Exxon Valdez

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Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (13266806523).jpg
The Exxon Valdez at Prince William Sound in 1989, hours after running aground
History
NameExxon Valdez
Owner
Port of registry
Ordered1 August 1984
Builder
Laid down24 July 1985
Launched14 October 1986
Completed1986
Maiden voyage1986
In service11 December 1986 – 20 March 2012
Out of service21 March 2012 (sold for scrap)
Renamed
  • Exxon Valdez (1986–1990)
  • Exxon Mediterranean (1990–1993)
  • SeaRiver Mediterranean (later S/R Mediterranean) (1993–2005)
  • Mediterranean (2005–2008)
  • Dong Fang Ocean (2008–2011)
  • Oriental Nicety (2011–2012)
  • Oriental N (2012)
Refit30 June 1989
Identification
FateScrapped at Alang, India in 2012.
General characteristics
Class and type VLCC oil tanker
Type ABS: A1, ore carrier, AMS, ACCU, GRAB 25
Tonnage214,861  DWT [1]
Displacement240,291 long tons [1]
Length987 ft (301 m) overall [1]
Beam166 ft (51 m) [1]
Draft64.5 ft (19.7 m) [1]
Depth88 ft (27 m) [1]
Installed power31,650 bhp (23,600 kW) at 79 rpm
PropulsionEight-cylinder, reversible, slow-speed Sulzer marine diesel engine
Speed16.25 knots (30.1 km/h; 18.7 mph)
Capacity1.48 million barrels (235,000 m3) of crude oil [1]
Crew21
Notes [2]

Exxon Valdez was an oil tanker that gained notoriety after running aground in Prince William Sound, spilling her cargo of crude oil into the sea. On 24 March 1989, while owned by the former Exxon Shipping Company, captained by Joseph Hazelwood and First Mate James Kunkel, [3] and bound for Long Beach, California, the vessel ran aground on the Bligh Reef, resulting in the second largest oil spill in United States history. [4] The size of the spill is estimated to have been 40,900 to 120,000 m3 (10.8 to 31.7 million US gal; 257,000 to 755,000 bbl). [5] [6] In 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil spill was listed as the 54th-largest spill in history. [7]

Contents

Carrier

The tanker was over 301 meters long, 51 meters wide, and 26 meters deep (987 ft x 166 ft x 88 ft), with a deadweight of 214,861 long tons and a full-load displacement of 240,291 long tons. The ship was able to transport up to 235,000  m3 (1.48 million  bbl ) at a sustained speed of 30 kilometres per hour (16 kn; 19 mph), powered by a 23.60 MW (31,650 shp) diesel engine. Her hull design was of the single-hull type, constructed by National Steel and Shipbuilding Company in San Diego, California. She was a relatively new tanker at the time of the spill, having been delivered to Exxon on 16 December 1986.

Incident and accidents

Oil spill

Exxon Valdez at Prince William Sound in 1989, 3 days after the spill began Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound, Alaska. (15011152497).jpg
Exxon Valdez at Prince William Sound in 1989, 3 days after the spill began

At the time of the spill, Exxon Valdez was employed to transport crude oil from the Alyeska consortium's pipeline terminal in Valdez, Alaska, to the lower 48 states of the United States. At the time it ran aground, the vessel was carrying about 201,000 m3 (1.26 million bbl; 53 million US gal) of oil. After the spill, the vessel was towed to San Diego arriving on 10 June 1989, and repairs were started on 30 June 1989. Approximately 1,600 tons of steel were removed and replaced that July, totaling US$30 million of repairs to the tanker. Its single-hull design remained unaltered.

The Exxon Valdez spill occurred under President George H. W. Bush, whose Environmental Protection Agency Administrator, William K. Reilly, reportedly played a significant role in mobilizing presidential support for action to contain and clean up the spill. [8] [ better source needed ]

Litigation

Litigation was filed on behalf of 38,000 litigants. In 1994, a jury awarded plaintiffs US$287 million in compensatory damages and US$5 billion in punitive damages. Exxon appealed and the Ninth Circuit Court reduced the punitive damages to US$2.5 billion. Exxon then appealed the punitive damages to the Supreme Court which capped the damages to US$507.5 million in June, 2008. On 27 August 2008, Exxon Mobil agreed to pay 75% of the US$507.5 million damages ruling to settle the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill off Alaska. [9] In June 2009, a federal ruling ordered Exxon to pay an additional US$480 million in interest on their delayed punitive damage awards. [10]

Return to service

After repairs, Exxon Valdez was renamed Exxon Mediterranean, then SeaRiver Mediterranean in the early 1990s, when Exxon transferred its shipping business to a new subsidiary company, River Maritime Inc. The name was later shortened to S/R Mediterranean, then to simply Mediterranean in 2005. Although Exxon tried briefly to return the ship to its North American fleet, it was prohibited by law from returning to Prince William Sound even though her sister ship with the same design, Exxon Long Beach, never left that route. [11] It then served in Europe, the Middle East and Asia. [12] In 2002, the ship was again removed from service. [13]

In 2005, it began operating under the Marshall Islands flag of convenience. [14] Since then, European Union regulations have also prevented vessels with single-hull designs such as the Valdez from entering European ports. [15] In early 2008, SeaRiver Maritime, an ExxonMobil subsidiary, sold Mediterranean to the Hong Kong–based shipping company, Hong Kong Bloom Shipping Ltd., which renamed the ship, once again, to Dong Fang Ocean (Chinese :东方海; lit.'Oriental Sea'), under Panama registry. In 2008, she was refitted and converted from an oil tanker to an ore carrier. Hong Kong Bloom Shipping is a subsidiary of Chinese government-owned company China Ocean Shipping (Group) Corporation (COSCO). [16] [ better source needed ]

Collision with MV Aali

On 29 November 2010, Dong Fang Ocean collided in the South China Sea with the Malta-flagged cargo ship, Aali. Both vessels were severely damaged in the incident, and Aali was towed to Weihai and Dong Fang Ocean was towed to Longyan Port in Shandong. [17]

Retirement

In March 2012, Dong Fang Ocean was purchased by Global Marketing Systems, Inc. for scrap at an estimated US$16 million and sailed under her own power to a ship breaker in Singapore. She changed hands again among scrap merchants (a common occurrence) and was eventually routed to Alang, India, under the ownership of Priya Blue Industries and at some point renamed Oriental Nicety. [18] Before being beached, some[ who? ] tried to halt the action, arguing that the vessel was in breach of the Basel Convention. [19] On 30 July 2012, the Supreme Court of India granted permission for the owners of Oriental Nicety to beach her on the Gujarat coast to be dismantled. [20] She was then beached at Alang on 2 August 2012. [21]

Related Research Articles

A double-hulled tanker refers to an oil tanker which has a double hull. They reduce the likelihood of leaks occurring compared to single-hulled tankers, and their ability to prevent or reduce oil spills led to double hulls being standardized for oil tankers and other types of ships including by the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships or MARPOL Convention. After the Exxon Valdez oil spill disaster in Alaska in 1989, the US government required all new oil tankers built for use between US ports to be equipped with a full double hull.

<i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill 1989 industrial disaster in Alaska

The Exxon Valdez oil spill was a major environmental disaster that made worldwide headlines in the spring of 1989 and occurred in Alaska's Prince William Sound on March 24, 1989. The spill occurred when Exxon Valdez, an oil supertanker owned by Exxon Shipping Company, bound for Long Beach, California, struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef, 6 mi (9.7 km) west of Tatitlek, Alaska at 12:04 a.m. The tanker spilled more than 10 million US gallons (240,000 bbl) of crude oil over the next few days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oil Pollution Act of 1990</span> US federal law

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Joseph Jeffrey Hazelwood was an American sailor. He was the captain of Exxon Valdez during her 1989 oil spill. He was accused of being intoxicated which contributed to the disaster, but was cleared of this charge at his 1990 trial after witnesses testified that he was sober around the time of the accident. Hazelwood was convicted of a lesser charge, negligent discharge of oil, fined $50,000, and sentenced to 1,000 hours of community service.

The Valdez Blockade was a 1993 protest by Cordova fishermen who blockaded the Valdez Narrows in an attempt to obtain funding for research and restoration efforts relating to decreasing yields of pink salmon and herring in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. The fishermen were dissatisfied with the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee’s Council’s refusal to fund research efforts into the spill's effects on the fish. The blockade lasted three days, from August 20 to August 22. The blockade ended when Secretary of the Interior, Bruce Babbitt, promised funding for salmon and herring research. Findings from these studies resulted in additional compensation from Exxon.

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The MV Sea Empress was a single-hull Suezmax oil tanker that ran aground at the entrance to the Milford Haven harbour on the southwest coast of Wales in February 1996. The ensuing oil spill, Britain's third largest oil spillage and the 12th largest in the world at the time, devastated a considerable area of local coastline and killed many birds, and continued to affect the Pembrokeshire coast for years afterwards.

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Marine Accident Report: Grounding of the U.S. Tankship Exxon Valdez on Bligh Reef, Prince William Sound Near Valdez, Alaska March 24, 1989, National Transportation Board, p. 15 (July 31, 1990)
  2. "ABS Record: Dong Fang Ocean". American Bureau of Shipping. 2010. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
  3. "09/11/89 - Records Detail Long Hours Worked by Crew of Exxon Valdez ... Work Load May Point to Possible Violations". Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  4. "Frequently Asked Questions About the Spill". Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
  5. Bluemink, Elizabeth (June 27, 2016). "Size of Exxon spill remains disputed". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  6. Riki Ott (June 18, 2010). "How Much Oil Really Spilled From the Exxon Valdez?". On The Media (Interview: audio/transcript). Interviewed by Brooke Gladstone. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on June 24, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
  7. "Exxon Valdez | Oil Spills | Damage Assessment, Remediation, and Restoration Program". darrp.noaa.gov. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
  8. EPA Alumni Association: EPA Administrator William K. Reilly describes his agency’s response to the massive spill. Reflections on US Environmental Policy: An Interview with William K. Reilly Video, Transcript (see p2).
  9. Wakabayashi, Daisuke (August 27, 2008). "Exxon agrees to pay out 75 percent of Valdez damages". Thomson Reuters. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
  10. Williams, Carol J. (June 16, 2009). "Exxon must pay US$480 million in interest over Valdez oil tanker spill". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
  11. Musgrave, Ruth S. (1998). Federal Wildlife Laws Handbook with Related Laws. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. ISBN   978-0-86587-557-9.
  12. Little, Robert (October 17, 2002). "The former Exxon Valdez faces retirement". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
  13. Kravets, David (November 1, 2002). "9th Circuit bars Exxon Valdez from operating". The Berkeley Daily Planet. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
  14. "Headlines 2005q1". Coltoncompany.com. March 22, 2005. Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
  15. "Only Double Hull Tankers Now into EU Ports" By Tanker World, May 3, 2007
  16. "Oriental Nicety, formerly known as Exxon Valdez, to be scrapped". maritime-connector.com. March 23, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
  17. Schwabedissen, Tim; Wahner, Christoph M. (November 29, 2010). "Daily Vessel Casualty, Piracy & News Report". The Law Offices of Countryman & McDaniel. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  18. Staff writers (May 9, 2012). "India bars Alaska oil spill tanker Exxon Valdez". BBS News. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  19. Black, David (May 10, 2012). "New setback for troubled ship as India bars beaching". The National. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
  20. "SC gives green signal for beaching of US ship". The Hindu. July 31, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  21. Halliday, Adam (August 2, 2012). "23 years after one of history's worst oil spills, Exxon Valdez 'rests' in Gujarat". Indian Express. Retrieved August 4, 2012.