma mater. A special edition of the Journal of Natural Products is dedicated to Pettit, and the French journal Médicine Sciences paid tribute to him. Pettit’s achievements earned him the designation of Outstanding Investigator by the United States National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute (NCI). Pettit and his impact on the field of anti-cancer compounds are the subject of the book, “Waging War on Cancer.”
Ben-Erik van Wyk FAAS is a South African professor of indigenous botany and traditional African medicine at the University of Johannesburg.
References
- 1 2 3 "Dr. Djaja Djendoel Soejarto | Discovery of Anticancer Agents of Diverse Natural Origin". u.osu.edu.
- ↑ "Djaja D. Soejarto". scholar.google.com.
- 1 2 "Ethnobotany of tuberculosis in Laos".
- ↑ "Medicinal plants of Laos".
- ↑ "Soejarto Named 2022 ASP Varro E. Tyler Award Winner" (PDF).
- ↑ "Editorial board – Journal of Ethnopharmacology | ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier". www.sciencedirect.com.
- ↑ "Herbario".
- ↑ "Herbarium Details – Universidad de Antioquia".
- ↑ Regalado, Jacinto C.; Soejarto, Djaja D. (1997). "The Genus Microrphium (Gentianaceae) in the Philippines". Novon. 7 (1): 77–80. doi:10.2307/3392078. JSTOR 3392078 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Pérez, Lynette Bueno; Still, Patrick C.; Naman, C. Benjamin; Ren, Yulin; Pan, Li; Chai, Hee-Byung; Carcache de Blanco, Esperanza J.; Ninh, Tran Ngoc; Van Thanh, Bui; Swanson, Steven M.; Soejarto, Djaja D.; Kinghorn, A. Douglas (December 19, 2014). "Investigation of Vietnamese plants for potential anticancer agents". Phytochemistry Reviews: Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe. 13 (4): 727–739. Bibcode:2014PChRv..13..727B. doi:10.1007/s11101-014-9335-7. PMC 4225705 . PMID 25395897.
- ↑ Henkin, Joshua M.; Ren, Yulin; Soejarto, Djaja Djendoel; Kinghorn, A. Douglas (January 19, 2018). "The Search for Anticancer Agents from Tropical Plants". Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 107. Vol. 107. pp. 1–94. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93506-5_1. ISBN 978-3-319-93505-8. PMID 30178270 – via PubMed.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ↑ Carcache De Blanco, Esperanza J.; Addo, Ermias Mekuria; Rakotondraibe, H. Liva; Soejarto, Djaja D.; Kinghorn, A. Douglas (January 1, 2023). "Strategies for the discovery of potential anticancer agents from plants collected from Southeast Asian tropical rainforests as a case study". Natural Product Reports. 40 (7): 1181–1197. doi:10.1039/d2np00080f. PMC 10524867 . PMID 37194649. S2CID 258742136 – via www.sciencedirect.com.
- ↑ Zhang, Hong-Jie; Li, Wan-Fei; Fong, Harry H. S.; Soejarto, Djaja Doel (October 31, 2016). "Discovery of Bioactive Compounds by the UIC-ICBG Drug Discovery Program in the 18 Years Since 1998". Molecules. 21 (11): 1448. doi: 10.3390/molecules21111448 . PMC 6273581 . PMID 27809237.
- ↑ "Selected common plants at Cuc Phuong National Park".
- ↑ Farnsworth, Norman R.; Soejarto, Djaja Doel (July 1, 1985). "Potential consequence of plant extinction in the United States on the current and future availability of prescription drugs". Economic Botany. 39 (3): 231–240. Bibcode:1985EcBot..39..231F. doi:10.1007/BF02858792. S2CID 43096557 – via Springer Link.
- ↑ Farnsworth, Norman R.; Akerele, Olayiwola; Bingel, Audrey S.; Soejarto, Djaja D.; Guo, Zhengang (January 19, 1985). "Medicinal plants in therapy". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 63 (6): 965–981. PMC 2536466 . PMID 3879679.
- ↑ Baker, J. T.; Borris, R. P.; Carté, B.; Cordell, G. A.; Soejarto, D. D.; Cragg, G. M.; Gupta, M. P.; Iwu, M. M.; Madulid, D. R.; Tyler, V. E. (September 19, 1995). "Natural product drug discovery and development: new perspectives on international collaboration". Journal of Natural Products. 58 (9): 1325–1357. doi:10.1021/np50123a003. PMID 7494142 – via PubMed.
- ↑ Soejarto, D. D.; Gyllenhaal, C.; Fong, H. H. S.; Xuan, L. T.; Hiep, N. T.; Hung, N. V.; Bich, T. Q.; Southavong, B.; Sydara, K.; Pezzuto, J. M. (February 19, 2004). "The UIC ICBG (University of Illinois at Chicago International Cooperative Biodiversity Group) Memorandum of Agreement: a model of benefit-sharing arrangement in natural products drug discovery and development". Journal of Natural Products. 67 (2): 294–299. doi:10.1021/np0304363. PMID 14987071 – via PubMed.
- ↑ Ren, Yulin; Lantvit, Daniel D.; Deng, Youcai; Kanagasabai, Ragu; Gallucci, Judith C.; Ninh, Tran Ngoc; Chai, Hee-Byung; Soejarto, Djaja D.; Fuchs, James R.; Yalowich, Jack C.; Yu, Jianhua; Swanson, Steven M.; Kinghorn, A. Douglas (June 27, 2014). "Potent Cytotoxic Arylnaphthalene Lignan Lactones from Phyllanthus poilanei". Journal of Natural Products. 77 (6): 1494–1504. doi:10.1021/np5002785. PMC 4073661 . PMID 24937209.
- ↑ Kinghorn, A. D.; Nanayakkara, N. P. D.; Soejarto, D. D.; Medon, P. J.; Kamath, S. (March 26, 1982). "Potential sweetening agents of plant origin: I. Purification of Stevia rebaudiana sweet constituents by droplet counter-current chromatography". Journal of Chromatography A. 237 (3): 478–483. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)97636-2.
- ↑ Soejarto, D. D.; Compadre, C. M.; Medon, P. J.; Kamath, S. K.; Kinghorn, A. D. (January 1, 1983). "Potential sweetening agents of plant origin. II. field search for sweet-tastingStevia species". Economic Botany. 37 (1): 71–79. Bibcode:1983EcBot..37...71S. doi:10.1007/BF02859308. S2CID 29272901 – via Springer Link.
- ↑ Soejarto, D. D.; Kinghorn, A. D.; Farnsworth, N. R. (January 19, 1982). "Potential sweetening agents of plant origin. III. Organoleptic evaluation of Stevia leaf herbarium samples for sweetness". Journal of Natural Products. 45 (5): 590–599. doi:10.1021/np50023a013. PMID 7153776 – via PubMed.
- ↑ Koch, A.; Tamez, P.; Pezzuto, J.; Soejarto, D. (October 3, 2005). "Evaluation of plants used for antimalarial treatment by the Maasai of Kenya". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 101 (1–3): 95–99. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.03.011. PMID 15878245 – via PubMed.
- ↑ Libman, A.; Bouamanivong, S.; Southavong, B.; Sydara, K.; Soejarto, D. D. (July 19, 2006). "Medicinal plants: an important asset to health care in a region of Central Laos". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 106 (3): 303–311. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.11.034. PMID 16473485 – via PubMed.
- ↑ Elkington, B. G.; Southavong, B.; Sydara, K.; Souliya, O.; Vanthanouvong, M.; Nettavong, K.; Thammachack, B.; Pak, D. H.; Riley, M. C.; Franzblau, S. G.; Soejarto, D. D. (2009). "Full article: Biological evaluation of plants of Laos used in the treatment of tuberculosis in Lao traditional medicine". Pharmaceutical Biology. 47 (1): 26–33. doi:10.1080/13880200802398002. PMC 3071617 . PMID 21479105.
- ↑ "Studies on biodiversity of Vietnam and Laos: The UIC-based ICBG program".
- ↑ International Plant Names Index. Soejarto.
