Entandrophragma angolense

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Entandrophragma angolense
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Meliaceae
Genus: Entandrophragma
Species:
E. angolense
Binomial name
Entandrophragma angolense
(Welw.) Panshin

Entandrophragma angolense, called the tiama, is a tree species with alternate, pinnately compound leaves that are clustered at the ends of branches. It is within the family Meliaceae and has a wide distribution area, occurring in moist semi-deciduous and evergreen forest regions of Tropical Africa from Sierra Leone to Uganda. [2]

Contents

Harvesting for timber has caused the species to become vulnerable in certain countries. [2]

Taxonomy

Entandrophragma angolense was first indicated as belonging to the Swietenia family but upon a revision in 1894 by de Candolle, the species was transferred to a new genus Entandrophragma. [3] In 2021, up to 10 taxa are placed as synonyms of the species in two database. [4] [5]

Description

The tree can grow to a height of 60 meters and reach a diameter of 200 cm, its base often has developed buttresses that can reach a height of 6 meters, and extending as surface roots, the trunk is branchless for up to 30 meters. [6] The grey-brown bark tends to be thin and smooth with irregular flaking in small and large pieces leaving concave or mussel-shell shaped scars, slash is pink to reddish. [2] Leaves are paripinnately compound, up to 50 cm long and tufted at the ends of branches, 4-11 pairs of opposite leaflets per pinnae, petiole is up to 18 cm long. [7] [2] Leaf-blade outline is commonly oblong to obovate, 3.5–12 cm long and 2–4 cm wide, upper surface is dark green and coriaceous. Flowers are in dense panicles, clustered at the end of branches, petal is greenish white in color, flowering period is between November and February. [2] Fruits is a large pendulous capsule, up to 22 cm long. [6] [7]

Distribution

The species distribution is wide spread in tropical Africa, its native range is within the evergreen and semi-deciduous forest zones of West, Central and East Africa. [7] In Eastern Africa, majorly Kenya and Uganda, occurrence is of a lower density than in Central and West Africa. [8]

Chemistry

Chemical compounds including the limonoids: 7α- acetoxydihydronomilin, 7α- obacunylacetate and Methyl angolensate have been isolated from methanol extracts of the stem bark of the species. [9] [10]

Uses

Timber traded as Tiama mahogany, White tiama or Genu Nohur is used for cabinet making, furniture and interior and exterior joinery. [2] In traditional medicine, extracts of the stem bark is used to treat various gastrointestinal afflictions and a decoction is consumed to treat fever. [11]

Related Research Articles

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Meliaceae, the mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs in the order Sapindales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sapele</span> Species of tree

Entandrophragma cylindricum is a tree of the genus Entandrophragma of the family Meliaceae. It is commonly known as sapele or sapelli or sapele mahogany, as well as aboudikro, assi, and muyovu.

<i>Entandrophragma</i> Genus of flowering plants

Entandrophragma is a genus of eleven known species of deciduous trees in the family Meliaceae.

<i>Aglaia argentea</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Khaya anthotheca</i> Species of tree

Khaya anthotheca, with the common name East African mahogany, is a large tree species in the Meliaceae family, native to tropical Africa.

<i>Milicia excelsa</i> Species of tree

Milicia excelsa is a tree species from the genus Milicia of the family Moraceae. Distributed across tropical Central Africa, it is one of two species yielding timber commonly known as ọjị, African teak, iroko, intule, kambala, moreira, mvule, odum and tule.

<i>Distemonanthus</i> Genus of legumes

Distemonanthus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Dialioideae. It contains a single species, Distemonanthus benthamianus, a deciduous tree, which occurs widely but sparsely in the forest regions of Tropical West and Central Africa; it is sometimes confused with Pericopsis laxiflora due to similar morphological features.

<i>Entandrophragma caudatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Entandrophragma caudatum, or mountain mahogany, is a large Southern African tree belonging to the mahogany family and found in eastern and north eastern South Africa, Eswatini, Botswana, Angola, the Caprivi Strip region of Namibia, Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi. Kew currently recognises 12 other species of Entandrophragma, all with a tropical and sub-tropical African distribution.

<i>Okoubaka aubrevillei</i> Species of tree

Okoubaka aubrevillei is a rare tropical tree species distributed throughout tropical rainforests of West and Central Africa that is thought to be the largest known parasitic plant.

Vitex thyrsiflora is a species of woody vine in the family Lamiaceae. It is native to tropical West and Central Africa. Its hollow stem is used as a home by an aggressive species of ant.

Ongokea is a genus of flowering plants, with one species Ongokea gore (Boleko). In the APG IV system, the genus is placed in the family Olacaceae. Other sources place it in the segregate family Aptandraceae.

Duguetia staudtii is a medium-sized evergreen tree within the Annonaceae family. Species is one of four within the genus Duguetia that is native to Africa.

Osodendron altissimum, formerly known as Albizia altissima, is a low branching tree within the Fabaceae family, it grows along river banks in the Lower and Upper Guinean and Congolian forests of west and central Africa.

Annickia polycarpa is a small to medium-sized tree found in evergreen forests of West and Central Africa, it is within the Annonaceae family. It is also called the African Yellow wood.

Gambeya africana is a medium sized tree within the Sapotaceae family. It is sometimes known as the African Star Apple along with the closely related Gambeya albida. Both species have similar leaf indumentum and are widespread in the Lower and Upper Guinea forest mosaic.

Anthonotha macrophylla is a shrub to small understory tree within the family Fabaceae. It is endemic to the rain forest regions of West Africa and it is the most common of species within the Anthonotha genus in Africa.

<i>Berlinia grandiflora</i> Species of plant

Berlinia grandiflora is a small to medium sized tree found in the West and West Central African region along riparian habitats or gallery forests habitat types.

Mammea africana is a medium to large sized tree within the family Calophyllaceae, it is also known as African mammee apple and its timber is traded under the trade name, Oboto. Mammea africana is found in evergreen and semi deciduous forests in West and Central Tropical Africa.

<i>Sacoglottis gabonensis</i> Species of tree

Sacoglottis gabonensis, commonly known as bitterbark tree or cherry mahogany is a medium to large sized evergreen tree within the Humiriaceae family. It is the only species within the genus, Sacoglottis that is native to tropical Africa, another, guianensis Benth. being native to Amazonia. It occurs in rainforests or on sandy soils of Senegal eastwards to Angola in central Africa. It is traded locally and known in some countries under the name Ozouga.

<i>Ficus laurifolia</i> Species of flowering plants

Ficus laurifolia is an hemi-epiphytic species that sometimes grows as a shrub or liana or as a tree, the species is within the family Moraceae.

References

  1. Hills, R. (2021). "Entandrophragma angolense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T33049A68080926. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Timbers. D. Louppe, A. A. Oteng-Amoako, M. Brink, Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. Wageningen: PROTA Foundation. 2008. p. 235. ISBN   978-90-5782-209-4. OCLC   299747129.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. Monthe, Franck K.; Duminil, Jérôme; Kasongo Yakusu, Emmanuel; Beeckman, Hans; Bourland, Nils; Doucet, Jean-Louis; Sosef, Marc S. M.; Hardy, Olivier J. (2018). "The African timber tree Entandrophragma congoense (Pierre ex De Wild.) A.Chev. is morphologically and genetically distinct from Entandrophragma angolense (Welw.) C.DC". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 14 (5): 66. doi:10.1007/s11295-018-1277-6. hdl: 2268/227250 . ISSN   1614-2942. S2CID   52046034.
  4. "Entandrophragma angolense (Welw.) Panshin | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
  5. "Entandrophragma angolense (Welw.) C.DC". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
  6. 1 2 Voorhoeve, A. G. (1979). Liberian high forest trees : a systematic botanical study of the 75 most important or frequent high forest trees, with reference to numerous related species (2nd impr ed.). Wageningen: Pudoc. ISBN   90-220-0701-4. OCLC   63303450.
  7. 1 2 3 Kasongo Yakusu, Emmanuel; Monthe, Franck; Bourland, Nils; Hardy, Olivier J.; Loupe, Dominique; Bola Mbele Lokanda, Félicien; Hubau, Wannes; Kahindo Muhongya, Jean-Marie; Van den Bulcke, Jan; Van Acker, Joris; Beeckman, Hans (2021). "Entandrophragma : taxonomy and ecology of a genus of African tree species with economic importance : a review". Biotechnologie Agronomie Société et Environnement. 5 (3): 140–153. hdl:1854/LU-8710779. ISSN   1370-6233.
  8. Mbatudde, M.; Majaliwa, G.; Eilu, G.; Kakudidi, E.; Dalitz, H. (2013). "Potential distribution of vulnerable Entandrophragma angolense (Welw.) C. DC. (Meliaceae) in East Africa". African Journal of Ecology. 51 (3): 471–481. doi:10.1111/aje.12058.
  9. Njar, V. C.; Adesanwo, J. K.; Raji, Y. (1995). "Methyl angolensate: the antiulcer agent of the stem bark of Entandrophragma angolense". Planta Medica. 61 (1): 91–92. doi:10.1055/s-2006-958015. ISSN   0032-0943. PMID   7701005. S2CID   260278970.
  10. Bickiia, J; Tchouyab, Grf; Tchouankeub, Jc; Tsamo, E (2008-09-22). "The antiplasmodial agents of the stem bark of Entandrophragma angolense (Meliaceae)". African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 4 (2): 135–139. doi: 10.4314/ajtcam.v4i2.31188 . ISSN   0189-6016.
  11. Orisadipe, Abayomi; Amos, Samson; Adesomoju, Akinbobola; Binda, Lucy; Emeje, Martins; Okogun, Joseph; Wambebe, Charles; Gamaniel, Karniyus (2001). "Spasmolytic Activity of Methyl Angolensate. A Triterpenoid Isolated from Entandrophragma angolense". Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 24 (4): 364–367. doi: 10.1248/bpb.24.364 . ISSN   0918-6158. PMID   11305596.