England XI in South Africa in 1989–90 | |||
---|---|---|---|
South Africa | England XI | ||
Dates | 26 January 1990 – 22 February 1990 | ||
Captains | Jimmy Cook | Mike Gatting | |
Test series | |||
Result | South Africa won the 2-match series 1–0 | ||
Most runs | Adrian Kuiper (84) | Chris Broad (48) Tim Robinson (48) | |
Most wickets | Allan Donald (8) | Richard Ellison (5) | |
One Day International series | |||
Results | South Africa won the 4-match series 3–1 | ||
Most runs | Adrian Kuiper (162) | Kim Barnett (236) | |
Most wickets | Allan Donald (7) | Mike Gatting (10) |
In January 1990, a representative team of English cricket players undertook the final so-called "Rebel tour" to South Africa, to play a series of matches against the South African team. At the time, the International Cricket Council had placed a moratorium on international cricket teams undertaking tours of the country, due to the South African government's policy of apartheid, leaving South Africa with no international competition.
During the 1980s, as a result of the boycott of South Africa by sporting bodies, the International Cricket Council had prevented official tours to South Africa. This had led to a number of so-called "rebel" tours, with individual players contracted to tour as part of unofficial representative teams. Since 1982, when the first rebel tour took place, a total of six tours had been undertaken by sides representing England, Australia, Sri Lanka and, perhaps most controversially, the West Indies. [1] By 1990 however, South Africa was in the midst of a major societal shake-up, as the ruling National Party had entered negotiations to repeal the ban on the African National Congress and release Nelson Mandela from prison. It was into this atmosphere that a seventh rebel cricket tour began at the end of January 1990, this time with players unofficially representing England. Unlike previous tours, which had been received by the white population in the country enthusiastically, this time, with South Africa going through major upheaval, the presence of the touring side seemingly representing the old order and, unlike on previous tours, being paid directly by the government, caused major protests right from the beginning. [2] Virtually every game played during the tour featured demonstrations, with several riots taking place, and the police using both tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse protesters, while on one occasion the English players were pelted with stones. [3]
South Africa | English XI |
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A number of the South African side, including captain Jimmy Cook, had played in the original rebel tour by the English side in 1982. Of the English players, only John Emburey had appeared in the 1982 tour - following his three-year international ban for appearing in that series, he had returned to the England side, and was part of the successful 1986-87 Ashes tour. Three of the English players, Gatting, Emburey and Chris Cowdrey, had served as England captain during the 1988 West Indies tour to England, while a number had full test caps.
The original 16 names for the England XI made public during the summer of 1989 included two black players: Phillip DeFreitas and Roland Butcher. [4] They both withdrew from the tour and were replaced by Greg Thomas and Alan Wells. [5]
The tour itself was originally scheduled to include two "test" and five one-day matches between the touring party and the South African team, as well as another four tour matches against other opposition. However, as a result of the significant protests over the course of the touring team's time in South Africa, the tour was cut short by a week, with the second test match and original one-day series cancelled and instead replaced by four one-day games. [6]
26 – 28 January 1990 Scorecard |
v | Combined Bowl XI | |
305 (108.3 overs) MW Gatting 75 WK Watson 2/33 (17 overs) JD du Toit 2/55 (24 overs) P McLaren 2/64 (19 overs) IL Howell 2/27 (12/3 overs) | ||
7 March 1990 |
v | ||
The original tour schedule called for seven one-day games to be played following the conclusion of the two-match test series. The itinerary for the one-day series was: [7]
The 1990 rebel tour was considered to be an unmitigated disaster, as the English players were seen to be shoring up the dying apartheid regime at the same time as freedoms were being implemented in South Africa. The day after the end of the test match, Nelson Mandela was freed from imprisonment, [8] while the explosion outside Newlands convinced the organisers that continuing with the tour as planned was not viable, not least as it would potentially put the players safety at risk. [9] A further planned tour by the English players, intended for the winter of 1990–91, and for which the players had signed up, was quickly cancelled, with the players receiving their full payments. [10]
The players returned to England on 24 February to stinging headlines from the press. The sports writer Frank Keating, writing in The Guardian , stated "No more inglorious, downright disgraced and discredited team or sportsmen wearing the badge of 'England' can ever have returned through customs with such nothingness to declare". [2] Each member of the squad received a three-year ban from international cricket for taking part; as with the 1982 tour, this led to the ending of international careers for a number of players, although both captain Mike Gatting and all-rounder John Emburey returned to the England side after their bans expired, with Gatting falling victim to the Ball of the Century from Shane Warne in the first game of the 1993 Ashes series. [11]
In 1991, as part of the deconstruction of apartheid in South Africa, the two separate governing bodies of cricket in the country, the South African Cricket Union, and the multi-racial South African Cricket Board, elected to merge to form the single United Cricket Board of South Africa (UCBSA). This was a pivotal moment, as it meant that the governance of cricket was no longer divided on racial lines, which was the key reason behind the ICC's ban in the first place. At a meeting of the ICC in London in July 1991, the UCBSA made its case for readmission, a cause in which it received the powerful backing of Jagmohan Dalmiya, the Secretary of the Board of Control for Cricket in India. [12] Despite reservations from both Pakistan and the West Indies, the meeting formally approved South Africa's readmission to the ICC. A meeting held the following October endorsed South Africa's participation in the 1992 Cricket World Cup, while India, in a predicament following the cancellation of a tour of the country by Pakistan, invited the South Africans to undertake a one-day international series. [13] On 10 November 1991, the South African cricket team took to the field at Eden Gardens in Calcutta for their first official international game in more than twenty-one years, first game against India, and first ever official one-day international. [12] The following April, the team undertook its first ever tour to the West Indies, where they played South Africa's first test match since the fourth test against Australia in March 1970. [14]
Michael William Gatting is an English former cricketer, who played first-class cricket for Middlesex and for England from 1977 to 1995, captaining the national side in twenty-three Test matches between 1986 and 1988. He toured South Africa as captain of the rebel tour party in 1990. He was a part of the English squad which finished as runners-up at the 1979 Cricket World Cup and captain of the squad which finished as runners-up at the 1987 Cricket World Cup.
John Ernest Emburey is a former English first-class cricketer who played for Middlesex, Northamptonshire, Western Province, Berkshire and England. He was a part of the English squad which finished as runners-up at the 1987 Cricket World Cup.
International cricket in South Africa between 1971 and 1981 consisted of four private tours arranged by English sports promoter Derrick Robins, two tours by a private team called the "International Wanderers", and one women's Test match. The apartheid policy followed by the South African Governments of the day meant that no Test match playing nation was willing to tour, thereby depriving world cricket of leading stars such as Graeme Pollock, Barry Richards, Clive Rice and Eddie Barlow.
The England cricket team toured Australia during the 1986–87 cricket season for a five-match Test series to contest The Ashes. While in Australia, England also played a number of tour matches against state and representative teams, and competed in two One-Day International (ODI) tournaments. Under the captaincy of Mike Gatting, England retained the Ashes with a 2–1 series win.
The ICC Super Series 2005 was a cricket series held in Australia during October 2005, organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC). It was played between Australia and a World XI team of players selected from other countries. The series consisted of three One Day Internationals and one Test match. Australia won all four matches.
Charles William Jeffrey Athey is a retired English first-class cricketer, who played for England, and first-class cricket for Gloucestershire, Yorkshire and Sussex; he also played a solitary one-day game for Worcestershire. His bulldog spirit was exemplified by the Union Jack tattooed on his arm. He played in 23 Test matches between 1980 and 1988, but scored more than 50 runs only five times in 41 innings. In 1990, Athey joined the rebel tour to South Africa. He was a part of the English squad which finished as runners-up at the 1987 Cricket World Cup.
The South African rebel tours were a series of seven cricket tours staged between 1982 and 1990. They were known as the rebel tours because the international cricketing bodies banned South Africa from competitive international cricket throughout this period because of apartheid. As such the tours were organised and conducted in spite of the express disapproval of national cricket boards and governments, the International Cricket Conference and international organisations such as the United Nations. The tours were the subject of enormous contemporaneous controversy and remain a sensitive topic throughout the cricket-playing world.
Edward Ernest Hemmings is a former English cricketer, who played in 16 Test matches and 33 One Day Internationals for the England cricket team between 1982 and 1991. He made his England debut relatively late in his career, at the age of 33, having predominantly represented Nottinghamshire in the County Championship. His chance came when several England players announced their intention to go on a rebel cricket tour to South Africa. He was a part of the English squad which finished as runners-up at the 1987 Cricket World Cup.
The England cricket team toured Australia during the 1982–83 season, playing a five-Test series for The Ashes and a number of tour matches against Australian domestic teams before competing in a One-Day International (ODI) series against New Zealand for the Rothmans Cup. In between those competitions, England also participated in the Benson & Hedges World Series Cricket triangular ODI series against Australia and New Zealand.
The England cricket team toured Australia during the 1990–91 cricket season to compete in a five-match Test series against Australia for the Ashes. While in Australia, England also played a number of tour matches against state and representative teams, and competed in the one-day international (ODI) World Series Cup against Australia and New Zealand. At the conclusion of the tour, England flew to New Zealand to participate in a three-game ODI series.
The West Indian cricket team played 16 first-class cricket matches in England in 1988, under the captaincy of Viv Richards. They enjoyed considerable success during the tour, while England endured a "disastrous summer" of continuous change.
The South Africa national cricket team toured the West Indies in April 1992. The tour marked the first-ever official Test and One Day International matches between the two teams. It was also South Africa's first Test match since their reintroduction to the sport after being suspended in 1970 due to the apartheid regime, and their first Test against a non-white team.
The English cricket team toured India during January, February and March 1993. The tour was beset by controversy over England's poor performances and results, with selection, tour management, the Indian cuisine and climate, airport industrial action and even players' facial hair being blamed for the lack of success.
From November 1985 to February 1986, a representative team of Australian cricket players undertook a so-called "Rebel tour" to South Africa, to play a series of matches against the South African team. At the time, the International Cricket Conference had placed a moratorium on international cricket teams undertaking tours of the country, due to the South African government's policy of apartheid, leaving South Africa with no international competition.
The England national cricket team toured the West Indies from January to April 1981 and played a five-match Test series against the West Indies cricket team which the West Indies won 2–0. England were captained by Ian Botham; the West Indies by Clive Lloyd. The second Test of the tour was cancelled, after Robin Jackman's visa was revoked by the Guyanese government, for playing and coaching in South Africa. In the third Test, England's opening batsman Geoff Boycott was dismissed for a duck, after six balls bowled by Michael Holding. It has been described as the greatest over in Test cricket.
The England national cricket team toured the West Indies from February to April 1986 and played a five-match Test series against the West Indies cricket team which the West Indies won 5–0. England were captained by David Gower; the West Indies by Viv Richards. In addition, the teams played a four-match One Day International (ODI) series which the West Indies won 3–1.
The England national cricket team toured the West Indies from January to April 1990 and played a five-match Test series against the West Indies cricket team which the West Indies won 2–1. The West Indies were captained by Viv Richards, and England by Graham Gooch. England's victory in the First Test at Kingston was their first over the West Indies since the 1973–74 series. The Second Test, scheduled as England’s first at Bourda since the 1973–74 tour, was abandoned without a ball being bowled. The Third Test, in which the West Indies were captained by Desmond Haynes, resulted in a draw; following an injury to Gooch in that match, Allan Lamb replaced him as captain for the final two Tests, both of which were won by the West Indies.
In March 1982, a representative team of English cricket players undertook what came to be known as the first "Rebel tour" to South Africa, to play a series of matches against the South African team. At the time, the International Cricket Conference had placed a moratorium on international cricket teams undertaking tours of the country, due to the South African government's policy of apartheid, leaving South Africa with no international competition.
In October 1982, a representative team of Sri Lankan cricket players undertook a so-called "Rebel tour" to South Africa, to play a series of matches against the South African team colloquially called the 'cuckoo tour'. At the time, the International Cricket Council (ICC) had placed a moratorium on international cricket teams making tours of South Africa, due to the nation's government policy of apartheid, leaving South Africa with no international competition.
In January and February 1983, a representative team of West Indian cricket players undertook a so-called "Rebel tour" to South Africa, to play a series of matches against the South African team. At the time, the International Cricket Council (ICC) had placed a moratorium on international cricket teams making tours of South Africa, due to the nation's government policy of apartheid, leaving South Africa with no official international competition.