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Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their taxonomy, genetics, biochemical properties, and use by humans. Fungi can be a source of tinder, food, traditional medicine, as well as entheogens, poison, and infection. Mycology branches into the field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases. The two disciplines are closely related, because the vast majority of plant pathogens are fungi. A biologist specializing in mycology is called a mycologist.
Penicillium is a genus of ascomycetous fungi that is part of the mycobiome of many species and is of major importance in the natural environment, in food spoilage, and in food and drug production.
In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota:
Aspergillus is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide.
Aspergillus nidulans is one of many species of filamentous fungi in the phylum Ascomycota. It has been an important research organism for studying eukaryotic cell biology for over 50 years, being used to study a wide range of subjects including recombination, DNA repair, mutation, cell cycle control, tubulin, chromatin, nucleokinesis, pathogenesis, metabolism, and experimental evolution. It is one of the few species in its genus able to form sexual spores through meiosis, allowing crossing of strains in the laboratory. A. nidulans is a homothallic fungus, meaning it is able to self-fertilize and form fruiting bodies in the absence of a mating partner. It has septate hyphae with a woolly colony texture and white mycelia. The green colour of wild-type colonies is due to pigmentation of the spores, while mutations in the pigmentation pathway can produce other spore colours.
Pichia is a genus of yeasts in the family Pichiaceae with spherical, elliptical, or oblong acuminate cells. Pichia is a teleomorph, and forms hat-shaped, hemispherical, or round ascospores during sexual reproduction. The anamorphs of some Pichia species are Candida species. The asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding.
The fungi imperfecti or imperfect fungi are fungi which do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed. They are known as imperfect fungi because only their asexual and vegetative phases are known. They have asexual form of reproduction, meaning that these fungi produce their spores asexually, in the process called sporogenesis.
Aspergillus ochraceus is a mold species in the genus Aspergillus known to produce the toxin ochratoxin A, one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins, and citrinin. It also produces the dihydroisocoumarin mellein. It is a filamentous fungus in nature and has characteristic biseriate conidiophores. Traditionally a soil fungus, has now began to adapt to varied ecological niches, like agricultural commodities, farmed animal and marine species. In humans and animals the consumption of this fungus produces chronic neurotoxic, immunosuppressive, genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects. Its airborne spores are one of the potential causes of asthma in children and lung diseases in humans. The pig and chicken populations in the farms are the most affected by this fungus and its mycotoxins. Certain fungicides like mancozeb, copper oxychloride, and sulfur have inhibitory effects on the growth of this fungus and its mycotoxin producing capacities.
Evariquinone is a chemical compound of the anthraquinone class which has been isolated from a sponge-derived strain of the fungus Emericella variecolor and from Aspergillus versicolor.
Aspergillus rambellii is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Ochraceorosei section. The species was first described in 2005. It accumulates very large amounts of sterigmatocystin, 3-O-methylsterigmatocystin and aflatoxin B1.
Aspergillus glaucus is a filamentous fungus which is known to have a wide environmental distribution due to its physiological hardiness under extreme conditions. Like many other fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus, it can be mildly pathogenic but has a number of useful potential applications in medicine and the production of foodstuffs.
Aspergillus unguis is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus, and the asexual state (anamorph) of Emericella unguis. Aspergillus unguis is a filamentous soil-borne fungus found on decomposing plant matter and other moist substrates including with building materials and household dust. Aspergillus unguis occurs mainly in tropical and subtropical soils but has also been isolated from various marine and aquatic habitats. The species was first isolated in 1935 by Weill and L. Gaudin. Historically, A. unguis was assigned to the A. nidulans group, a common group of soil-borne fungi due to the resemblance of its ascospores and cleistothecia to those of Emericella nidulans. Aspergillus unguis is distinctive, however, in possessing spicular hyphae. A number of synonyms have been collapsed into this species, including Sterigmatocystis unguis, Aspergillus laokiashanensis and Aspergillus mellinus.
Aspergillus desertorum is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus which has been isolated from desert soil. It is from the Nidulantes section. Aspergillus desertorum produces desertorin A, desertorin B, desertorin C, paxiline and emindol DA.
Aspergillus qinqixianii is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus which has been isolated from desert soil from the Taklimakan desert in China. It is from the Nidulantes section. Aspergillus qinqixianii produces asteltoxin, asperthecin, emericellin, 2-ω-hydroxyemodin, shamixanthones, terrein, curvularin and dehydrocurvularin.
Aspergillus galapagensis is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Fumigati section. Several fungi from this section produce heat-resistant ascospores, and the isolates from this section are frequently obtained from locations where natural fires have previously occurred. The species was first described in 2014. It has been isolated from soil in Ecuador. It has been reported to produce gregatins.
Aspergillus dimorphicus is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Cremei section. The species was first described in 1969. It has been reported to produce wentilactones.
Aspergillus solicola is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Fumigati section. Several fungi from this section produce heat-resistant ascospores, and the isolates from this section are frequently obtained from locations where natural fires have previously occurred. The species was first described in 2014. It has been reported to produce aszonalenins, chromanols, tryptoquivalines, tryptoquivalones, and wortmannins.
Aspergillus chinensis is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Nidulantes section. The species was first described in 2014. It has been reported to produce shamixanthones and varitriol.
Aspergillus carneus is a fast-growing, filamentous fungus found on detritus and in fertile soil worldwide. It is characterized by its yellow, thick-walled hyphae and biseriate sterigmata. The fungus produces citrinin and 5 unique depsipeptides, Aspergillicins A-E.
Guisinol is an antibacterial depside with the molecular formula C23H25ClO5 that has been isolated from the fungus Aspergillus unguis.
References
- ↑ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names](pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8 . Retrieved January 27, 2022.
- ↑ "Berkeley, Emeric Streatfield | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ↑
- Blunt, John W.; Copp, Brent R.; Keyzers, Robert A.; Munro, Murray H. G.; Prinsep, Michèle R. (2016). "Marine natural products". Natural Product Reports . 33 (3). Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC): 382–431. doi: 10.1039/c5np00156k . hdl: 10289/10318 . ISSN 0265-0568. S2CID 11815254.
- This review cites this research.
- Bringmann, Gerhard; Lang, Gerhard; Steffens, Stefan; Günther, Eckhard; Schaumann, Karsten (June 2003). "Evariquinone, isoemericellin, and stromemycin from a sponge derived strain of the fungus Emericella variecolor". Phytochemistry. 63 (4): 437–443. doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(03)00189-4. ISSN 0031-9422. PMID 12770594.
- 1 2 3 Samson, RA; Visagie, CM; Houbraken, J; Hong, SB; Hubka, V; Klaassen, CHW; Perrone, G; Seifert, KA; Susca, A; Tanney, JB; Varga, J; Kocsubé, S; Szigeti, G; Yaguchi, T; Frisvad, JC (June 2014). "Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus Aspergillus". Studies in Mycology. 78: 141–173. doi: 10.1016/j.simyco.2014.07.004 . PMC 4260807 .
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