EUR | |
---|---|
District | |
Coordinates: 41°50′01″N12°28′15″E / 41.83361°N 12.47083°E | |
Country | Italy |
Region | Lazio |
City | Rome |
Municipio | Municipio IX |
Founded | 26 April 1937 |
Area | |
• Total | 0.4 km2 (0.2 sq mi) |
Population (2016) | |
• Total | 9,416 |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 |
Website | www |
EUR (Italian: [Europa] ) is a residential area and the major business district in Rome, Italy, part of the Municipio IX.
The area was originally chosen in the 1930s as the site for the 1942 World's Fair which Benito Mussolini planned to open to celebrate twenty years of Fascism, the letters EUR standing for Esposizione Universale Roma ("Rome Universal Exposition"). The project was originally called E42 after the year in which the exhibition was to be held. EUR was also designed to direct the expansion of the city towards the south-west and the sea, and to be a new city centre for Rome. [1] The planned exhibition never took place due to World War II.
Most of the area is the property of EUR S.p.A., a company jointly owned by the Ministry of Economy and the Municipality of Rome. [2]
The complex was planned to be home to a World's fair to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the March on Rome and of the beginning of the Fascist era. The autonomous agency responsible for organization and construction of the project, E42 (Esposizione 1942), was created on 26 December 1936. [3]
On 26 April 1937 Benito Mussolini planted a cluster pine at the centre of the site of the future EUR district. Ultimately he wanted to push the Roman urban area towards the sea. [4]
The general commissioner of the agency, Vittorio Cini, presented a list of the most prominent Italian architects available to Benito Mussolini. The list included Adalberto Libera, Enrico Del Debbio, Giuseppe Terragni, Giovanni Michelucci, Adamius, Eugenio Montuori and Giovanni Muzio. Among the large list, Marcello Piacentini (head of the project), Giuseppe Pagano Pogatschnig, Luigi Piccinato, Luigi Vietti and Ettore Rossi were chosen. [5] The first project, on an area of 4 km2 (1.5 sq mi), was presented in 1938.
The name was later changed to EUR, and the final project was presented in 1939. [6] The events of the Second World War intervened, the Expo failed to take place, and the original project was left uncompleted when the works had to stop in 1942. [6]
During World War II the uncompleted EUR development suffered severe damage. [6] However, the Roman authorities decided that EUR could be the basis of an out-of-town business district, which other capitals did not begin planning until decades later (for example, London Docklands and La Défense near Paris). During the 1950s and 1960s the unfinished Fascist-era buildings were completed and other new buildings were built in contemporary styles for use as offices and government buildings, set in large gardens and parks.
EUR was almost fully completed for the 1960 Olympics, held in Rome. At that time, most of the important infrastructures, such as the Palazzo dello Sport (designed by Nervi and Piacentini) and the Velodromo were completed. [5] [6]
The EUR development agency, founded in 1936, became a Società per azioni on 15 March 2000 [5] and is still responsible for some aspects of management and organization of the area. [7]
After a period of controversy over its architectural and urban planning principles, the project to design EUR was commissioned from the leaders of both of the rival factions in Italian architecture: Marcello Piacentini for the "reactionaries" and Giuseppe Pagano for the "progressives". Each of them brought in their own preferred architects to design individual buildings within the district. EUR offers a large-scale image of how urban Italy might have looked if the Fascist regime had not fallen; wide axially planned streets and austere buildings of either stile Littorio , inspired by ancient Roman architecture, or Rationalism, modern architecture but built using traditional limestone, tuff and marble.
The initial project was presented in 1938 under the direction of Marcello Piacentini. The design was inspired, according to the fascist ideology, by Roman Imperial town planning, [6] with modern elements which came from Italian rationalism, the result being a sort of simplified neoclassicism.
The project develops over orthogonal axes and large and stately buildings, built mainly of limestone, tuff and marble, traditional materials associated with Roman Empire architecture.
The most representative building at EUR, and the symbol of this architectural style, is the Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana (1938–1943), an iconic project which has since become known as the "Colosseo Quadrato" (Square Colosseum). The building was designed by Giovanni Guerrini, Ernesto Lapadula and Mario Romano, also inspired by metaphysical art.
In 1938 Luigi Moretti (with Fariello, Muratori and Quaroni) won the competition for the design of the Imperial Square (now Piazza Guglielmo Marconi). The large building fronting the square was never finished, but after the war the structures already constructed were used for the "Skyscraper Italy (Grattacielo Italia)" by Luigi Mattioni.
Other notable buildings are:
Several museums are also present. These comprise the Museum of Roman Civilization [8] (Roman Culture Museum), the Museo Nazionale dell'Alto Medioevo (National Museum of the Middle Ages) and the Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnografico Luigi Pigorini [9] (Prehistoric Ethnographic Museum). A new planetarium, connected to the Astronomy Museum, opened in 2004. [10]
EUR is the headquarters of many companies and public bodies, such as Confindustria, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of communications, the Archivio Centrale dello Stato, [11] the Ministry of the Environment, the SIAE, the Agenzia ICE, Eni company, [11] UniCredit, Poste italiane, INAIL, INPS, and many other multinational companies. It also hosted the NATO Defense College from 1966 until 1999.
The "bibliopoint" Istituto superiore "Leon Battista Alberti" is located in the EUR. [12] There are a lot of schools in EUR such as "Liceo Scientifico Statale Stanislao Cannizzaro", [13] Liceo Ginnasio Statale "Francesco Vivona", [14] another one is also ITC "Vincenzo Arangio Ruiz"; [15] those three are all public schools, while there are also private institutes like: "Istituto Massimiliano Massimo" [16] and Highlands Institute [17]
The Fascist architecture of EUR was prominently featured in Michelangelo Antonioni's 1962 film L'Eclisse and Bernardo Bertolucci's 1970 film The Conformist . Additionally, multiple buildings were shown in Federico Fellini's films 8½ and Boccaccio '70 .
The location was also used as the headquarters of Mayflower Industries in the 1991 movie Hudson Hawk and served as a backdrop for scenes from the 1999 film adaptation of Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus. [11] Lara Wendel's death scene in the 1982 movie Tenebrae was also shot in the location.
Extensive portions of The Last Man on Earth were filmed in EUR. [20]
The burial of Marco Sciarra in 007's Spectre was filmed at Museum of Roman Civilization.
Photos taken by Italian photographer Paolo Monti, showing the district during the 1960s:
Ludovisi is the 16th rione of Rome, Italy, identified by the initials R. XVI and located within the Municipio I.
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Giuseppe Pagano was an Italian architect, notable for his involvement in the movement of rationalist architecture in Italy up to the end of the Second World War. He designed exhibitions, furniture and interiors and was an amateur photographer. He was also a long-time editor of the magazine Casabella.
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Italy has a very broad and diverse architectural style, which cannot be simply classified by period or region, due to Italy's division into various small states until 1861. This has created a highly diverse and eclectic range in architectural designs. Italy is known for its considerable architectural achievements, such as the construction of aqueducts, temples and similar structures during ancient Rome, the founding of the Renaissance architectural movement in the late-14th to 16th century, and being the homeland of Palladianism, a style of construction which inspired movements such as that of Neoclassical architecture, and influenced the designs which noblemen built their country houses all over the world, notably in the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States of America during the late-17th to early 20th centuries.
The Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana, also known as the Palazzo della Civiltà del Lavoro, or in everyday speech as the Colosseo Quadrato, is a building in the EUR district in Rome. It was designed in 1938 by three Italian architects: Giovanni Guerrini, Ernesto La Padula, and Mario Romano. The building is an example of Italian Rationalism and fascist architecture with neoclassical design, representing romanità, a philosophy which encompasses the past, present, and future all in one. The enormity of the structure is meant to reflect the fascist regime's new course in Italian history. The design of the building draws inspiration from the Colosseum with rows of arches. According to legend, the structure's six vertical and nine horizontal arches are correlated to the number of letters in the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini's name.
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Marcello Piacentini was an Italian urban theorist and one of the main proponents of Italian Fascist architecture.
The culture of Rome in Italy refers to the arts, high culture, language, religion, politics, libraries, cuisine, architecture and fashion in Rome, Italy. Rome was supposedly founded in 753 BC and ever since has been the capital of the Roman Empire, one of the main centres of Christianity, the home of the Roman Catholic Church and the seat of the Italian Republic. Due to its historical and social importance, Rome has been nicknamed the Caput Mundi, or "capital of the world".
Italian modern and contemporary architecture refers to architecture in Italy during the 20th and 21st centuries.
Liceo Classico “Quinto Orazio Flacco” is the oldest institution for secondary education in the city of Bari, Apulia, Italy. Commonly known as Flacco, this liceo classico welcomes students from 14 to 19 years of age. The scholastic environments are still located in the original building, which was built along a stretch of Bari’s Lungomare in 1933.
The Museo di Roma is a museum in Rome, Italy, part of the network of Roman civic museums. The museum was founded in the Fascist era with the aim of documenting the local history and traditions of the "old Rome" that was rapidly disappearing, but following many donations and acquisitions of works of art is now principally an art museum. The collections initially included 120 water-colours by the nineteenth-century painter Ettore Roesler Franz of Roma sparita, "vanished Rome", later moved to the Museo di Roma in Trastevere.
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