Embargo of Russian oil during the Russo-Ukrainian War

Last updated

Since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the European Union, the G7 nations and Australia have imposed sanctions on Russia. The sanctions on oil began in December 2022 and included an embargo of Russian oil, namely, the bringing of crude oil and refined oil products from Russia to the EU and other G7 nations by ship, with a few exceptions. [1] [2]

Contents

Sanctions apply to anyone facilitating the maritime transport of such oil in breach of the embargo, including trading and commodities brokering, financing, shipping, insurance, including reinsurance and protection and indemnity, and flagging and customs brokering. [3]

On 23 June 2023 as part of the 11th sanctions package, the EU prohibited access to European ports of all vessels suspected “with reasonable cause”, of having been involved in transshipment of Russian oil at a price higher than the price cap, or having turned off their Automatic Identification System trackers. [4]

Certain ships carrying oil have been flagged as being probably in violation of the embargo and some have been specifically sanctioned, as have their owners/managers.

The number of ships considered in violation of the embargo can be significant. In October 2023, 2 carrying crude oil and 21 with oil products were identified, out of a total of 182 tankers carrying oil from Russian Black Sea ports that month. [5]

In 2023, under 5% of Russian crude oil products went to Europe, a fall of 90% in the year. [6]

History

Changes in the composition of seaborne diesel exports from Russia, 2022-2024 Monthly seaborne diesel shipments from Russia by destination in January 2022 through March 2024 (53718314656).png
Changes in the composition of seaborne diesel exports from Russia, 2022–2024

During and after Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war in 2015, sanctions have been used against Russian tankers by the United States, including product tankers Sudak (IMO:8943155) and Sig (IMO: 9735335), chemical tanker Stalingrad (IMO: 9690212) and the combined chemical and oil tankers Marshal Zhukov (IMO: 9690224) and Yaz (IMO: 9735323). In 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, 72 ships were directly sanctioned by the US Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). Sanctions do not aim to stop these vessels from trading and they have been seen to berth in overseas ports, however they have been restricted by the sanctions, with most ports of call being in Turkey, India, Iran and Egypt. [7]

Breaches of sanctions

Whilst the price of crude remained below the $60 level, breaches were generally limited to small quantities of oil imported into the EU from Russia and transshipment of oil at sea, however when the oil price rose in Summer 2023, the number of potential breaches increased with oil being purchased at a price over the oil cap price.

Ship-to-ship transshipments

The object of ship-to-ship transshipments is to mask the source of the oil, to hide from the buyer (or the authorities) that the oil is Russian and subject to sanctions. [4] Ships involved in transshipments have been known to change their names and their paint colours during voyages and to turn off their Automatic Identification System trackers. [8]

Transshipments have taken place off the Russian enclave of Kaliningrad, in the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean Sea. [4] The majority of transshipments from ships leaving the Black Sea have taken place in the Gulf of Laconia, close to Greece, but outside of the 6-mile territorial limit, it is in international waters. The Jumbo is a crude oil tanker, Gabon flagged, that was based in the gulf acting as a depot tanker, with some ships delivering oil to the depot and others collecting from it. [4]

Shipping refined oil from Bulgaria

Bulgaria has the Lukoil Neftohim Burgas refinery where Russian crude has been allowed under EU rules to be brought by ship. The refined oil is under an export ban by the EU, however refined oil has been shipped to the EU and the US in 2023. Seaexpress a product tanker managed by Thenamaris Ship Management collected 40,000 tons on 10 August 2023 and delivered it on 23 August to Rotterdam. Ship-to-ship transfers were used to send Naphtha from Burgas to the US in June 2023. [9] Bulgaria is cancelling the export quotas given to the refinery from 1 January 2024. [10] The European Commission is investigating the situation. [11] Bulgaria will also cease the importation of Russian crude oil on 1 March 2024. [12]

Crude Oil

The embargo came into effect on 5 December 2022 with a 45-day transition period, all ships had to load by 5 December 2022 and unload at the destination port before 19 January 2023. [13]

Around 100 tankers are under investigation by the US in November 2023, with management companies being asked to provide evidence that the price cap has not been breached by the tankers. [14] The EU/G7 countries put pressure on crude oil tanker flag countries in late 2023 to run better checks that their crude oil tankers are not breaching the $60 price cap limit. [15]

Ships believed to be in violation of the embargo

Tons delivered and numbers of crude oil tankers identified in probably being in violation of the embargo, in 2023, through direct delivery or transshipment:

MonthTonsDirect shipmentsTransshipmentsNote
January 20231,274,28139 (all Laconian Gulf) [16]
February869,77634 (all Laconian Gulf) [16]
March476,44904 (all Laconian Gulf) [16]
April801,59415 (all Laconian Gulf) [17]
May1,554,020211 (all Laconian Gulf) [17]
June1,134,44518 (all Laconian Gulf) [18]
July222,31602 (all Laconian Gulf) [19]
August377,76603 (all Laconian Gulf) [20]
September496,85404 (all Laconian Gulf) [21]
October274,24011 (Laconian Gulf) [22]
November683,18623 (all Laconian Gulf) [23]
December 2023784,56624 (all Laconian Gulf) [24]

Transshipments of crude oil from Russia

Transshipments of crude oil have involved ships belonging to companies from Cyprus, Greece, India, Indonesia, Liberia, Turkey and the UAE, flying under flags of Liberia, Malta, Palau, Panama, Marshall Islands and Turkey. | [17]

Direct shipments of crude oil from Russia to a sanctioning country

The following oil tankers have been identified as probably being in violation of the embargo by transporting crude oil directly from a Russian port to an EU/G7 port in 2023 by the Monitoring Group of BlackSeaNews and the Black Sea Institute of Strategic Studies.

ShipMonthDirect to PortFlagOwnerManagerNote
BEKS FENIXJanuary 2023Slovenia, Koper Marshall IslandsCOLEUS MARITIME & TRADING INC, c/o TurkeyBEKS GEMI ISLETMECILIGI VE TIC, Turkey [25]
MINERVA LISANetherlands, Rotterdam GreeceLISA ENE, c/o GreeceMINERVA MARINE INC, Greece [25]
Note △
ADVANTAGE SWEETSpain, Cartagena Marshall IslandsSPDBFL ONE HUNDRED EIGHTY-7, c/o TurkeyGENEL DENIZCILIK NAKLIYATI AS, Turkey [25]
SEAOATHFebruary 2023Netherlands, RotterdamMaltaSEACARGO SHIPPING LTD, c/o GreeceThenamaris Ships Management Inc, Greece [16]
Note △
BEKS EBRUItaly, Augusta, Sicily Marshall IslandsDOLPHIN MARITIME & TRADING-MAI, c/o DenmarkMAERSK TANKERS MR K/S, Denmark [16]
PROMITHEASItaly, Trieste GreeceTRITON SUCCESS SA, c/o GreeceTSAKOS SHIPPING & TRADING SA, Greece [16]
GREEN AURAApril 2023Netherlands Antilles, Sint Eustatius LiberiaAegeanzhou Beta Inc, GreeceAegean Shipping Management S.A, Greece [17]
EURONIKEMay 2023Spain, Bilbao MaltaTSAKOS COLUMBIA SHIPMANAGEMENT, GreeceTSAKOS COLUMBIA SHIPMANAGEMENT, Greece [17]
SEARUNNERNetherlands, RotterdamMaltaThenamaris Ships Management Inc, GreeceThenamaris Ships Management Inc, Greece [17]
Note △
ELANDRA FALCONJune 2023Italy, Milazzo Marshall IslandsSEA 101 LEASING CO LTD, c/o LatviaLSC SIA, Latvia [26]
SEAVIGOUROctober 2023Italy, Millazo, SicilyMaltaACHATES NAVIGATION INC, c/o GreeceThenamaris Ships Management Inc, Greece [22]
Note △
ELANDRA EAGLENovember 2023Spain, CartagenaMarshall IslandsSEA 100 LEASING CO LTD c/o UKMANSEL LTD, UK [23]
SEAVIOLETItaly, AnconaMaltaLAVENDER MARINE LTD c/o GreeceThenamaris Ships Management, Greece [23]
Note △
SEACALMDecember 2023Poland, GdanskMarshall IslandsFISHER MARITIME c/o GreeceThenamaris Ships Management, Greece [24]
Note △
BANDAItaly, Santa PanagiaLiberiaCRUDE PETROLEUM VENTURES SA c/o GreeceCHEMNAV SHIPMANAGEMENT LTD, Greece [24]

Note △ In November 2023 Thenamaris Ships Management Inc, Minerva Marine and TMS Tankers, all major Greek shipping companies, announced they had ceased all shipments of Russian oil, to avoid U.S. sanctions. [27]

Oil products

The embargo came into effect on 5 December 2022 with a grace period, all ships had to load by 5 February 2023 and unload before 1 April 2023. [28]

Ships believed to be in violation of the embargo

Tons delivered and numbers of product tankers identified, probably in violation of the embargo in 2023, through direct shipment or transshipment of the product:

MonthTonsDirect shipmentsTransshipmentsNote
February 2023403,990110 (9 Laconian Gulf, 1 off Malta) [29]
March737,856215 (14 Laconian Gulf, 1 off Malta) [29]
April726,210215 (all Laconian Gulf) [30]
May896,840517 (16 Laconian Gulf, 1 off Malta) [30]
June730,497814 (12 Laconian Gulf, 2 off Malta) [31]
July808,547517 (14 Laconian Gulf, 1 off Crete, 1 off Malta) [32]
August563,843314 (11 Laconian Gulf, 1 off Crete, 2 off Malta) [33]
September1,094,975624 (21 Laconian Gulf, 3 off Malta) [34]
October830,346318 (all Laconian Gulf ) [35]
November530,984412 (all Laconian Gulf ) [36]
December 2023551,893115 (all Laconian Gulf ) [37]

Transshipments of oil products from Russia

Transshipments of oil products have involved ships belonging to companies from Denmark, Germany, Greece, India, Liberia, Marshall Islands, Malta, Russia, Seychelles, Singapore, Turkey and the UAE, flying under flags of Cook Islands, Gabon, Liberia, Malta, Marshall Islands, Palau, Panama, Russia, Seychelles, Singapore, St Kitts and Nevis. [38] [31] [32] [33]

Direct shipments of oil products from Russia to a sanctioning country

The following oil product ships have been identified as probably being in violation of the embargo on seaborne imports of Russian oil products into the EU/G7 by the Monitoring Group of BlackSeaNews and the Black Sea Institute of Strategic Studies.

Enforcement of sanctions

In autumn 2023 the US and UK began applying sanctions against entities complicit with breaches of sanctions

Management companies of tankers

The management of "dark fleet" tankers are regularly changed by Russia in an effort to avoid sanctions. Lloyd's List defines a tanker as "dark fleet if it is aged 15 years or over, anonymously owned and/or has a corporate structure designed to obfuscate beneficial ownership discovery, solely deployed in sanctioned oil trades, and engaged in one or more of the deceptive shipping practices outlined by US State Department guidance issued in May 2020."

Sanctioned shipmanagement companies

The UK Government have sanctioned the following management companies under the Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2018:

MonthSanctioned managerships under managementFlagsNote
May 2023Sun Ship Management (D) Ltd
Dubai, United Arab Emirates		92 vessels
oil, LNG and chemical tankers		probably owned by Sovcomflot
tankers owned by Sovcomflot [39]
December 2023Oil Tankers (SCF) Management
Dubai, United Arab Emirates		61 tankerstankers owned by Sovcomflot [40]
K&O Ship Management
Dubai, United Arab Emirates		4 tankersPanamaowners unknown,
management changed to Prominent Shipmangement Ltd, China [40]
Radiating World Shipping Services LLC ♦
Dubai, United Arab Emirates		17 tankers:
nine aframaxes
three suezmax tankers
five product tankers		Cook Islandsowners unknown [40]
Star Voyages Shipping Services L.L.C ♦
Dubai, United Arab Emirates		owners unknown [40]
  • ♦ Companies have been moving tankers to other managers including One Moon Marine Services LLC. [41]

The US Government have sanctioned the following management companies being designated pursuant to E.O. 14024:

MonthSanctioned companyshipsFlagsNote
December 2023SUN Ship Management D Ltd
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
manager		SCF Primorye and otherstankers owned by Sovcomflot [42]
January 2024Hennesea Shipping Co Ltd
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
owner		HS Atlantica and 17 others including five chemical/product tankersLiberiatankers owned by Hennesea Shipping Co and ultimately by Sovcomflot. [43]

Insurance of tankers

Suspected breaches of sanctions by insurance companies are investigated. Sometimes the insurance company is provided with false information regarding the source of the cargo, [44] its price, the destination, and even the ships name and IMO number when an application for insurance is made.

In December 2023 an insurance company Continental Steamship Owners Mutual Protecting & Indemnity Association Ltd. incorporated in the Marshall Islands, but based in Estonia, was “forcibly dissolved”. The company was insuring 27 elderly, anonymously owned tankers, 10 of which appear to have been using fraudulently issued IMO company numbers. [45] [46]

Flag state and tankers

Suspected breaches of sanctions by flag states are investigated. Pressure is being put on nations to increase oversight of ships carrying their flags, both to ensure they do not breach sanctions but to also enforce safety and environmental standards. [47]

Most tankers suspected of breaching sanctions since 2021 fly the flag of Liberia, Liberia's flag registry is administered by a private US company based in Virginia, USA, as is the Marshall Islands flag. Panama, Gabon, the Cook Islands, Palau and Vietnam all flag more than 5% of tankers suspected of breaches. [48]

Cameroon flagged ships were banned from entering United Arab Emirates ports due to safety concerns from January 2024, many of their tankers are old and ply their trade with Russia whilst having a poor safety record. [49]

Sale of tankers

Sanctions announced in December 2023 require notification rules to be followed for the sale of tankers to any third country to make it transparent in an attempt to identify tankers that could be used to evade the import ban on Russian crude or petroleum products. [50]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lukoil Neftohim Burgas</span>

LUKOIL Neftohim Burgas, based in Burgas, Bulgaria, sometimes spelt "Neftochim Burgas," is the largest oil refinery in the Balkans and the largest industrial enterprise in Bulgaria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lago Oil and Transport Company</span>

Lago Oil & Transport Co. Ltd. was established in 1924 as a shipping company responsible for transporting crude oil from Lake Maracaibo to its transshipment facility on the island of Aruba. The Lago refinery, a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Company (Exxon), remained in operation until March 31, 1985 when Exxon made the decision to shut down and dismantle both the refinery and Lago Colony.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Petroleum industry in Russia</span> One of the largest in the world

The petroleum or oil industry in Russia is one of the largest in the world. Russia has the largest reserves and was the largest exporter of natural gas. It has the sixth largest oil reserves, and is one of the largest producers of oil. It is the fourth largest energy user.

Salem was a supertanker which was scuttled off the coast of Guinea on 17 January 1980, after secretly unloading 192,000 tons of oil in Durban, South Africa. The oil was delivered in breach of the South African oil embargo, and the ship was scuttled to fraudulently claim insurance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Energy in Russia</span>

The Energy in Russia is an area of the national economy, science, and technology of the Russian Federation, encompassing energy resources, production, transmission, transformation, accumulation, distribution, and consumption of various types of energy.

Oil tanker Ship that carries petroleum

An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a ship designed for the bulk transport of oil or its products. There are two basic types of oil tankers: crude tankers and product tankers. Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined crude oil from its point of extraction to refineries. Product tankers, generally much smaller, are designed to move refined products from refineries to points near consuming markets.

The National Iranian Tanker Company is a subsidiary of the National Iranian Oil Company, which was privatized in 2009. As of 2011, NITC was owned by funds managing pensions for 5 million Iranians. It is the biggest tanker company in the Middle East. The company transports Iranian crude oil to export markets and also engages in cross-trading of crude oil cargoes for some 150 oil majors worldwide, including Royal Dutch Shell, TotalEnergies, Saudi Aramco and state-run producers in Kuwait and Abu Dhabi. NITC has a capacity of 11 million tons per year.

There have been a number of international sanctions against Iran imposed by a number of countries, especially the United States, and international entities. Iran was the most sanctioned country in the world until it was surpassed by Russia, following Russia's invasion of neighboring Ukraine in February 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Petroleum industry in Iran</span> Overview of the petroleum industry of Iran

Iran is an energy superpower and the petroleum industry in Iran plays an important part in it. In 2004, Iran produced 5.1 percent of the world's total crude oil, which generated revenues of US$25 billion to US$30 billion and was the country's primary source of foreign currency. At 2006 levels of production, oil proceeds represented about 18.7% of gross domestic product (GDP). However, the importance of the hydrocarbon sector to Iran's economy has been far greater. The oil and gas industry has been the engine of economic growth, directly affecting public development projects, the government's annual budget, and most foreign exchange sources.

International sanctions have been imposed against Russia and Crimea during the Russo-Ukrainian War by a large number of countries, including the United States, Canada, the European Union, and international organisations following the Russian annexation of Crimea, which began in late February 2014. Belarus has also been sanctioned for its cooperation with and assistance to Russian armed forces. The sanctions were imposed against individuals, businesses, and officials from Russia and Ukraine. Russia responded with sanctions against several countries, including a total ban on food imports from Australia, Canada, Norway, Japan, the United States, the EU and the United Kingdom.

Par Pacific Holdings is a Houston-based American oil and gas exploration and production company. Known as Par Petroleum Corporation after it emerged from bankruptcy, it was renamed Par Pacific Holdings on October 20, 2015. As of 2017 it was a Fortune 1000 corporation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2019 Kerch Strait liquified gas tanker fire</span> Maritime incident in the Kerch Strait

The 2019 Kerch Strait liquified gas tanker fire was a major incident that occurred on 21 January 2019 when two ships, Kandy and Maestro, caught fire while transferring liquefied gas from one vessel to another in the Kerch Strait. The incident subsequently killed fourteen crewmembers and six went missing, including Libyan, Turkish, and Indian sailors, while twelve men jumped into the water and were rescued by the Russian Navy. Kandy was carrying a crew of seventeen, while Maestro was manned by fifteen crewmembers. At the time of the incident, both ships were carrying 4,500 tonnes of fuel. The ship-to-ship fuel transfer resulted a fire explosion and spread across both ships; Tanzanian-flagged Turkish ships' Maestro and Kandy. The blaze lasted more than four days.

Following the full declaration of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which started on 24 February 2022, institutions such as the United States, the European Union, and other Western countries introduced or significantly expanded sanctions covering Russian President Vladimir Putin, other government members and Russian citizens in general. Some Russian banks were banned from using the SWIFT international payments system. The sanctions and the boycotts of Russia and Belarus have impacted the Russian economy in various ways. However, sanctions and rising unemployment have contribute to Russian authorities as strategic advantages to boost localization and state conscription, increasing geopolitical fragmentation between third world and western nations enables Russia to exploit global trade networks to secure essential goods.

Stop Bloody Energy project is a global initiative of Ukrainian energy companies aimed at refusing to buy Russian energy resources and cooperating with Russia in the energy sector due to its war against Ukraine. The project was launched by Rinat Akhmetov's private company DTEK and the state-owned companies Naftogaz and Ukrenergo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oil in Turkey</span> Overview of petroleum in the country

Oil supplies over a quarter of Turkey's energy. Because the country produces very little oil, it is almost completely dependent on imports of oil and oil products such as petrol and diesel, over half of which is consumed in the country's road vehicles. Turkey is the world's largest user of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for road transport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Sea Grain Initiative</span> 2022–2023 Russia–Ukraine agreement on grain export

The Black Sea Grain Initiative was an agreement among Russia, Ukraine, Turkey and the United Nations (UN) during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

As part of the sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation as a result of the Russo-Ukrainian War, on September 2, 2022, finance ministers of the G7 group of nations agreed to cap the price of Russian oil and petroleum products in an effort intended to reduce Russia's ability to finance its war on Ukraine while at the same time hoping to curb further increases to the 2021–2022 inflation surge.

As part of the sanctions which have been imposed on the Russian Federation as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, on 2 September 2022, finance ministers of the G7 group of nations agreed to cap the price of Russian oil and petroleum products in an effort which was intended to reduce Russia's ability to finance its war on Ukraine and curb further increases in the 2021–2022 inflation surge.

A shadow fleet, also referred to as a dark fleet, is a "ship or vessel that uses concealing tactics to smuggle sanctioned goods". Shadow fleets are a direct response to international or unilateral economic sanctions. The term therefore more broadly refers to practices of sanction busting in the maritime domain through the use of un-registered or fraudulent vessels. Goods commonly exported and imported include raw materials such as oil and iron, luxury goods, weapons and defense technologies etc.

References

  1. ↑ "West implements price caps on Russian oil products as Moscow vows to safeguard interests" . Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  2. ↑ "OFAC Guidance on Implementation of the Price Cap Policy for Crude Oil of Russian Federation Origin". 22 November 2022.
  3. ↑ "UK and coalition partners announce price caps on Russian oil products" . Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Shipbreaking Bulletin of information and analysis on ship demolition # 69, from January 1 to March 31, 2023" (PDF). 29 June 2023.
  5. ↑ "182 tankers exported crude oil and petroleum products from Russian Black Sea ports in October 2023". 1 November 2023.
  6. ↑ "Russia's ships half of all crude, oil product exports to China in 2023". 27 December 2023.
  7. ↑ "Sailing Under The Radar: The Intriguing Journey Of Sanctioned Ships In International Trade" . Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  8. ↑ "Oil Megasmuggling: How Russia Bypasses Sanctions". 11 August 2023.
  9. ↑ "SANCTIONS EVASION AND DEROGATION ON RUSSIAN OIL" (PDF). November 2023.
  10. ↑ "Lukoil Faces Hard Choice in Bulgaria". 21 November 2023.
  11. ↑ "Commission to question Bulgaria over Russia sanctions loophole". 9 November 2023.
  12. ↑ "Bulgaria accelerates end of sanctions loophole that earned Russia €1B". 17 November 2023.
  13. ↑ "Import ban on Russian crude oil and petroleum products". 29 December 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  14. ↑ "US Asks About 100 Tankers in Russia Oil Cap Violations Probe". 13 November 2023.
  15. ↑ "West Pressures Flag States in Clampdown on Russian Oil Sanction Evaders". 4 December 2023.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Violation of the Embargo on Russia's Crude Oil Imports to the EU in February-March 2023". 29 March 2023.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Violations of the embargo on crude oil imports from Russia to the EU in May 2023: Even direct voyages to Spain and the Netherlands were recorded". 26 June 2023.
  18. ↑ "Violations of the embargo on the imports of crude oil from Russia into the EU in June 2023". 30 June 2023.
  19. ↑ "Violations of the embargo on the imports of crude oil from Russia into the EU in July 2023". 31 July 2023.
  20. ↑ "Violations of the embargo on the imports of crude oil from Russia into the EU in August 2023". 31 August 2023.
  21. ↑ "Violations of the embargo on seaborne imports of Russian crude oil into EU countries in September 2023". 30 September 2023.
  22. 1 2 "Violations of the embargo on the imports of crude oil from Russia into the EU in October 2023". 7 November 2023.
  23. 1 2 3 "Violations of the embargo on the imports of crude oil from Russia into the EU in November 2023". 8 December 2023.
  24. 1 2 3 "Violations of the embargo on the imports of crude oil from Russia into the EU in December 2023". 12 January 2024.
  25. 1 2 3 "Russia's crude oil exports from the Black Sea to EU countries in January 2023. Violations of the embargo again". 9 February 2023.
  26. ↑ "Violations of the embargo on Russian crude oil imports into the EU since it came into effect and in June-July 2023". 15 August 2023.
  27. ↑ "Greek shipping companies exit Russian oil trade amid US sanctions". 24 November 2023.
  28. ↑ "EU agrees on price caps for Russian petroleum products". 4 February 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 "The violations of the EU and G7 embargo on seaborne exports of Russian petroleum products from the Black Sea in February-March 2023". 26 April 2023.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "The number of violations of the EU-G7 embargo on seaborne imports of Russian petroleum products from the Black Sea in April-May 2023 increased significantly". 26 June 2023.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Violations of the embargo on seaborne imports of Russian petroleum products from Black Sea ports into the EU in June 2023". 30 June 2023.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Violations of the embargo on seaborne imports of Russian petroleum products from Black Sea ports into the EU in July 2023". 31 July 2023.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 "Violations of the embargo on imports of Russian petroleum products into the EU in August 2023". 31 August 2023.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Violations of the embargo on imports of Russian petroleum products into the EU in September 2023". 30 September 2023.
  35. 1 2 3 4 "Violations of the embargo on seaborne imports of Russian petroleum products from Black Sea ports into the EU in October 2023". 7 November 2023.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 "Violations of the embargo on seaborne imports of Russian petroleum products from Black Sea ports into the EU in November 2023". 8 December 2023.
  37. 1 2 "Violations of the embargo on seaborne imports of Russian petroleum products from Black Sea ports into the EU in December 2023". 12 January 2024.
  38. ↑ "Violations of the embargo on seaborne imports of Russian petroleum products from Black Sea ports into the EU in April 2023". 30 April 2023.
  39. ↑ "Financial Sanctions Notice Russia 19/05/2023" (PDF). 19 May 2023.
  40. 1 2 3 4 "UK sanctions four companies linked to 82 tankers in Russian oil trades". 7 December 2023.
  41. ↑ "Dark fleet operator Radiating World Shipping Services moves to evade UK sanctions". 3 January 2024.
  42. ↑ "Treasury Tightens the Price Cap with New Sanctions and Updated Guidance". 20 December 2023.
  43. ↑ "US Sanctions UAE Shipping Firm for Violating Russian Crude Oil Price Cap". 18 January 2024.
  44. ↑ "A shadow-fleet oil tanker that falsified its location and carried Venezuelan crude got stuck near Singapore". 8 December 2023.
  45. ↑ "Questions raised over dark fleet Estonia P&I coverage". 11 December 2023.
  46. ↑ "Shadow-Fleet Oil Tanker Insurer Gets Shut Down by Marshall Islands". Bloomberg. 13 December 2023.
  47. ↑ "Russia's Shadow Fleet Is an Environmental Disaster Waiting to Happen". 4 December 2023.
  48. ↑ "Pressure grows on Liberia and Marshall Islands to take action against the dark tanker fleet". 14 December 2023.
  49. ↑ "UAE Bans Tankers Flying Cameroon Flag On Safety Concern". 9 January 2024.
  50. ↑ "New EU oil cap sanction rules announced". 19 December 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.