فیڈرل سیکیورٹی فورس (ایف ایس ایف) | |
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto | |
Agency overview | |
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Formed | 1972 |
Dissolved | 1977 |
Superseding agency | |
Jurisdiction | Islamic Republic of Pakistan |
Status | Dissolved |
Employees | 15000 |
Agency executives |
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Parent department | Government of Pakistan (Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto - PPP) |
Key document |
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Elections Political parties
Foreign Minister President of Pakistan Prime Minister of Pakistan
Downfall Bibliography Gallery: Picture, Sound, Video | ||
The Federal Security Force (FSF) was a paramilitary and secret police force in Pakistan from 1972 to 1977. The FSF was established by then-President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as a task force of the Government of Pakistan as a substitute for the use of the Pakistan Armed Forces in civilian affairs. It was mainly to serve as protection for civil leadership such as the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition, and assisting the government and police in maintaining law and order. [1] The FSF was disbanded by Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq after Bhutto was overthrown in Operation Fair Play.
The Federal Security Force was established in 1972 by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the President of Pakistan at the time, as a paramilitary force under the direct control of the Government of Pakistan. [2] Its formation was a response to a police strike in March 1972, which raised concerns about the reliability of existing law enforcement institutions and the potential for increased civil unrest. [3] The FSF also served as a civilian armed force to balance with the Pakistan Armed Forces, which was deeply involved in the politics of Pakistan and had ruled the country from 1958 to 1971.[ citation needed ]
At its peak, the FSF comprised over 15,000 personnel. Its primary responsibilities included assisting the police in maintaining order, securing political events, surveilling political opponents and, in some instances, using violence to suppress opposition. [3] The FSF also engaged in intelligence collection aimed at countering opposition parties and identifying potential threats. [3]
Haq Nawaz Tiwana was the FSF's first director general, later replaced by Masood Mahmood, a former British Indian Police Service officer and a Lincoln's Inn law graduate. [3] Mahmood's tenure saw a close collaboration with Bhutto, but shifted allegiance to Zia-ul-Haq following the reopening of the Nawab Muhammad Ahmed Khan Kasuri murder case and he testified against Bhutto, contributing to his execution. [3]
The necessity and motives behind the FSF's establishment have been subjects of debate. Critics argue that its creation was driven by Bhutto's desire to suppress opposition and instill fear among political adversaries. [3] The FSF was implicated in several violent incidents, including the killing of Nazir Ahmad, a Jamaat-i-Islami leader, and the Liaquat Bagh shooting in 1973, which resulted in numerous casualties. [3]
The FSF's legitimacy as a coup-prevention unit came under scrutiny, and its operations increasingly attracted public criticism. [3] The FSF was officially disbanded in July 1977 by Zia-ul Haq administration. [3] After its disestablishment in 1977, cases were opened against FSF officials Mian Abbas, Arshad Iqbal, Ghulam Mustafa, and Rana Iftikhar and were later sentenced to death for extrajudicial killings. [3]
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq was a Pakistani military officer who served as the 6th president of Pakistan from 1978 until his death in 1988. He rose to prominence after leading a coup on 5 July 1977, which overthrew the democratically elected government of prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Zia subsequently imposed martial law, suspended the constitution, and served as chief martial law administrator before assuming the presidency. Zia served as the 2nd chief of the Army Staff from 1976 to 1988, a position he later leveraged to execute a coup in 1977, which was the second coup in Pakistan's history of coups; the first occurred in 1958 under Ayub Khan.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was a Pakistani barrister, politician, and statesman. He served as the fourth president of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and later as the ninth prime minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. Bhutto founded the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his execution for murder.
Tikka Khan was a Pakistani military officer who served as the first chief of the army staff from 1972 to 1976. Along with Yahya Khan, he is considered a chief architect of the 1971 Bangladesh genocide that resulted in the deaths of up to 3,000,000 people. His leadership of the Pakistani Army actions in Bangladesh led to him being dubbed the "Butcher of Bengal" by Bengalis.
Mohammad Khan Junejo was a Pakistani politician and statesman who served as the tenth Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1985 to 1988 under president Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. During his tenure as prime minister he sought to strengthen the power of the office and assert civilian control over state affairs, foreign affairs and military appointments, coming into conflict with Zia-ul-Haq and various senior military officers eventually culminating in his dismissal by Zia. His inquiries into the Ojhri Camp Disaster, appointment of Aslam Beg as VCOAS, various Corps Commanders, growing control over senior military promotions, forays into international politics, rejecting Zia appointments in his cabinet, stance against martial law, austerity policies and purported spying on Zia through the civilianized Intelligence Bureau all contributed to the souring in their relation.
Abdul Hafeez Pirzada was a Pakistani lawyer, legal theorist, and politician, who served variously as minister for information, minister for law, minister for finance, and minister for education under president and later prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from 1971 to 1977. As law minister, he is credited as a principal draftsman of the Constitution of Pakistan, passed in 1973.
The Pakistan National Alliance, was a populist and consolidated right and left political alliance, consisting of nine political parties of the country. Formed in 1977, the country's leading right-wing parties agreed upon to run a political campaign as a single bloc against the left oriented PPP in the 1977 general elections.
Air Marshal Mohammad Asghar KhanNT HPk HQA PM (GCCT) MA recognized as the Father of the Pakistan Air Force and known as Shaheen-e-Pakistan and Night Flyer, held the distinction of being the first native and second Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Air Force. He became the world's youngest Air Vice Marshal at 36 and Air Marshal at 37 years old. Additionally, he was an airline executive, sports administrator, prominent politician, Member of the 6th National Assembly of Pakistan, author, and the first pilot from the Indian subcontinent to fly a fighter jet, the Gloster Meteor III. As chief, Asghar Khan significantly dismissed the notion held by the leadership of West Pakistan, that Bengalis were physically unfit for army recruitment. He abolished this standard in the PAF, arguing that height and chest measurements were irrelevant to combat effectiveness.
Agha Shahi, NI, was a Pakistani career Foreign service officer who was the leading civilian figure in the military government of former President General Zia-ul-Haq from 1977 to 1982. A diplomat and technocrat by profession, he joined Foreign Services in 1951 and held important diplomatic assignments in the United States, China, and the United Nations. He served as the Foreign secretary— the leading bureaucratic position in Pakistan Government— in 1973 until 1977, after Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's government was dismissed.
The Pakistan coup attempt of 1995 or Operation Khalifa was a secretive plot hatched by renegade military officers and against the government of Benazir Bhutto, the prime minister of Pakistan. The plotters aimed to overthrow the constitutional government and establish military rule in Pakistan. The plot was foiled after intelligence agencies tipped off the Pakistan Army. Despite the failure, the coup attempt would weaken Bhutto's government considerably in the aftermath.
Events from the year 1977 in Pakistan.
Tehreek-e-Istiqlal was a political party in Pakistan. It was once the second most popular political party in Pakistan. It was formed by Air Marshal Retd. Asghar Khan in 1970.
Maulvi Mushtaq Hussain was a Pakistani jurist who served as chief justice of the Lahore High Court. Most notably in his career as a judge, he presided over the trial of former prime minister of Pakistan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
Sahibzada Ahmad Raza Khan Qasuri is a Pakistani politician and lawyer. He is the son of Nawab Muhammad Ahmed Khan Kasuri (1903–1974) who was assassinated in a car ambush in 1974.
The political history of Pakistan is the narrative and analysis of political events, ideas, movements, and leaders of Pakistan. Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom on 14 August 1947, when the Presidencies and provinces of British India were divided by the United Kingdom, in a region which is commonly referred to as the Indian subcontinent. Since its independence, Pakistan has had a colorful yet turbulent political history at times, often characterized by martial law and inefficient leadership.
The Muslim League was the original successor of the All-India Muslim League that led the Pakistan Movement to achieve an independent nation. Five of the country's Prime Ministers have been affiliated with this party, namely Liaquat Ali Khan, Khwaja Nazimuddin, Mohammad Ali Bogra, Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, and Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar. The Muslim League was defeated in the 1955 elections to the Constituent Assembly by a political alliance known as the United Front. However, Prime Minister Chaudhry Mohammad Ali and later Prime Minister Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar were appointed to lead a minority government. The party was dissolved in 1958 after the declaration of Martial Law by General Muhammad Ayub Khan, the Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army.
In 1972, Pakistan's largest city, Karachi, witnessed major labour unrest in its industrial areas of S.I.T.E Industrial Area and Korangi-Landhi. Several protesting workers were killed or injured by police during this period. In a number of cases, workers briefly occupied their factories.
The 1977 Pakistani military coup was the second military coup in the history of Pakistan. Taking place on 5 July 1977, it was carried out by Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the chief of army staff, overthrowing the government of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
Military coups in Pakistan began in 1958 when military officer Muhammad Ayub Khan overthrew and exiled president Iskandar Ali Mirza. Since its creation in 1947, Pakistan has spent several decades under military rule. After their respective terms in office, each of the past five prime ministers of Pakistan has faced convictions or imprisonment. This trend highlights a significant aspect of Pakistan's political landscape: the prevailing rule that the Pakistani military exercises influence wherever it deems necessary, often persisting despite potential repercussions. Throughout Pakistani history, the military has played a prominent role in governance, with periods where it has directly ruled the country.
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's dictatorship after assuming the position of sixth president of Pakistan began on 16 September 1978 and ended with his death in an aircraft crash on 17 August 1988. Zia came to power after a coup, overthrowing prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and imposing martial law in 1977.
The 1978 massacre at Multan Colony Textile Mills was one of the most brutal acts of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's regime in Pakistan. Paramilitary forces opened fire on striking workers, resulting in 22–133 killed and many injured.