Fingal mac Gofraid

Last updated

Excerpt from folio 32v of British Library Cotton Julius A VII (the Chronicle of Mann): "Fingal ". Fingal mac Gofraid (British Library MS Cotton Julius A VII, folio 32v).jpg
Excerpt from folio 32v of British Library Cotton Julius A VII (the Chronicle of Mann ): "Fingal".

Fingal mac Gofraid, and his father, Gofraid mac Sitriuc, were late eleventh-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles. [note 1] Although one source states that Gofraid mac Sitriuc's father was named Sitriuc, there is reason to suspect that this could be an error of some sort. There is also uncertainty as to which family Gofraid mac Sitriuc belonged to. One such family, descended from Amlaíb Cúarán, King of Northumbria and Dublin, appears to have cooperated with Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, King of Leinster. Another family, that of Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles, opposed Amlaíb Cúarán's apparent descendants, and was closely connected with Diarmait's adversaries, the Uí Briain kindred.

Contents

If Gofraid mac Sitriuc was a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán, it could mean that he was installed in the Isles by Diarmait after the latter oversaw the apparent expulsion of Echmarcach in the 1060s. Membership of this family may also explain apparent amiable relationship that Gofraid mac Sitriuc and Fingal appear to have enjoyed with Gofraid Crobán, their immediate successor in the Isles. It could also explain an attack on Mann in 1073, conducted by a possible the Uí Briain and a possible kinsman of Echmarcach. On the other hand, if Gofraid mac Sitriuc was a close kinsman of Echmarcach, it is possible that he is identical to Gofraid ua Ragnaill, King of Dublin, a contemporary ruler who is known to have reigned in Dublin during a period of Uí Briain overlordship after Diarmait's death. This identification could mean that Gofraid ua Ragnaill immediately succeeded Echmarcach in both Dublin and the Isles.

Gofraid mac Sitriuc is stated in one source to have died in about 1070, after which Fingal succeeded him. Fingal later appears to have fended off an attack upon Mann by men with Irish connections. At some point in the 1070s the kingdom was conquered by Gofraid Crobán, although the circumstances of this event are uncertain. Whilst it is possible that the latter overthrew Fingal, this is by no means certain. In fact, the throne may well have been vacant when Gofraid Crobán conducted his campaigns to gain the kingship. Whatever the case, there is reason to suspect that descendants of Fingal ruled the Kingdom of the Rhinns following his demise.

Uncertain parentage and identity

Excerpt from folio 32v of British Library Cotton Julius A VII (the Chronicle of Mann): "Godredum filium Sytric ". Note the marginal note: "Fingal ". Gofraid mac Sitriuc (d. 1070) 2.jpg
Excerpt from folio 32v of British Library Cotton Julius A VII (the Chronicle of Mann): "Godredum filium Sytric". Note the marginal note: "Fingal".

Gofraid mac Sitriuc is specifically mentioned twice by the Chronicle of Mann : once as "Godredum filium Sytric", and once as "Godredus filius Sytric". [12] Although these passages seem to show that his father's name was Sitriuc, the first instance of "Sytric" is crossed out, and the corresponding marginal notes beside both passages read "Fingal". [11] These passages, therefore, may be evidence that Gofraid mac Sitriuc was either the son of a man named Sitriuc, or else the son of a man named Fingal. [13] It is also possible that the marginal note refers to a place name rather than a personal name. For example, the notes could refer to Fine Gall, [14] Dublin's agriculturally rich northern hinterland. [15] The notes, therefore, could be evidence that Gofraid mac Sitriuc was a native Dubliner rather than a Manxman. [14] [note 2] If Gofraid mac Sitriuc's father was indeed named Sitriuc, there are several contemporaneous candidates. [19]

One particular candidate is Sitriuc mac Ímair, King of Waterford, however there is no evidence that this man had a son named Gofraid. [13] Another candidate is Sitriuc mac Amlaíb, King of Dublin. [20] Although this man is known to have had a son named Gofraid, the latter is recorded to have been killed in 1036. This Sitriuc, however, is known to have had two sons named Amlaíb, one who died in 1013, and the other who died in 1036. [21] In fact, it was not uncommon for parents to have several children with the same name, [14] and it is possible that Sitriuc mac Amlaíb was the father of not only two Amlaíbs but two Gofraids as well. [19] Another candidate is an alleged descendant of Sitriuc mac Amlaíb's brother, Glún Iairn mac Amlaíb, King of Dublin. Specifically, according to a genealogical tract preserved by the seventeenth-century scribe Dubhaltach Óg Mac Fhirbhisigh, Glún Iairn had an otherwise unknown son named Sitriuc, a man who conceivably could have been Gofraid mac Sitriuc's father. [22] [note 3]

Excerpt from folio 32v of British Library Cotton Julius A VII (the Chronicle of Mann): "Godredus filius Sytric rex Manniae ". Gofraid mac Sitriuc (d. 1070).jpg
Excerpt from folio 32v of British Library Cotton Julius A VII (the Chronicle of Mann): "Godredus filius Sytric rex Manniæ".

Another possibility is that Gofraid mac Sitriuc is identical to the contemporaneous like-named King of Dublin, Gofraid ua Ragnaill. [25] The latter's name is recorded variously in the Irish annals: the Annals of Inisfallen calls him "Goffraid mc. meicc Ragnaill", [26] and "Goffraid h-ua Regnaill", [27] whilst the Annals of Ulster calls him "Gofraigh mc. Amhlaim uel mc Raghnaill". [28] Although the evidence regarding Gofraid ua Ragnaill could indicate that his father was named Amlaíb, who was in turn the son of a man named Ragnall, [29] the latter annal-entry literally states that he was the "son of Amlaíb or son of Ragnall", potentially indicating confusion in regard to his parentage. [30] In any event, the annal-entries suggest that Gofraid ua Ragnaill was closely related to Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles. [30] Gofraid ua Ragnaill, therefore, could have been the son of a brother of Echmarcach named either Amlaíb or Sitriuc, [31] or else perhaps even a son of Echmarcach himself. [30]

Background

Locations relating to the life and times of Gofraid mac Sitriuc and Fingal. Fingal mac Gofraid (map).png
Locations relating to the life and times of Gofraid mac Sitriuc and Fingal.

In the mid eleventh century, Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, King of Leinster extended his authority into Dublin and the Isles at Echmarcach's expense. Specifically, Diarmait conquered Dublin in 1152, assumed the kingship, and thereby forced Echmarcach to flee "over the sea". [32] About ten years later, Echmarcach appears to have been driven from Mann altogether, as the island was raided by Diarmait's son, Murchad, who received tribute and defeated a certain "mac Ragnaill", who may well have been Echmarcach himself. [33] Echmarcach eventually died in Rome, in 1064 [34] or 1065. [35] On his death, the contemporary eleventh-century chronicler Marianus Scotus described him in Latin as "rex Innarenn", [36] a title that could either mean "King of the Isles", [37] or "King of the Rhinns". [38] If it represents the latter, it could be evidence that Echmarcach's once expansive sea-kingdom had gradually eroded to territory in Galloway only. [39] [note 4]

For twenty years after Echmarcach's expulsion from Dublin, Diarmait enjoyed the overlordship of the coastal kingdom, and the control of its highly rated army and prized fleet of warships. [41] On his unexpected death in 1072, however, Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster invaded Leinster, and followed up on this military success with the acquisition of Dublin itself. [42] There is uncertainty as to when Gofraid ua Ragnaill assumed the kingship of Dublin. On one hand, he could have succeeded Echmarcach before Diarmait's fall. [30] On the other hand, Toirdelbach may have handed the region over to him following the Uí Briain takeover, [43] or at least consented to Gofraid ua Ragnaill's establishment under his own overlordship. [44]

Implications of familial uncertainty

The uncertainty surrounding Gofraid mac Sitriuc's parentage means that he could have been a member of any of several families. One such family—that of the kings Sitriuc mac Amlaíb and Glún Iairn—descended from Amlaíb Cúarán, King of Northumbria and Dublin. [45] Another family was that of Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, a man whose parentage is uncertain. [46] Whilst Echmarcach's family forged an alliance with the Uí Briain kindred, [47] Diarmait—a bitter opponent of both Echmarcach and Donnchad mac Briain, King of Munster—appears to have cooperated with the descendants of Amlaíb Cúarán. [48] In consequence, there are important implications in regard to Gofraid mac Sitriuc's familial identification.

As a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán

In 1066, Haraldr Sigurðarson, King of Norway embarked upon an ill-fated invasion of England. Unfortunately for the Norwegians, their forces were utterly destroyed by the English in the subsequent Battle of Stamford Bridge. [49] It was in the aftermath of this defeat that the Chronicle of Mann first makes note of Gofraid mac Sitriuc, and his ultimate successor, Gofraid Crobán. Specifically, this source states that, following the latter's flight from the slaughter at Stamford, Gofraid mac Sitriuc honourably received him, and granted him sanctuary. [50] If Gofraid mac Sitriuc was indeed a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán, his generosity towards Gofraid Crobán may have been conducted in the context of interfamily fellowship, since the latter could have been a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán as well. [51] In fact, Gofraid mac Sitriuc's apparent descent from Amlaíb Cúarán would also explain the circumstances surrounding his accession to the kingship of the Isles. [14] For instance, only five years previously Diarmait's son appears to have overcome Echmarcach on Mann. [52] The unlikelihood that Diarmait would have allowed a member of Echmarcach's family to continue to reign in the Isles suggests that Diarmait may have installed a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán—in this case Gofraid mac Sitriuc—as his client in the Isles. [14] Diarmait may have done exactly that in Dublin decades before when he expelled Echmarcach from Dublin in 1052, and possibly installed Ímar mac Arailt in his place as King of Dublin. [53] The latter seems to have been not only a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán, [14] but also Gofraid Crobán's father, [54] uncle, [55] or brother. [56]

The name of Sigtryggr Olafsson as it appears on folio 43v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489. Sitriuc mac Amlaib (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 489, folio 43v).jpg
The name of Sigtryggr Óláfsson as it appears on folio 43v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489.

According to the Chronicle of Mann, Gofraid mac Sitriuc died in about 1070, and was succeeded by his son, Fingal, [58] a man who may have ruled for as long as nine years. [59] In 1073, a year after Toirdelbach's seizure of Dublin, Fingal evidently repulsed an Irish-based invasion of Mann. [60] The incursion is recorded by the Annals of Loch Cé [61] and the Annals of Ulster , the latter of which states that the expedition was led by a certain Sigtryggr Óláfsson and two grandsons of Brian Bóruma, High King of Ireland. [62] The precise identity of these three slain raiders is uncertain, as are the circumstances of the expedition itself. [63] It is very likely, however, that the incursion was closely connected to the Uí Briain takeover of Dublin in the wake of Diarmait's death the year before. [64] There is reason to suspect that Sigtryggr was a member of Echmarcach's family, perhaps a brother of Gofraid ua Ragnaill himself. [65] It is further possible that this family also included Donnchad's wife, Cacht ingen Ragnaill. [66] Certainly, Echmarcach's daughter, Mór, married Toirdelbach's son, Tadc. [47] If the Uí Briain were indeed bound to a kindred comprising Gofraid mac Sitriuc, Sigtryggr, Cacht, and Echmarcach, it is possible that—following the Dublin ascendancy of the Uí Briain—Sigtryggr and his Uí Briain allies attempted to take what they regarded as his family's patrimony in the Isles. [67]

As a kinsman of Echmarcach

If Gofraid mac Sitriuc is instead identical to Gofraid ua Ragnaill, and thus an apparent member of Echmarcach's family, it could mean that Gofraid ua Ragnaill had succeeded Echmarcach in Dublin and the Isles. [68] This identification could mean that Sigtryggr—slain in the ill-fated invasion of Mann in 1073—was a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán rather than a member of Echmarcach's family. [69] [note 5] In any case, numerous Irish annals report that two years after the assault on Mann, Gofraid ua Ragnaill's reign and life came to an end, [70] with the Annals of Inisfallen recording that Toirdelbach banished Gofraid ua Ragnaill from Dublin altogether, and further stating that he died "beyond the sea", having assembled a "great fleet" to come to Ireland. [71] If Gofraid mac Sitriuc and Gofraid ua Ragnaill are indeed identical, this annal-entry could be evidence that Toirdelbach ousted Gofraid ua Ragnaill from Dublin after failing to force him from Mann. If correct, this annal-entry could also be evidence that Gofraid ua Ragnaill fell back to Mann after his expulsion from Dublin, and attempted to assemble a fleet of Islesmen there before his death. [72]

Fingal and Gofraid Crobán

Simplified family tree illustrating possible lines of shared ancestry between Gofraid mac Sitriuc and Gofraid Crobán if both men were descendants of Amlaíb Cúarán. Possible fathers of Gofraid mac Sitriuc are coloured turquoise, whilst a possible father of Gofraid Crobán is coloured pink.
Amlaíb Cúarán (died 980/981)
King of Dublin and Northumbria
Sitriuc mac Amlaíb (died 1042)
King of Dublin		Aralt (died 999) Glún Iairn (died 989)
King of Dublin
Ímar (died 1054)
King of Dublin		Sitriuc mac Glún Iairn
Excerpt from folio 30r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 503 (the Annals of Inisfallen). The relevant text reads: "Macc Congail, ri na Rend, do marbad ". This text could be evidence that Fingal had descendants who held power in Galloway during the reign of Gofraid Croban. Macc Congail (Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 503, folio 30r).jpg
Excerpt from folio 30r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 503 (the Annals of Inisfallen ). The relevant text reads: "Macc Congail, rí na Rend, do marbad". This text could be evidence that Fingal had descendants who held power in Galloway during the reign of Gofraid Crobán.

In about 1075, [74] or 1079, [75] the Chronicle of Mann reveals that Gofraid Crobán succeeded in conquering Mann following three sea-borne invasions. [76] The circumstances surrounding this conquest are obscure. [77] On one hand, it is possible that he overthrew Fingal, [78] who may have been weakened by the invasion of 1073. [79] On the other hand, the amiable relations between Gofraid Crobán and Fingal's father could suggest that, as long as Fingal lived his kingship was secure, and that it was only after his death that Gofraid Crobán attempted seize control. [59] The chronicle only mentions Fingal once—in the context of succeeding his father—and he is not recorded in any other source. [80]

If Gofraid mac Sitriuc and Gofraid ua Ragnaill are indeed the same individual, the record of the latter's death in 1075 could have bearing on Gofraid Crobán's coup. [77] Specifically, the latter gained the kingship of the Isles at about this time, and the chronicle places his campaigns in the context of combating the Manx themselves, making no mention of Fingal or a king at all during these conflicts. [81] Gofraid Crobán, therefore, may have made his move whilst the kingship was vacant. [77] [note 6]

Despite the disappearance of Fingal from the historical record, there may be evidence that his descendants ruled in parts of Galloway. [82] Specifically, in 1094, the Annals of Inisfallen records the death of a certain King of the Rhinns named " Macc Congail ". [83] On one hand, this could be evidence that Fingal's name was actually Congal. [84] On the other hand, "Macc Congail" may simply represent the source's confusion between the names Fingal and Congal. In fact, the record of Echmarcach reigning as "rex Innarenn" could be evidence that Echmarcach had formerly ruled this particular region. In any case, it is unknown if Macc Congail was independent from, or dependent upon, Gofraid Crobán's authority. [59] [note 7]

Notes

  1. ↑ Since the 2000s, academics have accorded these men various names in English secondary sources: For example, Fingal has been accorded the personal names: Fingal, [2] and Finghal. [3] Gofraid mac Sitriuc has likewise been accorded the following personal names: Godred, [4] Gofraid, [5] and Guðrøðr. [6] Furthermore, these men have been accorded the following patronymic names: Fingal Godredsson, [7] Fingal mac Gofraid, [8] Finghal mac Gofraid, [3] Godred Sigtrygsson, [9] Godred Sitricsson, [7] Gofraid mac Sitreaca, [3] and Gofraid mac Sitriuc. [10]
  2. ↑ The Norse-Gaelic territory of Fine Gall has left its name on the county of Fingal. The name Fine Gall means "kindred of the foreigners", [16] or "territory of the foreigners". [17] The modern personal name Fingal is derived from the Gaelic Fionnghall. This name is composed of the elements fionn ("white") and gall ("stranger"), and was originally a byname accorded to Norse settlers like the comparable personal name Dubhghall (from elements meaning "dark" and "stranger"). [18] See also: Dubgaill and Finngaill.
  3. ↑ This Sitriuc mac Glún Iairn may be identical to the unnamed man who killed Sitriuc mac Amlaíb's slain son, Gofraid, in 1036. [23] Another possibility is that the slayer was instead the son of another like-named man, Járnkné Óláfsson. [24]
  4. ↑ The mediaeval Kingdom of the Rhinns may have included, not only the Rhinns of Galloway, but also the Machars as well. The kingdom appears to have stretched from the North Channel to Wigtown Bay, and would have likely encompassed an area similar to the modern boundaries of Wigtownshire. [40]
  5. ↑ If this identification is correct, Sigtryggr may have been a son of Amlaíb, son of Sitriuc mac Amlaíb. [69]
  6. ↑ In the three encounters, the chronicle specifically states that Gofraid Crobán fought "cum populo terre" ("with the people of the land"), and "cum Mannensibus" ("with the "Manxmen"), and "Mannenses" ("the Manxmen"). [81]
  7. ↑ Macc Congail is the last recorded King of the Rhinns. By the early twelfth century, the region appears to have formed part of the Gallovidian territory controlled by the family of Fergus, Lord of Galloway. [85]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 Munch; Goss (1874) p. 50; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
  2. ↑ Duffy (2006); Beuermann (2002); Oram (2000); Candon (1988).
  3. 1 2 3 Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005).
  4. ↑ Fuller (2009); Duffy (2006); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Beuermann (2002); Oram (2000); Candon (1988).
  5. ↑ Duffy (2006); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Woolf (2004); Oram (2000).
  6. ↑ Duffy (2006).
  7. 1 2 Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005).
  8. ↑ Oram (2000).
  9. ↑ Fuller (2009).
  10. ↑ Woolf (2004); Oram (2000).
  11. 1 2 Duffy (2006) pp. 51–52; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 232 n. 40; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
  12. ↑ Duffy (2006) pp. 51–52; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 50–51.
  13. 1 2 Duffy (2006) p. 52.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171.
  15. ↑ Duffy (2017); Downham (2014) p. 19; Downham (2013) p. 158; Downham (2005); Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Valante (1998–1999) p. 246, 246 n. 16; Holm (2000) pp. 254–255.
  16. ↑ Woolf (2018) p. 126; Downham (2014) p. 19; Downham (2013) p. 158; Downham (2005).
  17. ↑ Downham (2013) p. 158; Duffy (2009) p. 291.
  18. ↑ Hanks; Hardcastle; Hodges (2006) pp. 402, 403.
  19. 1 2 Duffy (2006) p. 52; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171.
  20. ↑ Duffy (2006) p. 52; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 231; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 83 fig. 3, 171; Oram (2000) p. 18.
  21. ↑ Duffy (2006) p. 52; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 83 fig. 3, 171.
  22. ↑ Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 83 fig. 3, 171–172; Bugge (1905) pp. 4, 11.
  23. ↑ Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 83 fig. 3, 121, 171–172; Etchingham (2001) p. 158 n. 35; Hudson, B (1994a) p. 329.
  24. ↑ Etchingham (2001) p. 158 n. 35.
  25. ↑ Duffy (2006) p. 57; Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005) p. 468 n. 3; Beuermann (2002) p. 433; Candon (1988) p. 402.
  26. ↑ Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1072.6; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1072.6; Duffy (2006) p. 57; Duffy (1992) p. 102.
  27. ↑ Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1075.2; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1075.2; Duffy (2006) p. 57; Duffy (1992) p. 102 n. 44.
  28. ↑ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1075.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1075.1; Duffy (2006) p. 57; Duffy (1992) p. 102 n. 44.
  29. ↑ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 130 fig. 4.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Duffy (2006) p. 57.
  31. ↑ Duffy (2006) p. 57; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 130 fig. 4; Duffy (1992) p. 102.
  32. ↑ Hudson, BT (2004); Duffy (1992) p. 94.
  33. ↑ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129; Hudson, BT (2004); Duffy (1992) p. 100.
  34. ↑ Downham (2007) p. 193 fig. 12; Duffy (2006) p. 57.
  35. ↑ Clancy (2008) p. 28; Duffy (2006) pp. 53, 57; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 129, 130 fig. 4.
  36. ↑ Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Clancy (2008) p. 28; Downham (2007) p. 171; Duffy (2006) p. 56–57; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 129, 138; Etchingham (2001) p. 160; Oram (2000) p. 17; Duffy (1992) pp. 98–99; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2; Waitz (1844) p. 559.
  37. ↑ Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Duffy (2006) pp. 56–57.
  38. ↑ McGuigan (2015) p. 107; Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Clancy (2008) p. 28; Downham (2007) p. 171; Duffy (2006) pp. 56–57; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 129, 138; Etchingham (2001) p. 160; Oram (2000) p. 17; Duffy (1992) pp. 98–99.
  39. ↑ Woolf (2007) p. 245; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 143; Duffy (1992) p. 100.
  40. ↑ Clancy (2008) pp. 28, 32; Woolf (2007) p. 245; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 138.
  41. ↑ Duffy (1993b) p. 13.
  42. ↑ Bracken (2004); Duffy (1992) p. 101.
  43. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Oram (2000) p. 18.
  44. ↑ Duffy (1992) p. 102.
  45. ↑ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 83 fig 3.
  46. ↑ Woolf (2007) p. 246.
  47. 1 2 Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Duffy (1992) p. 105, 105 n. 59.
  48. ↑ Duffy (1992) pp. 96–97.
  49. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 210–211; Anderson (1922b) pp. 13–15 n. 3.
  50. ↑ Fuller (2009); Byrne (2008) p. 864; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Woolf (2004) p. 100; Anderson (1922b) p. 18 n. 1, 43–44 n. 6; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 50–51.
  51. ↑ Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 170–171; Woolf (2004) p. 100.
  52. ↑ Duffy (2006) pp. 55–56; Hudson, B (2005a); Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Hudson, BT (2004); Duffy (1992) p. 100.
  53. ↑ Duffy (1992) p. 97.
  54. ↑ McDonald (2019) pp. 22, 27 n. 4; McDonald (2007b) p. 62, 62 n. 18; Duffy (2006) pp. 53, 60; Hudson, B (2006) p. 170; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 54, 83 fig. 3, 171; Duffy (2004); Woolf (2004) p. 100; Duffy (1992) p. 106.
  55. ↑ McDonald (2019) pp. 22, 27 n. 4; McDonald (2007b) p. 62 n. 18; Duffy (2004); Duffy (1992) p. 106.
  56. ↑ Woolf (2004) p. 100.
  57. ↑ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1073.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1073.5; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
  58. ↑ McDonald (2007) pp. 61–62; Duffy (2006) p. 51; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172; Woolf (2004) p. 100; Byrne (1982); Anderson (1922b) p. 22; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 50–51.
  59. 1 2 3 Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172.
  60. ↑ Duffy (2006) pp. 57–58; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172; Woolf (2004) pp. 100–100; Oram (2000) p. 19.
  61. ↑ Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1073.3; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1073.3; Duffy (1993a) p. 33; Candon (1988) p. 403.
  62. ↑ Downham (2017) p. 100; The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1073.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1073.5; Duffy (2006) pp. 57–58; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, B (2005b); Ní Mhaonaigh (1995) p. 375; Duffy (1993a) p. 33; Candon (1988) p. 403.
  63. ↑ Duffy (1993a) p. 33; Duffy (1992) p. 102.
  64. ↑ Duffy (2006) p. 57; Candon (2006) p. 116; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Ní Mhaonaigh (1995) p. 375; Duffy (1993a) p. 33; Duffy (1992) p. 102; Candon (1988) p. 403.
  65. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, B (2005b); Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 130 fig. 4, 172; Oram (2000) pp. 18–19.
  66. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 130 fig. 4; Oram (2000) pp. 18–19.
  67. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172.
  68. ↑ Duffy (2006) p. 57; Candon (1988) p. 402.
  69. 1 2 Duffy (2006) pp. 53, 57–58.
  70. ↑ Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 1075; The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1075.1; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1075.2; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 1075; The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1075.2; Duffy (2009) pp. 295–296; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1075.2; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1075.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1075.1; Duffy (2006) p. 58; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1075.1; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1075.2; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 167; Hudson, B (1994b) p. 152, 152 n. 41; Duffy (1992) p. 102; Candon (1988) p. 399; Richter (1985) p. 336.
  71. ↑ Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1075.2; Duffy (2009) pp. 295–296; Duffy (2006) p. 58; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 167; Hudson, B (1994b) p. 152, 152 n. 41; Duffy (1992) p. 102; Candon (1988) p. 399; Richter (1985) p. 336.
  72. ↑ Duffy (2006) p. 58.
  73. ↑ McGuigan (2015) p. 108; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1094.5; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 503 (n.d.).
  74. ↑ Flanagan (2008) p. 907; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Oram (2000) p. 19.
  75. ↑ McDonald (2019) pp. 11, 48; Flanagan (2008) p. 907; Duffy (2006) pp. 61–62; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172; Woolf (2004) pp. 100–101.
  76. ↑ McDonald (2019) pp. 46, 48; McDonald (2007) p. 61; Duffy (2006) pp. 61–62; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172; McDonald (1997) pp. 33–34; Anderson (1922b) pp. 43–45; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 50–53.
  77. 1 2 3 Duffy (2006) p. 62.
  78. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172; Woolf (2004) pp. 100–101.
  79. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Oram (2000) p. 19.
  80. ↑ Duffy (2006) pp. 51, 58; Anderson (1922b) p. 22; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 50–53.
  81. 1 2 Duffy (2006) p. 62; Anderson (1922b) pp. 43–45; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 50–53.
  82. ↑ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172; Byrne (1982).
  83. ↑ McGuigan (2015) p. 108; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1094.5; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1094.5; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172; Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005) p. 468 n. 4; Beuermann (2002) p. 433; Duffy (1992) p. 99 n. 32; Candon (1988) p. 402; Byrne (1982).
  84. ↑ Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005) p. 468 n. 4.
  85. ↑ McGuigan (2015) p. 108.

Related Research Articles

Olaf Guthfrithson or Anlaf Guthfrithson was a Hiberno-Scandinavian (Irish-Viking) leader who ruled Dublin and Viking Northumbria in the 10th century. He was the son of Gofraid ua Ímair and great-grandson of Ímar, making him one of the Uí Ímair. Olaf succeeded his father as King of Dublin in 934 and succeeded in establishing dominance over the Vikings of Limerick when he captured their king, Amlaíb Cenncairech, in 937. That same year he allied with Constantine II of Scotland in an attempt to reclaim the Kingdom of Northumbria which his father had ruled briefly in 927. The forces of Olaf and Constantine were defeated by the English led by Æthelstan at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937.

Toirdhealbhach ua Briain, anglicised Turlough O'Brien, was King of Munster and effectively High King of Ireland. A grandson of Brian Bóruma, Toirdelbach was the son of Tadc mac Briain who was killed in 1023 by his half-brother Donnchad mac Briain.

Echmarcach mac Ragnaill was a dominant figure in the eleventh-century Irish Sea region. At his height, he reigned as king over Dublin, the Isles, and perhaps the Rhinns of Galloway. The precise identity of Echmarcach's father, Ragnall, is uncertain. One possibility is that this man was one of two eleventh-century rulers of Waterford. Another possibility is that Echmarcach's father was an early eleventh-century ruler of the Isles. If any of these identifications are correct, Echmarcach may have been a member of the Uí Ímair kindred.

Godred Crovan, known in Gaelic as Gofraid Crobán, Gofraid Meránach, and Gofraid Méránach, was a Norse-Gaelic ruler of the kingdoms of Dublin and the Isles. Although his precise parentage has not completely been proven, he was certainly an Uí Ímair dynast, and a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán, King of Northumbria and Dublin.

Suibne mac Cináeda was an eleventh-century ruler of the Gall Gaidheil, a population of mixed Scandinavian and Gaelic ethnicity. There is little known of Suibne as he is only attested in three sources that record the year of his death. He seems to have ruled in a region where Gall Gaidheil are known to have dwelt: either the Hebrides, the Firth of Clyde region, or somewhere along the south-western coast of Scotland from the Firth of Clyde southwards into Galloway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uí Ímair</span> Medieval Norse-Gael royal family

The Uí Ímair, also known as the Ivardynasty or Ivarids, was a Norse-Gael dynasty which ruled much of the Irish Sea region, the Kingdom of Dublin, the western coast of Scotland, including the Hebrides and some part of Northern England, from the mid 9th century.

Gofraid ua Ímair or Guthfrith of Ivar was a Hiberno-Scandinavian and Viking leader who ruled Dublin and briefly Viking Northumbria in the early 10th century. He was a grandson of Ímar and a member of the Uí Ímair. Gofraid was most probably among those Vikings expelled from Dublin in 902, whereafter he helped his kinsman Ragnall conquer Northumbria. Another kinsman, Sitric Cáech, became ruler of Dublin around the same time. Ragnall died in 920, and so the following year Sitric left Dublin to rule in Northumbria, and Gofraid succeeded Sitric as ruler of Dublin. Sitric's early reign was marked by raids he conducted against the Gaelic (Native-Irish), including one at Armagh.

Blácaire mac Gofraid was a Viking leader who ruled Dublin in the 10th century. He succeeded his brother Amlaíb mac Gofraid as king in 939 after the latter left Dublin to rule Northumbria. In the early years of his reign Blácaire led raids on important Christian sites at Clonmacnoise and Armagh, but repeated attacks by the Irish of Leinster in 943 and 944 led to the sack of Dublin. A year later Blácaire was replaced as King of Dublin by his cousin Amlaíb Cuarán, who had succeeded Blácaire's brother in Northumbria in 941, but had been driven out in 944.

Bjaðmunjo Mýrjartaksdóttir was a daughter of a Muirchertach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland. In 1102, whilst still a child, she was married to Sigurðr, son of Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway. At this time, Magnús appears to have been in the process of setting up his son as king over the Earldom of Orkney, the Kingdom of the Isles, and the Kingdom of Dublin. The marriage temporarily bound Muirchertach and Magnús together as allies before the latter's death the following year. Sigurðr thereupon repudiated Bjaðmunjo, and left for Scandinavia, where he proceeded to share the Norwegian kingship with his brothers.

Gofraid is an Irish masculine given name, arising in the Old Irish and Middle Irish/Middle Gaelic languages, as Gofhraidh, and later partially Anglicised as Goffraid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ivar of Waterford</span>

Ivar of Waterford was the Norse king of Waterford from at least 969 until his death in the year 1000, and also reigned as King of Dublin, possibly from 989 to 993, and certainly again for less than a year between 994 and 995, returning after his expulsion from the city in 993 by Sigtrygg Silkbeard, who would expel him for good the next time.

Ragnall mac Gofraid was King of the Isles and likely a member of the Uí Ímair kindred. He was a son of Gofraid mac Arailt, King of the Isles. Ragnall and Gofraid flourished at a time when the Kingdom of the Isles seems to have suffered from Orcadian encroachment at the hands of Sigurðr Hlǫðvisson, Earl of Orkney. Gofraid died in 989. Although Ragnall is accorded the kingship upon his own death in 1004 or 1005, the succession after his father's death is uncertain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill</span> King of Dublin

Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill was a late eleventh-century King of Dublin. Although the precise identities of his father and grandfather are uncertain, Gofraid was probably a kinsman of his royal predecessor, Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles. Gofraid lived in an era when control of the Kingdom of Dublin was fought over by competing Irish overlords. In 1052, for example, Echmarcach was forced from the kingdom by the Uí Chennselaig King of Leinster, Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó. When the latter died in 1072, Dublin was seized by the Uí Briain King of Munster, Toirdelbach Ua Briain, a man who either handed the Dublin kingship over to Gofraid, or at least consented to Gofraid's local rule.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ímar mac Arailt</span> King of Dublin

Ímar mac Arailt was an eleventh-century ruler of the Kingdom of Dublin and perhaps the Kingdom of the Isles. He was the son of a man named Aralt, and appears to have been a grandson of Amlaíb Cuarán, King of Northumbria and Dublin. Such a relationship would have meant that Ímar was a member of the Uí Ímair, and that he was a nephew of Amlaíb Cuarán's son, Sitriuc mac Amlaíb, King of Dublin, a man driven from Dublin by Echmarcach mac Ragnaill in 1036.

Donnchad mac Domnaill Remair, also known as Donnchadh mac Domhnall Reamhair, was a late-eleventh-century ruler of the kingdoms of Leinster and Dublin. He was a son of Domnall Remar mac Máel na mBó. Donnchad was slain in 1089.

Domnall Gerrlámhach, also known as Domnall Gerrlámhach Ua Briain, Domnall mac Muirchertaig, and Domnall Ua Briain, was an obscure twelfth-century Uí Briain dynast and King of Dublin. He was one of two sons of Muirchertach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland. Domnall's father appears to have installed him as King of Dublin in the late eleventh or early twelfth century, which suggests that he was his father's successor-designate. Although Domnall won a remarkable victory in the defence of the Kingdom of Dublin in the face of an invasion from the Kingdom of Leinster in 1115, he failed to achieve the successes of his father. After his final expulsion from Dublin at the hands of Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht, and the death of his father, Domnall disappears from record until his own death in 1135. He was perhaps survived by two sons.

Domnall mac Taidc was the ruler of the Kingdom of the Isles, the Kingdom of Thomond, and perhaps the Kingdom of Dublin as well. His father was Tadc, son of Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster, which meant that Domnall was a member of the Meic Taidc, a branch of the Uí Briain. Domnall's mother was Mór, daughter of Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles, which may have given Domnall a stake to the kingship of the Isles.

Domnall mac Murchada, also known as Domnall mac Murchada meic Diarmata, was a leading late eleventh-century claimant to the Kingdom of Leinster, and a King of Dublin. As a son of Murchad mac Diarmata, King of Dublin and the Isles, Domnall was a grandson of Diarmait mac Máel na mBó, King of Leinster, and thus a member of the Uí Chennselaig. Domnall was also the first of the Meic Murchada, a branch of the Uí Chennselaig named after his father.

Harald Sigtryggsson was a Viking leader who ruled Limerick in the early 10th century. He was the son of Sitric Cáech and great-grandson of Ímar, making him one of the Uí Ímair. He was installed as king of Limerick following the capture of the previous king Olaf Scabby-head by Harald's cousin Olaf Guthfrithson, king of Dublin, during a battle at Lough Ree in 937. Harald died in 940 and was ultimately succeeded by Ivar of Limerick.

Ragnall ua Ímair, also known as Ragnall mac Ragnaill, was an eleventh-century King of Waterford. He appears to have ruled as king from 1022 to 1035, the year of his death.

References

Primary sources

  • Anderson, AO, ed. (1922a). Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286. Vol. 1. London: Oliver and Boyd. OL   14712679M.
  • Anderson, AO, ed. (1922b). Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286. Vol. 2. London: Oliver and Boyd.
  • "Annals of Inisfallen". Corpus of Electronic Texts (23 October 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  • "Annals of Inisfallen". Corpus of Electronic Texts (16 February 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  • "Annals of Loch Cé". Corpus of Electronic Texts (13 April 2005 ed.). University College Cork. 2005. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  • "Annals of Loch Cé". Corpus of Electronic Texts (5 September 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  • "Annals of Tigernach". Corpus of Electronic Texts (13 April 2005 ed.). University College Cork. 2005. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  • "Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489". Oxford Digital Library. n.d. Retrieved 24 November 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  • "Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 503". Oxford Digital Library. n.d. Retrieved 24 December 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  • Bugge, A, ed. (1905). On the Fomorians and the Norsemen. Oslo: J. Chr. Gundersens Bogtrykkeri. OL   7129118M.
  • "Cotton MS Julius A VII". British Library . n.d. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  • "Chronicon Scotorum". Corpus of Electronic Texts (24 March 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  • "Chronicon Scotorum". Corpus of Electronic Texts (14 May 2012 ed.). University College Cork. 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  • Munch, PA; Goss, A, eds. (1874). Chronica Regvm Manniæ et Insvlarvm: The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys. Vol. 1. Douglas, IM: Manx Society.
  • "The Annals of Tigernach". Corpus of Electronic Texts (2 November 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  • "The Annals of Ulster". Corpus of Electronic Texts (29 August 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  • "The Annals of Ulster". Corpus of Electronic Texts (15 August 2012 ed.). University College Cork. 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  • Waitz, G (1844). "Mariani Scotti Chronicon". In Pertz, GH (ed.). Monvmenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores. Hanover: Hahn. pp. 481–568.

Secondary sources

Fingal mac Gofraid
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Gofraid mac Sitriuc
 King of the Isles
×1075/1079		Succeeded by
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.