Fort Terry

Last updated
Fort Terry
Part of Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound
Plum Island, Southold, New York
USA New York location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Fort Terry
Location in New York
Coordinates 41°10′48″N72°11′42″W / 41.18000°N 72.19500°W / 41.18000; -72.19500
Type Coastal Defense
Site history
Built1897-1906
Built by United States Army Corps of Engineers
In use1898-1946 (as coastal fort)
1952-54 (as military research facility)
1954-?(as civilian research facility)
Battles/wars World War I
World War II

Fort Terry was a coastal fortification on Plum Island, a small island just off Orient Point, New York, United States. This strategic position afforded it a commanding view over the Atlantic entrance to the commercially vital Long Island Sound. It was established in 1897 and used intermittently through the end of World War II. In 1952, it became a military animal and biological warfare (BW) research facility, moving to civilian control in 1954 as the Plum Island Animal Disease Center. Despite the new civilian control, the biological warfare mission continued until 1969, when the US officially ended offensive BW research. The island is now being considered for sale or conversion to a wildlife refuge. Fort Terry was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021. [1]

Contents

History

Early history

First “owned” by the Corchaug and Montaukett Indian tribes [2] the Plum Island was "sold" to Samuel Wyllys for a coat, a barrel of biscuits and 100 fishhooks. [3] The original fort was constructed after the federal government acquired Plum Island from Abraham S. Hewitt, a former mayor of New London, Connecticut, [4] for $25,000. [5] It is not clear how Hewitt became owner of the property.

Endicott period (1895-1916)

Fort Terry, named for Major General Alfred Terry, [6] began construction in 1897 under the Endicott Program as part of the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound, and was expanded several times from the time of the Spanish–American War through World War II. [4] [7] [8] The initial federal purchase was for 150 acres; however, the rest of the island was turned over to the federal government in 1901. [6]

In 1898, before any of Fort Terry's batteries were completed, the Spanish–American War broke out. It was feared the Spanish fleet would bombard the US east coast. A number of weapons were purchased from the UK and hastily mounted to give the nascent fort system some modern armament. By March 1898 a 4.7 inch/45 caliber gun was mounted at Battery Kelly under this program. It was later transferred to the Sandy Hook Proving Ground in New Jersey, possibly in 1903. A pair of emplacements for modern 8-inch M1888 guns on modified 1870s-era Rodman carriages were also built at nearby Fort Tyler, but these seem to have not been armed. [9]

Between 1897 and 1906 the following batteries were constructed at Fort Terry: [10] [11] [12] [13]

NameNo. of gunsGun typeCarriage typeYears activeLatitudeLongitude
Stoneman 8 12-inch coast defense mortar M1890 barbette M18961901–194341.18889-72.16472
Steele 2 10-inch gun M1888 disappearing M18961900–194241.185-72.18083
Bradford2 6-inch gun M1897 disappearing M18981901–194441.18944-72.16333
Floyd2 6-inch gun M1903 disappearing M19031906–191741.16778-72.19722
Dimick26-inch gun M1903disappearing M19031905–191741.18861-72.16389
Kelly 2 5-inch gun M1900 pedestal M19031898–191741.18833-72.16444
Hagner 2 3-inch gun M1903 pedestal M19031906–193241.17111-72.20361
Eldridge23-inch gun M1903pedestal M19031906–194641.1688889-72.1961111
Dalliba23-inch gun M1903pedestal M19031905–194641.18861-72.16222
Greble23-inch gun M1903pedestal M19031905–193241.18917-72.16556
Campbell23-inch gun M1903pedestal M19031905–193441.18972-72.16167
Vintage postcard pre-1915 showing view of Fort Terry, N.Y. Vintage colorized postcard View of Fort Terry, N.Y.jpg
Vintage postcard pre-1915 showing view of Fort Terry, N.Y.

Battery Stoneman was named in honor of Brevet (Bvt.) Major General (MG) George Stoneman, who served with distinction during the U.S. Civil War, died 5 Sep 1894. Battery Steele was named in honor of Bvt. MG Frederick Steele, U.S. Army, who served with distinction during the Mexican–American War and the U.S. Civil War, and who died on 12 Jan 1868. Battery Bradford was named on March 13, 1902, in honor of Captain James Bradford, U.S. Artillery, who was killed on November 4, 1791, in action with hostile Indians at Fort Recovery, Ohio. [14] Battery Floyd was named in honor of 2nd Lt. Robert Floyd, 3rd US Artillery, mortally wounded in the Battle of Chickamauga, GA, died on 23 Sep 1863. [15] Battery Dimick was named in honor of Justin E. Dimick, an artillery officer mortally wounded in the Battle of Chancellorsville, VA, died on 5 May 1863. Battery Eldridge was named in honor of Capt. Bogardus Eldridge, U.S. Infantry, who was killed in action at Bocoor, Philippine Islands, 2 Oct 1899. Battery Dalliba was named in honor of Bvt. Major James Dalliba, assistant commissary of ordnance, who served 1811-1824 and died 8 Nov 1832. [16] Battery Greble was named in honor of 1st Lt. John Greble, 2nd US Artillery, killed in action at the Battle of Big Bethel, 10 Jun 1861.

Vintage postcard sent in 1909 showing 10-inch cannon firing from ramparts at Fort Terry, N.Y. Vintage colorized postcard of 10-inch cannon firing at Fort Terry, N.Y.jpg
Vintage postcard sent in 1909 showing 10-inch cannon firing from ramparts at Fort Terry, N.Y.

Battery Steele was unusual in that the two 10-inch gun emplacements are on different levels on a hillside.

As an artillery post, Fort Terry was heavily armed as part of the Coast Defenses of Long Island Sound. The Army's forts of this type were garrisoned by the Coast Artillery Corps. By 1914 the fort had 11 gun batteries and facilities to control an underwater minefield. [17] In addition the post was home to an advanced fire control system for both the guns and the minefield. [6] The grounds also had a functional 36" gauge railroad built in 1914. The Porter locomotive was used to haul munitions from bunkers to the artillery batteries. [18]

Fort Terry served as an artillery post during the Spanish–American War, and it was intended to attack enemy ships as they headed toward New York City. [8] Organized in 1907, it was initially manned by the 133rd Company, Coast Artillery Corps, organized in 1907. [19] In 1916, they were re-designated as the 3d Company, [20] and continued to serve in that capacity throughout World War I. [8] Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Hero, Jr was in command of the post in August, 1915. [21]

World War I

Following the American entry into World War I in April 1917, changes were made at the stateside forts with a view to putting some coast artillery weapons into the fight on the Western Front. The Coast Artillery Corps manned almost all US heavy and railway artillery in that war, with stateside forts reduced to a minimum garrison to provide gun crews in France. The forts were also important as mobilization and training centers. The four 6-inch guns of Batteries Floyd and Dimick were dismounted in 1917, to be mounted on field carriages for service in France. The pair of 5-inch guns of Battery Kelly were apparently remounted at Fort H. G. Wright until scrapped in 1919. [10] [22] The 6-inch guns appear to have arrived in France, but for lack of training time none of the 5-inch or 6-inch batteries saw action in that war. [23] The guns were never returned to Fort Terry. [10] In 1918 four of Battery Stoneman's mortars were removed; this was to improve reloading time as reloading four mortars simultaneously in one pit was cumbersome. [10] Many of the mortars removed under this program became railway artillery, but none of these were shipped to France during the war.

Between the wars

Following the end of World War I, Fort Terry was declared surplus and put under the control of personnel at Fort H.G. Wright in caretaker status. [6] Two anti-aircraft batteries with two guns each were built in 1920, probably armed with the 3-inch gun M1917. [12] In 1924, Fort Terry was used by the Portsmouth (NH) National Guard Armory (the 197th Coast Artillery Regiment (Antiaircraft)) [24] as their summer encampment and training location. The gun and machine gun battalions worked on night firing solutions at aerial balloon targets, tracked by the searchlight battalion. [25] In 1930 the federal census for New York identified 133 people living on Fort Terry. [26] In 1930 the Justice Department conducted a study on building a 1000-cell prison on the island, but it was deemed impractical and was not built. [5] In 1932–34, the 3-inch gun batteries Hagner, Greble, and Campbell were disarmed. [10]

World War II

During World War II, the post was put to use as a training facility and supply depot. [6] and as a look-out for German U-boats and planes. [27] [28] On 7 December 1941, the fort was listed as manned by the 242nd Coast Artillery Regiment (Harbor Defense) of the Connecticut Army National Guard. [29] [30] Today, on the east side of Plum Island, a network of trenches remains from the area's tenure as an artillery post. [8] Fort Terry's guns were superseded by the pair of 16-inch batteries at Camp Hero in Montauk by 1944, so all except the four 3-inch guns of Batteries Eldridge and Dalliba were scrapped.

During World War II the following batteries were built at Fort Terry: [10] [12]

NameNo. of gunsGun typeCarriage typeYears active
Battery 2172 6-inch gun M1 shielded barbette M41944-Never armed
AMTB 9114 90 mm gun two fixed T3/M3, two towed1943-1946
155mm4 155 mm gun M1918 Panama mount 1942–1943, on Battery Steele

After World War II it was determined that gun coast defenses were obsolete. In 1948, the fort was once again declared surplus and disarmed with all guns scrapped. [7]

Animal disease center

Beginning April 15, 1952, it served as a U.S. Army Chemical Corps facility. [31] As such, it was under the control of the First Army. It was small and focused primarily on anti-animal biological warfare (BW) research aimed at enemy livestock. [31] [32] Anti-animal agents rinderpest and foot and mouth disease were the main areas of research. [32] When the decision to use the Fort as a research facility was planned, it was envisioned that it would be staffed by less than 20 personnel. [31]

Fort Terry's Chemical Corps installation covered three acres and included many of the amenities traditionally associated with U.S. military installations. [31] Included on the grounds were various administration buildings, laboratories, a dock, a motor pool, a commissary, a hospital, a fire station, staff housing and animal housing. [31]

When the Chemical Corps took control of Fort Terry, in 1952, it required the remodeling of 18 original buildings on post. [6] The Army had been developing plans for the animal disease facility at Fort Terry since 1951. [17] A laboratory was planned for the circa 1911 Building 257, originally known as Combined Torpedo Storehouse and Cable Tanks building. [17] The lab was not completed by the time the Chemical Corps transferred the fort to the USDA but it and the rest of the remodeled buildings were eventually incorporated into the civilian facility. [6]

In 1954, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) took over the island, [31] [33] and began to use it as the Plum Island Animal Disease Center. It was then staffed by at least 9 military and 8 civilian employees. [31] Most of the disease research done by the USDA focused on biological warfare until Richard Nixon ended the U.S. bio-weapons program in 1969. [6] Most of the original buildings and batteries still stand today [7] and in many cases have been incorporated in one way or another into the island's new role as a disease research center. [6]

2000-2016

As of August 2001, the fort and all of Plum Island was listed for sale with the Government Accounting Office under FORT TERRY POW SUB-STA number C02NY0619 as accepting bids, with $12,000 "cost up to date" for historical clean up. It is listed as "no further action", that is, no cleanup is needed under the FUDS cleanup program, no DOD-related hazards present. [34]

In June 2003, the responsibility for Plum Island facilities was transferred from the USDA to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. [35]

A 2008 DHS report recommended that the remnants of Fort Terry, its buildings and batteries, be opened to the public and preserved. [36] The Town of Southold, New York formed a Local Waterfront Revitalization Program (LWRP) which noted that many of the island's structures, including those at Fort Terry, could qualify for listing on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. [36]

On 16 May 2016, the House unanimously passed “Save, Don’t Sell Plum Island”, Bill H.R. 1887 reversing the 2008 decision to put the island up for sale which would have led to future development and, ultimately, the destruction of the island. [37]

Biological warfare research

The original anti-animal biological warfare research mission at Fort Terry was "to establish and pursue a program of research and development of certain anti-animal biological warfare agents". [31] The first agent that was a candidate for development was foot and mouth disease (FMD). [31] Besides FMD, five other top secret BW projects were commissioned on Plum Island. [38] The other four programs researched included Rift Valley fever (RVF), rinderpest, African swine fever, and a slew of miscellaneous exotic animal diseases. [38] Among the miscellaneous diseases were 11 [39] other animal pathogens. [31] Shortly before the handover of the facility to the Department of Agriculture in 1954, Fort Terry's mission was altered. The number of pathogens studied was reduced to two, rinderpest and FMD, and the mission was changed to "defensive" research of those two diseases. [38]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plum Island Animal Disease Center</span> American research facility

Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) is a United States federal research facility dedicated to the study of foreign animal diseases of livestock. It is a national laboratory of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Directorate for Science and Technology (S&T), and operates as a partnership with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The facility's director is Dr. Larry Barrett.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Hamilton</span> U.S. Army installation in Brooklyn, NY

Fort Hamilton is a United States Army installation in the southwestern corner of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, surrounded by the communities of Bay Ridge and Dyker Heights. It is one of several posts that are part of the region which is headquartered by the Military District of Washington. Its mission is to provide the New York metropolitan area with military installation support for the Army National Guard and the United States Army Reserve. The original fort was completed in 1831, with major additions made in the 1870s and 1900s. However, all defenses except about half of the original fort have been demolished or buried.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Miles</span>

Fort Miles was a United States Army World War II installation located on Cape Henlopen near Lewes, Delaware. Although funds to build the fort were approved in 1934, it was 1938 before construction began on the fort. On 3 June 1941 it was named for Lieutenant General Nelson A. Miles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Warren (Massachusetts)</span> United States historic place

Fort Warren is a historic fort on the 28-acre (110,000 m2) Georges Island at the entrance to Boston Harbor. The fort is named for Revolutionary War hero Dr. Joseph Warren, who sent Paul Revere on his famous ride, and was later killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill. The name was transferred in 1833 from the first Fort Warren – built in 1808 – which was renamed Fort Winthrop.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joint Expeditionary Base Fort Story</span>

Joint Expeditionary Base-Fort Story, commonly called simply Fort Story is a sub-installation of Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek–Fort Story, which is operated by the United States Navy. Located in the independent city of Virginia Beach, Virginia at Cape Henry at the entrance of the Chesapeake Bay, it offers a unique combination of features including dunes, beaches, sand, surf, deep-water anchorage, variable tide conditions, maritime forest and open land. The base is the prime location and training environment for both U.S. Army amphibious operations and Joint Logistics-Over-the-Shore (LOTS) training events.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dutch Island (Rhode Island)</span>

Dutch Island is an island lying west of Conanicut Island at an entrance to Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island, United States. It is part of the town of Jamestown, Rhode Island, and has a land area of 0.4156 km². It was uninhabited as of the United States Census, 2000. The island was fortified from the American Civil War through World War II and was known as Fort Greble from 1898 to 1947.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Crockett</span> United States historic place

Fort Crockett is a government reservation on Galveston Island overlooking the Gulf of Mexico originally built as a defense installation to protect the city and harbor of Galveston and to secure the entrance to Galveston Bay, thus protecting the commercial and industrial ports of Galveston and Houston and the extensive oil refineries in the bay area. The facility is now managed by the US NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, and hosts the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Laboratory, the Texas Institute of Oceanography, as well as some university facilities. The area still contains several historical buildings and military fortifications.

Erich Traub was a German veterinarian, scientist and virologist who specialized in foot-and-mouth disease, Rinderpest and Newcastle disease. Traub was a member of the National Socialist Motor Corps (NSKK), a Nazi motorist corps, from 1938 to 1942. He worked directly for Heinrich Himmler, head of the Schutzstaffel (SS), as the lab chief of the Nazis' leading bio-weapons facility on Riems Island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort H. G. Wright</span>

Fort H. G. Wright was a United States military installation on Fishers Island in the town of Southold, New York, just two miles off the coast of southeastern Connecticut, but technically in New York. It was part of the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound, along with Fort Terry, Fort Michie, and Camp Hero. These forts defended the eastern entrance of Long Island Sound and thus Connecticut's ports and the north shore of Long Island. The fort was named for Union General Horatio G. Wright, a former Chief of Engineers who was born in Clinton, Connecticut.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Michie</span>

Fort Michie was a United States Army coastal defense site on Great Gull Island, New York. Along with Fort H. G. Wright, Fort Terry, and Camp Hero, it defended the eastern entrance to Long Island Sound as part of the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound, thus defending Connecticut's ports and the north shore of Long Island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Wetherill</span> Historic site in Rhode Island, United States

Fort Wetherill is a former coast artillery fort that occupies the southern portion of the eastern tip of Conanicut Island in Jamestown, Rhode Island. It sits atop high granite cliffs, overlooking the entrance to Narragansett Bay. Fort Dumpling from the American Revolutionary War occupied the site until it was built over by Fort Wetherill. Wetherill was deactivated and turned over to the State of Rhode Island after World War II and is now operated as Fort Wetherill State Park, a 51-acre (210,000 m2) reservation managed by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Rodman</span> United States historic place

Fort Taber District or the Fort at Clark's Point is a historic American Civil War-era military fort on Wharf Road within the former Fort Rodman Military Reservation in New Bedford, Massachusetts. The fort is now part of Fort Taber Park, a 47-acre town park located at Clark's Point. Fort Taber was an earthwork built nearby with city resources and garrisoned 1861-1863 until Fort Rodman was ready for service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Getty</span>

Fort Getty is a town park in Jamestown, Rhode Island, on Conanicut Island in Narragansett Bay. From 1900 through World War II it was a military fort. The Town of Jamestown later received the property and opened it as a park, primarily a campground.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cape Charles Air Force Station</span> Former US Air Force radar station

Cape Charles Air Force Station is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station. It is located 3.6 miles (5.8 km) south of Townsend, Virginia. It was closed in 1981. From 1941 to 1948 it was Fort John Custis of the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps. Since 1984 the site has been in the Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge. For this article's purposes the term "Fort John Custis" includes the nearby Fisherman Island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">51st Coast Artillery Regiment</span> Military unit

The 51st Coast Artillery Regiment was a Coast Artillery regiment in the United States Army.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Stark</span>

Fort Stark is a former military fortification in New Castle, New Hampshire, United States. Located at Jerry's Point on the southeastern tip of New Castle Island, most of the surviving fort was developed in the early 20th century, following the Spanish–American War, although there were several earlier fortifications on the site, portions of which survive. The fort was named for John Stark, a New Hampshire officer who distinguished himself at the Battle of Bennington in the American Revolution. The purpose of Fort Stark was to defend the harbor of nearby Portsmouth and the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. The fort remained in active use through the Second World War, after which it was used for reserve training by the US Navy. The property was partially turned over to the state of New Hampshire in 1979, which established Fort Stark Historic Site, and the remainder of the property was turned over in 1983. The grounds are open to the public during daylight hours.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Kearny (Rhode Island)</span>

Fort Kearny was a coastal defense fort in the Saunderstown area of Narragansett, Rhode Island from 1901 to 1943. It was a prisoner-of-war camp for German prisoners in 1945. It is now the Narragansett Bay Campus of the University of Rhode Island. In many sources it is spelled Fort Kearney.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harbor Defenses of Portland</span> Military unit

The Harbor Defenses of Portland was a United States Army Coast Artillery Corps harbor defense command. It coordinated the coast defenses of Portland, Maine, the mouth of the Kennebec River, and surrounding areas from 1895 to 1950, beginning with the Endicott program. These included both coast artillery forts and underwater minefields. The command originated circa 1895 as the Portland Artillery District, was renamed Coast Defenses of Portland in 1913, and again renamed Harbor Defenses of Portland in 1925.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harbor Defenses of Narragansett Bay</span> Military unit

The Harbor Defenses of Narragansett Bay was a United States Army Coast Artillery Corps harbor defense command. It coordinated the coast defenses of Narragansett Bay and Rhode Island from 1895 to 1950, beginning with the Endicott program. These included both coast artillery forts and underwater minefields. The command originated circa 1895 as an Artillery District, was renamed Coast Defenses of Narragansett Bay in 1913, and again renamed Harbor Defenses of Narragansett Bay in 1925.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound</span> Military unit

The Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound was a United States Army Coast Artillery Corps harbor defense command. It coordinated the coast defenses of Long Island Sound and Connecticut from 1895 to 1950, beginning with the Endicott program. These included both coast artillery forts and underwater minefields. The area defended included the approach via the Sound to New York City, the port cities and manufacturing centers of New London, New Haven, and Bridgeport, and eventually included the submarine base and shipyard in Groton. The command originated circa 1900 as an Artillery District, was renamed Coast Defenses of Long Island Sound in 1913, and again renamed Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound in 1925.

References

  1. "Weekly listing". National Park Service.
  2. Alexandra Cella, “An Overview of Plum Island: History, Research and Effects on Long Island,” Long Island Historical Journal 16, no.1-2 (2003- 4): 176-181.
  3. Plum Island Case Statement at HuntingtonAudobon.org
  4. 1 2 Bleyer, Bill. "Plum Island Animal Disease Center [ permanent dead link ]", from Newsday , via The Baltimore Sun , April 26, 2004, accessed January 10, 2009.
  5. 1 2 "USCG Aids to Navigation Team, Long Island Sound".
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cella, Alexandra. "An Overview of Plum Island: History, Research and Effects on Long Island", Long Island Historical Journal, Fall 2003/Spring 2004, Vol. 16, Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 176-181 (194-199 in PDF), accessed January 10, 2009.
  7. 1 2 3 "Fort Terry", New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center, NYS Division of Military and Naval Affairs, accessed January 9, 2009.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Grossman, Karl. "Target: Plum Island", The New York Times , September 11, 2005, accessed January 10, 2009.
  9. Congressional serial set, 1900, Report of the Commission on the Conduct of the War with Spain, Vol. 7, pp. 3778–3780, Washington: Government Printing Office
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fort Terry at FortWiki.com
  11. "Fort Terry at NY State Military Museum".
  12. 1 2 3 "New York Forts at American Forts Network: page 8".
  13. Plum Island topo map at Topozone.com
  14. Lineage and Honors, 1/5 Field Artillery Regt
  15. "Fourth Regt of Artillery at history.army.mil". Archived from the original on 2010-11-06. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
  16. "James Dalliba • Cullum's Register • 61".
  17. 1 2 3 1669-2003: A Partial History of Plum Island Archived 2009-03-09 at the Wayback Machine ", United States Animal Health Association Newsletter, Vol. 30, No. 4, October 2003, pp. 5, 26, accessed January 10, 2009.
  18. "Fort Terry - Plum Island Railway - Military Railroads of the New York Metropolitan Area".
  19. brown, bob. "U.S.Army Air Defense Artillery Brigades Patches History Page 1".
  20. "Error".
  21. "Coast Artillery Journal, April 1930 at Sill-www.army.mil" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-02. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  22. Berhow, p. 208
  23. History of the Coast Artillery Corps in WWI
  24. Stanton, p. 466
  25. "A History of Portsmouth Armory".
  26. "1930 Census :: FREE 1790–1930 Census Resources for Genealogy & Family History".
  27. "Page Not Found : USDA ARS". Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2010-10-08.{{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  28. "What's Ahead for Plum Island?". The New York Times. 25 January 2009.
  29. "United States Army, Dec 7 1941".
  30. Stanton, pp. 456, 470
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Wheelis, Deadly Cultures, p. 225-228.
  32. 1 2 Chauhan, Sharad S. Biological Weapons, (Google Books), APH Publishing Corporation, 2004, p. 197, ( ISBN   8176487325).
  33. Pg 13132 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 52 / Thursday, March 18, 2010 / Notices
  34. New York: Properties Identified for Potential Inclusion in FUDS Cleanup Program. Government Accounting Office n.d. retrieved 25 May 2016
  35. "Combating Bioterrorism: Actions Needed to Improve Security at Plum Island Animal Disease Center", General Accounting Office , September 19, 2003, accessed January 10, 2008.
  36. 1 2 "National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility Environmental Impact Statement - Scoping Report", Department of Homeland Security , February 2008, pp. 3-8 to 3-9 (pp. 27-28 in PDF), accessed January 10, 2009.
  37. Mike Shelter (21 May 2016). "Congress Votes to Protect Plum Island! by". New York League of Conservation Voters. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  38. 1 2 3 Carroll, Michael C. Lab 257: The Disturbing Story of the Government's Secret Plum Island Germ Laboratory, (Google Books), HarperCollins, 2004, pp. 45-48, ( ISBN   0060011416).
  39. pathogens. These were Blue tongue virus, Bovine influenza, Bovine virus diarrhea (BVD), fowl plague, goat pneumonitis, mycobacteria, "N" virus, Newcastle disease, sheep pox, Teschers disease, and vesicular stomatitis. See, Wheelis, p. 226.

41°10′48″N72°11′42″W / 41.18000°N 72.19500°W / 41.18000; -72.19500