Free kick (association football)

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A direct free kick being taken by RB Salzburg Freistoss-RB Salzburg-18-09-2005.jpg
A direct free kick being taken by RB Salzburg
Freekick imitation Association Football Freekick Imitation.jpg
Freekick imitation
A direct free kick scored by FC Versailles

A free kick is a method of restarting play in association football. It is awarded after an infringement of the laws by the opposing team.

Contents

Direct and indirect free kicks

Free kicks may be either direct or indirect, distinguished as follows:

Procedure

Often several players (red) will line up for a free kick, so as to mask their intentions to the defending team (blue). Van Persie free kick.jpg
Often several players (red) will line up for a free kick, so as to mask their intentions to the defending team (blue).

Signal

The referee signals an indirect free kick by raising the arm vertically above the head; a direct free kick is signaled by extending the arm horizontally. [1] A popular method for identifying the different signals is that, for indirect free kicks, the referee holds his hand above his head, creating the letter "I", for an indirect free kick. [2]

Location

The free kick is taken from the place where the infringement occurred, with the following exceptions:

Kick

The ball must be stationary and on the ground. Opponents must be at least 9.15 m (10 yards) from the ball until it is in play, unless they are on their own goal-line between the goal-posts. If the free kick is taken from within the kicking team's penalty area, opponents must be outside the penalty area.

If the defending team forms a "wall" of three or more players, all attacking players must be at least 1 m (1 yard) from the wall until the ball is in play.

The ball becomes in play as soon as it is kicked and clearly moves. [3] The ball must be kicked (a goalkeeper may not pick up the ball). A free kick can be taken by lifting the ball with a foot or both feet simultaneously. It is legal to feint to take a free kick to confuse opponents. (This distinguishes the free kick from the penalty kick, where feinting is illegal once the run-up has been completed). [4]

A player may be penalised for an offside offence from a free-kick. This distinguishes the free-kick from most other methods of restarting the game, from which it is not possible for a player to commit an offside offence.

Scoring a goal directly from a free kick

Ball goes
directly into		Type of free kick
DirectIndirect
Opponents' goalGoal scoredGoal-kick to opponents
Own goalCorner-kick
to opponents

A goal may be scored directly from a direct free kick against the opposing side. A goal may not be scored directly from an indirect free kick, and an own goal may not be scored directly from any free kick. If the ball goes directly into the opposing team's goal from an indirect free kick, a goal kick is awarded to the opposing team. If the ball goes directly into the kicking team's own goal, a corner kick is awarded to the opposing team. [5]

When an indirect free kick has been awarded, the referee must maintain the vertically raised arm until the kick has been taken and the ball touches another player, goes out of play, or it is clear that a goal cannot be scored directly. If the referee fails to signal that the free kick is indirect, and the ball goes directly into the opponents' goal, the kick must be retaken. [1]

Infringements and sanctions

Vanishing spray has been utilised in recent years to indicate the minimum distance for free kicks. Spurs 5 Chelsea 3 (15554013624).jpg
Vanishing spray has been utilised in recent years to indicate the minimum distance for free kicks.

If the ball is moving, or in the wrong place, the kick is retaken. A player who takes a free kick from the wrong position in order to force a retake, or who excessively delays the restart of play, is cautioned.

If an opponent is less than 9.15 m (10 yards) from the spot where the kick is taken, the kick is re-taken unless the kicking team chooses to take a "quick free kick" before opponents have been able to retreat the required distance. An opponent also may be cautioned (yellow card) for failing to retreat 9.15 m (10 yards), [5] or for deliberately preventing a quick free kick from being taken.

If the kicker touches the ball a second time before it has touched another player, an indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team, unless this second touch is an illegal handball offence, in which case a direct free kick or penalty kick is awarded.

If an attacking player stands within 1 m (1 yard) of a "wall" of 3 or more defending players, an indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team. [3]

Quick free kick

A team may choose to take a "quick" free kick, that is, take the kick while opponents are within the 9.15-metre (10-yard) minimum required distance. This is usually done for some tactical reason, such as surprising the defence or taking advantage of their poor positioning. The referee has full discretion on whether to allow a quick free kick, and all other rules on free kicks still apply. However, in taking a quick free kick the kicking team waives their entitlement to retake the kick if an opponent who was within 9.15 m (10 yards) intercepts the ball. [5] Football governing bodies may provide further instruction to referees on administering quick free kicks; for example, the United States Soccer Federation advises that referees should not allow a quick free kick if a card is shown prior to the restart, if a trainer has to enter the field to attend to an injured player, if the kicking team requests enforcement of the 10-yard (9.15 m) rule, or if the referee needs to slow the pace of the match (e.g., to talk to a player). [6]

Scoring opportunities

Guilherme Finkler (blue, no. 7) attempts to score from a direct free kick for Melbourne Victory FC Finkler 2015 FFA Cup Victory Adelaide.jpg
Guilherme Finkler (blue, no. 7) attempts to score from a direct free kick for Melbourne Victory FC

Direct free kicks awarded near the opponent's goal can often lead to scoring opportunities, either from the kick itself or from an ensuing set piece. Accordingly, developing plays from free kicks are an important part of team strategy, and defending against them is an important skill for defenders.

There are various techniques used with direct free kicks.[ citation needed ] The player taking the direct free kick may choose to strike the ball with as much force as possible, usually with the laces of the boot. Alternatively, players may attempt to curl the ball around the keeper or the wall, with the inside or outside the boot. Additionally, certain free-kick specialists will choose to kick the ball with minimal spin, making the ball behave unpredictably in the air (similar to the action of a knuckleball pitch in baseball). The kicker may also attempt to drive the shot under the wall formed by the opposition defenders using the inside of their boot in a passing manner. Free kick takers may also attempt to cross the ball to their centre-backs or strikers to get a header on goal, since they usually are the tallest members of the team, especially if the position of the free kick is close to the wings.

Strategy

A defending team (red) attempts to block the direct path to goal with a "wall" of players. Free Kick - Switzerland and Ecuador match at the FIFA World Cup 2014-06-15.gif
A defending team (red) attempts to block the direct path to goal with a "wall" of players.
Aston Villa players have a man lying on the ground behind the wall to stop low free kicks Free kick wall with man on ground Manchester United v Aston Villa, 25 Septemxber 2021 (13) (cropped).jpg
Aston Villa players have a man lying on the ground behind the wall to stop low free kicks

Most teams have one or two designated free kick takers, depending on the distance from goal and the side of the pitch from which the free kick is to be taken. The strategy may be to score a goal directly from the free kick, or to use the free kick as the beginning of a set piece leading towards a goal scoring opportunity.

The kicking team may have more than one player line up behind the ball, run up to the ball, and/or feint a kick in order to confuse or deceive the defence as to their intentions; this is usually legal as long as no other infringements occur.

Where there is a potential for a shot on goal to occur from a direct free kick, often the defending side will erect a "wall" of players standing side by side as a barrier to the shot. The number of players composing the wall varies based on distance and strategy. The wall is typically positioned to screen the area of the near side post, while the far side post is normally referred to as the primary responsibility of the goalkeeper, which is why the goalkeeper is often positioned further towards the far side post than the near side post after forming a wall.

Beginning in the 2020s teams often choose to deploy a player to lie behind the wall, to prevent the free kick taker kicking the ball below the wall when the defenders jump anticipating a kick over the top. Colloquially this role has become known as a 'draught excluder'. A kicker who has the skill to curl the ball around a wall is at a distinct advantage. Since 2000, referees at the highest levels of football have used vanishing spray to enforce the 9.15-metre (10-yard) minimum required distance for the wall; referees without vanishing spray may indicate the minimum distance verbally and/or with hand gestures. In 2019, Law 13 was changed to require attacking players to maintain a minimum 1-metre (1-yard) distance from a defensive "wall" until the ball is in play. [3]

Offences for which the free kick is awarded

The following are the offences punishable by a free kick in the 2019 Laws of the Game. A free kick may be awarded only for an offence committed while the ball is in play, or at a restart of play. [7] If an offence is committed in any other circumstance, the offending player may be punished with disciplinary action, but play restarts in the same manner it would have restarted without the offence. [8]

Direct free kick / penalty kick

Indirect free kick

History

Before 1863

The concept of a free kick—i.e., an opportunity to kick the ball without being challenged by opponents—is found in public school football games from the early nineteenth century. The three situations in which the free kick was typically found are: [23]

Fair catch

The fair catch was the most common reason for a free kick in football codes of the early nineteenth-century. An early example is found in the testimony of Matthew Bloxam, in the famous passage where he attributes the innovation of "running with the ball" at Rugby School to the actions of William Webb Ellis in 1823: [24]

[Ellis] caught the ball in his arms. This being so, according to the then rules, he ought to have retired back as far as he pleased, without parting with the ball, for the combatants on the opposite side could only advance to the spot where he had caught the ball, and were unable to rush forward till he had either punted it or had placed it for some one else to kick, for it was by means of these place kicks that most of the goals were in those days kicked, but the moment the ball touched the ground, the opposite side might rush on.

The first published laws of football, those of Rugby School in 1845, confirm that a free kick was awarded for a catch: [25]

Charging is fair, in case of a place-kick, as soon as a ball has touched the ground; in case of a kick from a catch, as soon as the player's foot has left the ground, and not before.

Although the 1848 "Cambridge rules" described by Henry C. Malden in 1897 have not survived, Malden implies that they awarded a free kick for a fair catch. [26] The 1856 Cambridge rules, which do survive, explicitly awarded such a free kick: [27]

When a player catches the ball directly from the foot, he may kick it as he can without running with it.

Other early codes awarding a free kick for a fair catch include Shrewsbury School (1855), [28] Harrow School (1858), [29] Sheffield FC (1858), [30] Melbourne FC (1859), [31] and Blackheath FC (1862). [32] All these kicks, except for Sheffield's, permit a goal to be scored directly.

Touch-down

The free kick after a touch-down (also known as a "try at goal") is found at Rugby School from the mid-1830s. [33] It is also found in Rugby-influenced codes, such as Marlborough College, [34] and in the Cambridge Rules of 1863, which were drawn up by a committee including representatives from both Marlborough and Rugby. [35]

After an offence by the opposition

The first Rugby School rules (1845) awarded a punt or a drop-kick to the opposition after a player took "a punt when he [was] not entitled to it". [36] The 1846 revision of the Rugby School rules kept that rule, but added the provision that a goal could not be scored from such a drop-kick, giving an early example of an indirect free-kick. [37] Other codes that used a free kick to punish an infringement of the rules included the Uppingham laws of 1857 (for offside), [38] and the Melbourne FC laws of 1860 (for any offence). [39]

Summary

YearCodeNameFree kick awarded for
Fair catchTouch downOffence by
opposition
1823Rugby School
(uncodified, based on
later recollections)		direct [40]
c. 1834direct [41] [42]
1845Rugby School [43] [44] Place-kick
Punt
Drop		directdirect [45] direct [46]
1846indirect [46]
1847Eton Field Game [47] —Nodirect [48] No
1848Cambridge Rules
(as recalled by Malden) [49] 		Yes
1855Shrewsbury [50] HoistYes
1856Cambridge Rules [51] "Kick it as he can"directNoNo
1857Uppingham School [52] "Kick it as best he can"
Fair kick		directNodirect [53]
1858Harrow School [54] Free kickdirectNoNo
1858Sheffield FC [55] Free kickindirectNoNo [56]
1859Melbourne FC [57] Free kickdirectNoNo
1860Melbourne FC [58] Free kickdirectNodirect [59]
1862Barnes FC [60] —NoNoNo
1862Blackheath FC [61] Free kickdirectNoNo
1862Eton Field Game [43] —NoNo [62] No
1862The Simplest Game [63] —NoNoNo
1863Cambridge Rules [64] Free kickNodirect [65] No
1863Charterhouse School [66] —NoNoNo
1863Marlborough College [67] Nodirect [68]
1863Winchester College [69] YesNoNo
1863Football Association [70] Free kickdirectdirect [71] No

The 1863 FA Rules

The original laws of the Football Association, published in December 1863, awarded a free kick in two situations: [72]

In both cases, the kick could be taken "in such manner as the kicker may think fit". This was interpreted as allowing a kick from hand (a punt or drop-kick), in addition to a place kick. [73] In the first ever game played under Football Association rules, (Barnes v Richmond, 19 December 1863), Barnes FC attempted six such "tries at goal", but missed all of them. [74]

Abolition (1866–1872)

At the first revision of the FA laws, in 1866, the free kick was removed from the game. [75] Reference to the fair catch disappeared from the laws (though catching was still permitted), while the touch down, rather than being rewarded with a free kick, became a tie-breaker to be used when an equal number of goals was scored by each team. [76]

In 1867, Sheffield Football Club proposed to the FA that handling should be banned, with a free kick awarded as punishment for handball. [77] Records of the FA's annual meeting do not indicate that this proposal received any formal discussion, and it was not adopted: [78] however, a similar proposal was incorporated into the inaugural laws of the Sheffield Football Association later that same year. [79]

In 1870, handling was completely banned in the FA laws, upon the basis of a proposal by Upton Park FC. [80] Wanderers FC and Civil Service FC both suggested that handling should be punished with a throw-in to the opposition, but their proposals were not adopted. [81]

Reintroduction (1872–1873)

In 1872, the free kick was reintroduced, on the basis of a proposal by Harrow Chequers F.C. It was awarded to punish illegal handling of the ball, and did not allow a goal to be scored directly. [82] The 1872 laws neglected to define exactly how a free kick should be taken; this omission was made up in 1873, when it was specified that the ball must be on the ground, with opponents at least six yards (5.5 m) from the ball, unless behind their own goal-line. [83] These restrictions were proposed by Clapton Pilgrims, and amended by Francis Marindin of Royal Engineers FC.

Subsequent developments

Position of opponents

In 1913, the distance opponents were required to retreat was increased from six yards (5.5 m) to ten yards (9.15 m). [84] In 1936, it was further specified that players could be less than ten yards (9.15 m) away only if they were on the goal-line between the posts (rather than anywhere on the goal-line). [85]

In 1965, opponents were required to remain outside the penalty area when a free kick was being taken from within the kicking team's penalty area. (A similar change had been made to the laws for the goal kick in 1948). [86]

Position of teammates

In 2019, members of the team taking the free-kick were forbidden from standing within one metre of any "wall" made by the defensive team.

Putting the ball into play

In 1887, it was specified that "[t]he ball must at least be rolled over before it shall be considered played". [87] This requirement was made more precise in 1895: the ball "must make a complete circuit or travel the distance of its circumference" before being in play. [88] In 1997, this requirement was eliminated: the ball became in play as soon as it was kicked and moved (and left the penalty area, if necessary; see below). [89] In 2016, it was specified that the ball must "clearly" move. [90]

In 1937, a free kick taken within the kicking team's own penalty area was required to leave the penalty area before being considered in play. This followed a parallel change in the goal-kick law the previous year. [91] Both changes were reversed in 2019.

Method of kicking

In 2007, the laws specified that feinting, and lifting the ball with one or both feet, were both legitimate methods of taking a free kick. [92]

Dribbling

In 1874, the player taking the free kick was forbidden from touching the ball again until it had been played by another player. [93]

Scoring a goal directly

When reintroduced in 1872, the free kick did not permit a goal to be scored. [82]

In 1891, the penalty kick was introduced, for certain offences committed within 12 yards (11 m) of the goal-line. [94] The penalty kick permitted a goal to be scored directly (unlike the free kick, which was still exclusively indirect).

In 1903 the direct free-kick was reintroduced, for the same offences penalized by a penalty kick when committed in the penalty area. [95]

In 1927, the laws were amended to prevent an own goal from being scored directly from any free kick (whether direct or indirect). [96]

Awarded within the goal area

In 1978, it was specified that a free-kick awarded to a team within its own goal-area could be taken from any point within that half of the goal-area in which the offence occurred. This change was made in order to remove any disadvantage that might come from being forced to take the kick from a "restricted position" near the goal-posts. [97] In 1992, this provision was further widened to permit such a free-kick to be taken from any point within the goal-area. [98] This change, which was proposed "to reduce time-wasting", was made in conjunction with a parallel change to the goal kick law. [99]

In 1984, it was specified that an indirect free kick awarded for an offence within the opposing team's goal area should be taken at the closest point on the six-yard (5.5 m) line. This change was made in order to avoid "crowding" and "jostling". [100]

Remedy for infringements

In 1882, an indirect free kick was awarded to the opposing side if the player taking the free kick touched the ball twice. [101] In 1905, encroachment by the opposition at a free kick was also punished with an indirect free-kick. [102] In 1938, this punishment was eliminated; it was specified instead that, in the event of encroachment, the referee "shall delay the taking of the kick until the Law is complied with". [103] In 1937, it was specified that if a free kick taken from within the kicking side's penalty area did not leave the penalty area, it should be retaken. [104] This requirement was removed in 2019.

In 2019, the laws were modified to state that, if a team-mate of the kicker was closer than one metre to a "wall" formed by the defending team, an indirect free-kick should be awarded.

Offside from a free kick

The laws of football have always permitted an offside offence to be committed from a free kick. The free kick contrasts, in this respect, with other restarts of play such as the goal kick, corner kick, and throw-in.

An unsuccessful proposal to remove the possibility of being offside from a direct free-kick was made in 1929. [105] Similar proposals to prevent offside offences from any free-kick were advanced in 1974 and 1986, each time without success. [106] [107] In 1987, the Football Association (FA) obtained the permission of IFAB to test such a rule in the 1987-88 GM Vauxhall Conference. [108] [109] At the next annual meeting, the FA reported to IFAB that the experiment had, as predicted, "assisted further the non-offending team and also generated more action near goal, resulting in greater excitement for players and spectators"; it nevertheless withdrew the proposal. [110]

Offences for which the kick was awarded

Illegal handling

As mentioned above, the free kick was revived in 1872 to punish illegal handling (by the goalkeeper or any other player). [82] In 1903, when the direct free kick was reintroduced, it was used to punish handball: technical handling offences by the goalkeeper continued to be punished by an indirect free kick. [95]

Foul play

In 1874, the use of the free kick was extended to cover offences resulting from foul play. [93] Since 1903, when the direct free kick was reintroduced, most forms of foul play have been punished by a direct free kick. The exceptions, punished by an indirect free kick, are listed below:

  • Dangerous play (since 1903) [95]
  • Obstructing / impeding the progress of an opponent(1951-2016) [111] and impeding an opponent without contact (from 2016) [112] [113]
  • Charging when not attempting to play the ball (1948-1997) [114] [115]
  • Charging the goalkeeper in an illegal manner (1903-1997) [95] [115] [116]
  • Preventing the goalkeeper from releasing the ball (from 1997) [116]
  • Kicking (or attempting to kick) the ball when the goalkeeper is in the process of releasing it (from 2016) [113] [117]
Disciplinary offences / misconduct

Since 1907, an indirect free kick has been awarded whenever play is stopped to send off a player (unless the laws called for a direct free kick or penalty kick). [118] In 1934, this principle was extended to cautions. [119] [120]

From 1967 to 2000, there was a separate offence of timewasting by the goalkeeper, punishable by an indirect free kick. [121]

Offences at the restart of play

In 1882, an indirect free-kick was awarded for a double touch at a free kick, throw-in, goal kick, or kick-off. [122] In 1901, this was extended to a double touch at a penalty kick. Encroachment by the opposition has been punished by an indirect free-kick at various times:

  • at the kick-off (1887-1903) [123] [124]
  • at a free kick (1905-1938)
  • at a goal kick (1905-1937) [125] [126]
  • at a corner kick (until 1973) [127]

The indirect free-kick was also awarded for a foul throw from 1882. [128] In 1931, this remedy was changed to a throw-in to the opposition. [129]

Offside

Offside has been punished by an indirect free-kick since 1874. [93]

Summary

DateGoal may be scored directlyMay be kicked from handBall may be touched twiceMinimum distance (opponents)Taken from kicking team's penalty areaPosition when taken from goal areaRemedy for infringementDate
Attacking goalOwn goalBall must leave penalty areaOpponents must be
outside penalty area		Of kicking teamOf opponentsDouble-touchEncroachment
by opposition
1863YesYesYes— [130] ——1863
1866—1866
1872NoNot specifiedYesNot specified———1872
1873No6 yards (5.5 m)Not specified1873
1874NoNot specified1874
1882Indirect free-kick1882
1902NoNoFrom place of offenceFrom place of offence1902
1903Direct free kick only1903
1905Indirect free-kick1905
191310 yards (9.15 m)1913
1927Direct
free kick
only		No1927
1937Yes1937
1938Retake1938
1965Yes1965
1978From that half of goal area in which offence was committed1978
1984From the nearest point on the six-yard (5.5 m) line1984
1992From anywhere within the goal area1992
2019No2019

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References

  1. 1 2 "Laws of the Game 2019/20" (PDF). p. 70. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2020.
  2. ↑ "Introduction to Youth Soccer" (PDF). kickit. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2004. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 "Laws of the Game 2019/20" (PDF). p. 88. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2019.
  4. ↑ "Laws of the Game 2019/20" (PDF). p. 123. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2019.
  5. 1 2 3 LAW 13 – FREE KICKS – The direct free kick -FIFA.com
  6. ↑ "Free Kick and Restart Management" (PDF). United States Soccer Federation. 10 February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  7. ↑ Laws of the Game 2019/20, passim; see esp. p. 103
  8. ↑ Laws of the Game 2019/20, p. 87
  9. 1 2 Laws of the Game 2019/20, p. 103
  10. 1 2 3 4 Laws of the Game 2019/20, p. 104
  11. 1 2 Laws of the Game 2019/20, p. 114
  12. 1 2 Laws of the Game 2019/20, p. 53
  13. ↑ Laws of the Game 2019/20, p. 54
  14. ↑ Laws of the Game 2019/20, p. 115
  15. ↑ Laws of the Game 2019/20, p. 101
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Laws of the Game 2019/20, p. 105
  17. ↑ Laws of the Game 2019/20, p. 108
  18. ↑ Laws of the Game 2019/20, pp. 88, 119, 123, 128, 131, 135
  19. ↑ Laws of the Game 2019/20, p. 119
  20. 1 2 3 Laws of the Game 2019/20, p. 122
  21. 1 2 Laws of the Game 2019/20, p. 123
  22. ↑ Laws of the Game 2019/20, p. 128
  23. ↑ The following situations are excluded:
    • starting the game, starting the second half, or restarting after a goal (this is discussed in the kick-off article)
    • returning the ball into play after it has gone over the sidelines of the field of play (this is discussed in the throw-in article)
    • returning the ball into play, by the defending side, after it has gone over the goal-line (this is discussed in the goal kick article).
  24. ↑ Bloxam, Matthew Holbeche (22 December 1880). "Rugby School Football Play". The Meteor (157). Rugby: 155–156. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2019.. Emphasis added.
  25. ↑ Laws of Football as played at Rugby School (1845)  – via Wikisource.
  26. ↑ Alcock, C. W. (8 January 1898). "Association Football: No. 1 -- Its Origin". The Sportsman (8851). London: 3. Well, sir, years afterwards some one took those rules, still in force at Cambridge, and with very few alterations they became the Association Rules. A fair catch, free kick (as still played at Harrow) was struck out. [emphasis added]
  27. ↑ Cambridge Rules (1856)  – via Wikisource.
  28. ↑ Description of the Rules of Football as played at Shrewsbury School (1855)  – via Wikisource. A player who caught the ball direct from a kick could take a 'hoist' (i.e. drop kick)
  29. ↑ Rules of Harrow Football (1858)  – via Wikisource. Whoever catches the Ball is entitled to a free kick if he calls Three yards [2.7 m]
  30. ↑ Sheffield Rules (1858)  – via Wikisource. Fair Catch is a Catch from any player provided the Ball has not touched the ground and has not been thrown from touch and entitles a free kick
  31. ↑ Melbourne Football Club (1859)  – via Wikisource. Any player catching the ball directly from the foot may call 'mark'. He then has a free kick; no player from the opposite side being allowed to come inside the spot marked
  32. ↑ Rules of Blackheath Football Club (1862)  – via Wikisource. A fair catch is a catch direct from the foot, or a knock-on from the hand of one of the opposite side; when the catcher may either run with the ball or make his mark by inserting his heel in the ground on the spot where he catches it; in which case he is entitled to a free kick
  33. ↑ Macrory, Jenny (1991). Running with the Ball: The Birth of Rugby Football. London: HarperCollins. pp. 112–114. ISBN   0002184028. Technically, the touchdown was not rewarded directly with a free kick but with a "punt out" from the goal-line, which could be kicked backwards to a team-mate, who could then catch the ball, make a mark, and proceed with a free-kick as after a fair catch. The procedure is described in Tom Brown's School-Days: "An Old Boy" [Thomas Hughes] (1857). Tom Brown's School Days. Cambridge: Macmillan. pp. 119–120.:
    [Y]oung Brooke has touched it right under the School [opposition] goal-posts ... Old Brooke stands with the ball under his arm motioning the School back ... Crab Jones ... stands there in front of old Brooke to catch the ball. If [the opponents] can reach and destroy him before he catches, the danger is over ... Fond hope, it is kicked out and caught beautifully. Crab strikes his heel into the ground, to mark the spot where the ball was caught, beyond which the School line may not advance; but there they stand five deep, ready to rush the moment the ball touches the ground. ... Crab Jones ... has made a small hole with his heel for the ball to lie on, by which he is resting on one knee, with his eye on old Brooke. "Now!" Crab places the ball at the word, old Brooke kicks, and it rises slowly and truly as the School rush forward. Then a moment's pause, while both sides look up at the spinning ball. There it flies straight between the two posts, some five feet above the cross-bar, an unquestioned goal
    The simpler "conversion" that survives today in rugby and gridiron football was first used at Marlborough College, before being used in the first laws of the Rugby Football Union (1871).
  34. ↑ Description of the Rules of Football as played at Marlborough College (1863)  – via Wikisource. The most important points of difference between the two games [Rugby School and Marlborough] [...] are [...] the uniform distance of 30 yards [27 m] in front of "touch" for the "place kick" at Marlborough, instead of the kick from an undefined place at Rugby
  35. ↑ Cambridge Rules (1863)  – via Wikisource. When a player has kicked the ball beyond the opponent's goal line, whoever first touches the ball when it is on the ground with his hand may have a free kick, bringing the ball 25 yards [23 m] straight out from the goal line
  36. ↑ Laws of Football as played at Rugby School (1845)  – via Wikisource. If a player take a punt when he is not entitled to it, the opposite side may take a punt or drop, without running if the ball has not touched two hands
  37. ↑ Laws of Football as played at Rugby School (1846)  – via Wikisource. If a player take a punt when he is not entitled to it, the opposite side may take a punt or drop, without running, (after touching the ball on the ground) if the ball has not touched two hands, but such drop may not be a goal
  38. ↑ Rules for Football at Uppingham School (1857)  – via Wikisource. If any player kicks off-side, the opposite side may claim a fair kick from the place where it was kicked off-side
  39. ↑ Rules of Melbourne Football Club (1860)  – via Wikisource. In case of deliberate infringement of any of the above Rules by either side, the Captain of the opposing side may claim that any one of his party may have a free kick from the place where the breach of the Rules was made; the two Captains in all cases, save where Umpires are appointed, to be the sold judges of infringements
  40. ↑ Old Rugbeian Society (1897). The Origin of Rugby Football. Rugby: A. J. Lawrence. p. 10. hdl:2027/hvd.hwrbh9. A boy of the name of Ellis — William Webb Ellis — a town boy and a foundationer, who at the age of nine entered the school after the midsummer holidays in 1816, who in the second half-year of 1823 was, I believe, a praepostor, whilst playing Bigside at football in that half-year, caught the ball in his arms. This being so, according to the then rule, he ought to have retired back as far as he pleased, without parting with the ball, for the combatants on the opposite side could only advance to the spot where he had caught the ball, and were unable to rush forward until he had either punted it or placed it for some one else to kick, for it was by means of these placed kicks that most of the goals were in those days kicked, but the moment the ball touched the ground, the opposite side might rush on.
  41. ↑ Macrory, Jenny (1991). Running With the Ball. London: Collins Willow. p. 113.
  42. ↑ Strictly speaking, the touch-down entitled the attacking team to a "punt-out", which could then be caught by a team-mate to set up a free kick as from a fair catch.
  43. 1 2 Laws of Football as played at Rugby School (1845)  – via Wikisource.
  44. ↑ Laws of Football as played at Rugby School (1846)  – via Wikisource.
  45. ↑ taken from the place the ball was caught after the "punt out" from goal
  46. 1 2 Illegal punt
  47. ↑ Laws of the Eton Field Game (1847)  – via Wikisource.
  48. ↑ The "rouge" entitled the attacker to a free kick one yard (1 m) out from goal
  49. ↑ Alcock, C. W. (8 January 1898). "Association Football: No. 1 -- Its Origin". The Sportsman (8851). London: 3.
  50. ↑ Description of the Rules of Football as played at Shrewsbury School (1855)  – via Wikisource.
  51. ↑ Cambridge Rules (1856)  – via Wikisource.
  52. ↑ Rules for Football at Uppingham School (1857)  – via Wikisource.
  53. ↑ offside
  54. ↑ Rules of Harrow Football (1858)  – via Wikisource.
  55. ↑ Sheffield Rules (1858)  – via Wikisource.
  56. ↑ Draft rules had free kick for handball, but removed from published version of laws
  57. ↑ Rules of Melbourne Football Club (1859)  – via Wikisource.
  58. ↑ Rules of Melbourne Football Club (1860)  – via Wikisource.
  59. ↑ Any offence
  60. ↑ Rules of Barnes Football Club (1862)  – via Wikisource.
  61. ↑ Rules of Blackheath Football Club (1862)  – via Wikisource.
  62. ↑ Rouge now offers a "touch" rather than a kick
  63. ↑ Laws of the Eton Field Game (1862)  – via Wikisource.
  64. ↑ Cambridge Rules (1863)  – via Wikisource.
  65. ↑ From 25 yards (23 m)
  66. ↑ Description of the Rules of Football as played at Charterhouse School (1863)  – via Wikisource.
  67. ↑ Description of the Rules of Football as played at Marlborough College (1863)  – via Wikisource.
  68. ↑ taken from 30 yards (27 m)
  69. ↑ Description of the Rules of Football as played at Winchester College (1863)  – via Wikisource.
  70. ↑ Laws of the Game (1863)  – via Wikisource.
  71. ↑ taken from 15 yards (14 m)
  72. ↑ This does not include the "free kick from the goal-line", which was awarded to the defending team after they touched the ball down behind their own goal-line. It is treated under the goal kick article.
  73. ↑ See e.g. "Eleven of Barnes v. Mr. Greaves's Eleven". Sporting Life: 1. 27 January 1864. Hay, on the part of Barnes, touched the ball down behind his adversary's goal. Being by the new rules entitled to a free kick from fifteen yards [14 m] outside the goal line, he punted the ball very neatly between the posts [emphasis added]
  74. ↑ "Barnes v. Richmond". Field: 7. 26 December 1863.
  75. ↑ Laws of the Game (1866)  – via Wikisource.
  76. ↑ The definition of a free kick remained in the 1866 laws, perhaps through oversight; the now-redundant definition was deleted in 1867.
  77. ↑ "Football Association". The Sporting Life. London: 1. 3 February 1867.
  78. ↑ "The Football Association". Bell's Life in London (2341): 9. 2 March 1867.
  79. ↑ Sheffield Rules (March 1867)  – via Wikisource. No player shall hold or carry the ball, or knock or push it on with the hand or arm. The side breaking this role forfeits a free kick to the opposite side
  80. ↑ Laws of the Game (1870)  – via Wikisource.
  81. ↑ "Football Association". The Sportsman (748). London: 3. 2 February 1870.
  82. 1 2 3 Laws of the Game (1872)  – via Wikisource. No player shall carry or knock on the ball; and handling the ball, under any pretence whatever, shall be prohibited, except in the case of the goal-keeper, who shall be allowed to use his hands for the protection of his goal. In the event of an infringement of this rule, a free kick shall be forfeited to the opposite side from the spot where the infringement took place, but in no case shall a goal be scored from such free kick.
  83. ↑ Laws of the Game (1873)  – via Wikisource.
  84. ↑ Laws of the Game (1913)  – via Wikisource.
  85. ↑ "Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1936" (PDF). p. 4. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  86. ↑ "Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1965" (PDF). p. 2 [p. 7 of the PDF]. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  87. ↑ Laws of the Game (1887)  – via Wikisource.
  88. ↑ Laws of the Game (1895)  – via Wikisource.
  89. ↑ "International Football Association Board: 1997 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting" (PDF). p. 133. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  90. ↑ "IFAB: Law Changes 2016-17" (PDF). p. 42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  91. ↑ "Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1937" (PDF). p. 5. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  92. ↑ "Laws of the Game 2007/2008" (PDF). p. 124. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2021.
  93. 1 2 3 Laws of the Game (1874)  – via Wikisource. 11. In the event of any infringement of Rules VI., VIII., or IX., a free kick shall be forfeited to the opposite side from the spot where the infringement took place, but in no case shall a goal be scored from such free kick, nor shall the ball be again played by the kicker until it shall have been kicked by some other player.
  94. ↑ Laws of the Game (1891)  – via Wikisource.
  95. 1 2 3 4 Laws of the Game (1903)  – via Wikisource. A goal may be scored from a free kick which is awarded because of any infringement of Law 9, but not from any other free kick.
  96. ↑ "Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1927" (PDF). p. 3. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  97. ↑ "International Football Association Board: 1978 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting" (PDF). pp. 5-6 [p. 6-7 of PDF]. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  98. ↑ "International Football Association Board: 1992 Agenda of the Annual General Meeting" (PDF). pp. 10 [p. 12 of PDF]. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  99. ↑ "International Football Association Board: 1992 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting" (PDF). p. 14. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  100. ↑ "International Football Association Board: 1984 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting" (PDF). p. 4. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  101. ↑ Laws of the Game (1882)  – via Wikisource. 11. In the event of any infringement of Rules 5, 6, 8, or 9, 12, or 14, a free kick shall be forfeited to the opposite side from the spot where the infringement took place.
    12. In no case shall a goal be scored from any free kick, nor shall the ball be again played by the kicker until it has been played by another player[emphasis added].
  102. ↑ Laws of the Game (1905)  – via Wikisource. [Law 10]: When a free kick has been awarded, the kicker's opponents shall not approach within 6 yards [5.5 m] of the ball unless they are standing on their own goal-line.
    [Law 17]: In the event of any infringement of Laws 5, 6, 8, 10, or 16, a free kick shall be awarded to the opposite side, [emphasis added]
  103. ↑ "The Revised Laws of Football: Free Kick and Penalty Kick". Evening Telegraph. Dundee. 27 July 1938. p. 7.
  104. ↑ "International Football Association Board: 1937 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting" (PDF). p. 5.
  105. ↑ "Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1929" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  106. ↑ "Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1974" (PDF). p. 5 [p. 6 of the PDF]. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  107. ↑ "Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1986" (PDF). pp. 4-5 [pp. 7-8 of the PDF]. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  108. ↑ "Approved Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1987" (PDF). p. 32 [p. 34 of the PDF]. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  109. ↑ "FA told to bring back red cards". The Guardian: 28. 15 June 1987.
  110. ↑ "Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1988" (PDF). pp. 12–13. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  111. ↑ "International Football Association Board: 1951 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting" (PDF). p. 3. the following new offence to be punished by an indirect free-kick: (3) When not playing the ball, intentionally obstructing an opponent
  112. ↑ In 2016, impeding an opponent with contact was made a direct free kick offence
  113. 1 2 "Laws of the Game 2016/17" (PDF). p. 82. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  114. ↑ "International Football Association Board: 1948 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting" (PDF). p. 5. CHARGES FAIRLY ... WHEN THE BALL IS NOT WITHIN PLAYING DISTANCE OF THE PLAYERS CONCERNED AND THEY ARE DEFINITELY NOT ATTEMPTING TO PLAY IT
  115. 1 2 In 1997, this was abolished as a separate offence; all forms of charging an opponent "in a manner considered by the referee to be careless, reckless, or involving excessive force" became punishable by a direct free-kick
  116. 1 2 "International Football Association Board: 1997 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting" (PDF). p. 25 [p. 129 of the PDF]. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  117. ↑ this became a separate offence in 2016: before then, it was included under dangerous play
  118. ↑ Laws of the Game (1907)  – via Wikisource. 17: In the event of any infringement of Laws 5, 6, 8, 10, or 16, or of a player being sent off the field under Law 13, a free kick shall be awarded to the opposite side [emphasis added]
  119. ↑ with the exception, from 1938-1969, of a caution for a player entering or leaving the field of play without the referee's permission: in this case play was restarted with a dropped ball
  120. ↑ "Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1934" (PDF). p. 3 [p. 4 of PDF]. Retrieved 9 February 2020. Law 13: Decision of the International Board:— If a game has been stopped in consequence of ungentlemanly behaviour by a player, it must be resumed by a free kick in favour of the opposite side, whether the player has only been cautioned or sent off the field
  121. ↑ "Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the International Football Association Board 1967" (PDF). p. 7. Retrieved 9 February 2020. When playing as goalkeeper [...] indulges in tactics which, in the opinion of the Referee, are designed merely to hold up the game and thus waste time and so give an unfair advantage to his own team [...] shall be penalised by the award of an indirect free kick
  122. ↑ Laws of the Game (1882)  – via Wikisource.
  123. ↑ Laws of the Game (1887)  – via Wikisource. In the event of any infringement of rules 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, or 10, a free kick shall be forfeited to the opposite side, from the spot where the infringement took place [emphasis added].
  124. ↑ Laws of the Game (1903)  – via Wikisource. [Law 2] Decision of International Board:-- If this law is not complied with, the kick-off must be taken over again
  125. ↑ Laws of the Game (1905)  – via Wikisource. [Law 10]: When a free kick has been awarded, the kicker's opponents shall not approach within 6 yards of the ball unless they are standing on their own goal-line. The ball must at least be rolled over before it shall be considered played; i.e., it must make a complete circuit or travel the distance of its circumference. The kicker shall not play the ball a second time until it has been played by another player. The kick-off (except as provided by Law 2), corner-kick, and goal-kick, shall be free kicks within the meaning of this Law.
    [Law 17]: In the event of any infringement of Laws 5, 6, 8, 10, or 16, a free kick shall be awarded to the opposite side, [emphasis added]
  126. ↑ "International Football Association Board: 1937 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting" (PDF). p. 5. Delete the words 'and goal-kick'
  127. ↑ "International Football Association Board: 1973 Minutes of the Annual General Meeting" (PDF). p. 13 [p. 14 of PDF]. Retrieved 27 December 2019. For any other infringement the kick shall be retaken
  128. ↑ Laws of the Game (1882)  – via Wikisource. In the event of any infringement of Rules 5, 6, 8, or 9, 12, or 14, a free kick shall be forfeited to the opposite side from the spot where the infringement took place.
  129. ↑ "Football". Carluke and Lanark Gazette: 3. 19 June 1931.
  130. ↑ For a free-kick after touchdown, the kick had to be taken from 15 yards (14 m) from the goal-line, with opponents being behind the goal-line. For a free-kick after a fair catch, opponents had to stay behind the mark, with the kicker being allowed to retreat to any position behind the mark
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