French articles and determiners

In French, articles and determiners are required on almost every common noun, much more so than in English. They are inflected to agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun they determine, though most have only one plural form (for masculine and feminine). Many also often change pronunciation when the word that follows them begins with a vowel sound.

While articles are actually a subclass of determiners (and in traditional grammars most French determiners are in turn a subclass of adjectives), they are generally treated separately; thus, they are treated separately here as well.

Articles

French has three articles: a definite article, corresponding in many cases to English the; an indefinite article, corresponding to English a/an; and a partitive article, used roughly like some in English.

Definite article

The French definite article derives from a Latin distal demonstrative, ille. ^[1] It evolved from the Old French article system, which shared resemblance to modern English and acquired the marking of generic nouns. ^[2] This practise was common by the 17th century, although it has been argued that this became widely used as early as in the 13th century. ^[3]

In French, the definite article is analogous to the English definite article the, although they are sometimes omitted in English. ^[4] The French definite article can vary according to the gender (feminine or masculine) and number (singular or plural) of the noun. The definite article takes the following forms:

	singular		plural
	before consonant	before vowel or mute h [lower-alpha 1]
masculine	le	l'	les
feminine	la

The prepositions à ('to, at') and de ('of, from') form contracted forms with the masculine and plural articles le and les: au, du, aux, and des, respectively.

Like the, the French definite article is used with a noun referring to a specific item when both the speaker and the audience know what the item is. It is necessary in the following cases:

Use	Example
General categories and abstractions	La patience est une vertu. Patience is a virtue.
Name and adjective clusters	Le vieux Londres est fascinant. Old London is fascinating.
Languages [lower-alpha 2] and academic subjects	Je comprends l'allemand. I understand German.
Countries [lower-alpha 3]	Je veux visiter la France. I want to visit France.
Seasons	Le printemps est ma saison favorite. Spring is my favourite season.
Titles, family names	Voici les Moreau. Here are the Moreaus.
Parts of the body	Il se lave les mains. He washes his hands.
Days [lower-alpha 4]	Je sors le vendredi soir. I go out every Friday night.

Unlike the, the French definite article is also used with mass nouns and plural nouns with generic interpretation, and with abstract nouns. For example:

• « J'aime le lait. » ("I like milk.")
• « J'aime les romans. » ("I like novels.")
• « Le capitalisme a transformé ce pays. » ("Capitalism has transformed this country.")

Indefinite article

The French indefinite article is analogous to the English indefinite article a/an. Like a/an, the French indefinite article is used with a noun referring to a non-specific item, or to a specific item when the speaker and audience do not both know what the item is; so, « J'ai cassé une chaise rouge » ("I broke a red chair"). Unlike a/an, the French indefinite article has a plural form, often translated as some but usually simply omitted in English; so, « Il y a des livres là-bas » ("There are some books over there" or "There are books over there").

The indefinite article takes the following forms:

	singular	plural
masculine	un	des
feminine	une

1. The indefinite article becomes de (or d' if before a vowel) after a negative verb other than être: « Je n'ai pas de livre » ("I do not have a or any book"). This use is related to expressions of quantity; see below.
2. The plural form des is normally reduced to de (or d' if before a vowel) when it applies to a noun preceded by an adjective: « de nombreux livres » (many books), « d'autres livres » (other books), but « des livres reliés » (bound books).
3. Unlike in English the article is dropped when specifying someone's occupation: « Ma sœur est avocate. » ("My sister is a lawyer").

Partitive article

The French partitive article is often translated as some, but often simply omitted in English. It is used to indicate an indefinite portion of something uncountable, or an indefinite number of something countable: « J'ai du café » ("I have some coffee" or simply "I have coffee"). ^[7]

The partitive article takes the following forms:

	singular		plural
	before consonant	before vowel or mute h [lower-alpha 1]
masculine	du	de l'	des
feminine	de la

1. Like the indefinite article, the partitive article becomes de (or d' if before a vowel) after a negative verb other than être and before a plural noun preceded by an adjective: « Il ne prend pas d'eau » ("He doesn't take any water" or simply "He doesn't take water").

Notice that, except after a negative verb, the partitive article is formed by combining the preposition de ('of', 'from') with the definite article. Also note that in the plural, and after a negative verb, the indefinite and partitive articles take the same form; this makes sense, as there is no clear difference in meaning in these cases. (Some grammarians actually classify des as either exclusively indefinite or exclusively partitive, and say that the other article has no plural form. This does not affect the interpreted meaning of des.)

Determiners

Determiners, like other adjectives, agree in gender and number with the noun they modify (or, in this case, determine).

Possessive determiners

The possessive determiners (also called possessive adjectives or, misleadingly, possessive pronouns; analogous to English my, their, etc.) are used to indicate the possessor of the noun they determine. They lexically mark the person and number of the possessor, and are inflected to agree with their noun in gender and number. While English distinguishes between masculine and feminine singular possessors (his vs. her), French does not. As in English, possessive determiners do not necessarily express true possession in the sense of ownership.

Their forms are as follows:

			possessed
			singular	plural
possessor	first person	singular	mon, ma [lower-alpha 5]	mes
		plural	notre	nos
	second person	singular	ton, ta [lower-alpha 5]	tes
		plural	votre	vos
	third person	singular	son, sa [lower-alpha 5]	ses
		plural	leur	leurs

Demonstrative determiners

	singular	plural
masculine	ce cet (before vowel and mute h)	ces
feminine	cette

The demonstrative determiners (or demonstrative adjectives) can mean either this or that, these or those. To be more precise or to avoid ambiguity, -ci or -là can be inserted after the noun:

• cet homme-ci "this man"
• cet homme-là "that man"

There are grammatical rules to determine when one would use c'est or il est. For example, c'est is followed by a noun that may or may not be modified by an adjective, while il est can only be used with an adjective that describes the specific noun. ^[8] Example:

• Des bals sont tenus pour la charité et certains pour la tenue habillée, mais quand ils sont tenus pour le plaisir, ce sont les bals que je préfère Some balls are held for charity and some for fancy dress, but when they're held for pleasure, they're the balls that I like best

Because tenus is a past participle used as an adjective, ils sont is used; but since bals is a noun, ce sont is used.

Interrogative determiners

The interrogative determiner quel means which or what. It agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies:

	singular	plural
masculine	quel	quels
feminine	quelle	quelles

Examples: quel train, quelle chaise, quels hommes, and quelles classes.

Quel can be used as an exclamation.

• « Quel film ! » (What a movie!)
• « Quelle gentillesse ! » (What kindness!)

Quantifiers

A quantifier is a determiner that quantifies its noun, like English "some" and "many". In French, as in English, quantifiers constitute an open word class, unlike most other kinds of determiners. In French, most quantifiers are formed using a noun or adverb of quantity and the preposition de (d' when before a vowel).

Quantifiers formed with a noun of quantity and the preposition de include the following:

• des tas de ("lots of", lit: "piles of")
• trois kilogrammes de ("three kilograms of")
• une bouchée de ("a mouthful of")
• une douzaine de ("a dozen (of)")

Quantifiers formed with an adverb of quantity and the preposition de include the following:

• beaucoup de ("a lot of")
• un peu de ("a little," "a few")
• peu de ("little," "few")
• assez de, suffisamment de ("enough of")
• pas de ("no," "not any")

Other quantifiers include:

• bien + the partitive article ("much" or "many")
• quelque(s) ("some")
• the cardinal numbers ("1, 2, 3...")

Notes

1. See Elision (French)
2. The article can be exempt in several cases when using the passive voice: « Ce livre est écrit en français ».
3. As opposed to English, there is only a dozen of exceptional country names that do not use articles. ^[5]
4. The singular definite article (le) before the name of a day expresses "on" or "every" (on Monday(s), every Tuesday, etc.) ^[6]
5. The forms mon, ton, and son are used with masculine nouns, or before feminine nouns that begin with either a vowel or a mute h; the forms ma, ta, and sa are used before consonants with feminine nouns.

References

1. Epstein, p. 161.
2. Epstein, p. 162.
3. Ayres-Bennett, p. 47.
4. Kurbegov, p. 3.
5. liste de nom de pays
6. Kurbegov, p. 12.
7. Carlier, Anne (1 January 2007). "From Preposition to Article: The Grammaticalization of the French Partitive". Studies in Language. International Journal sponsored by the Foundation “Foundations of Language”. 31 (1): 1–49. doi:10.1075/sl.31.1.02car.
8. "C'est vs Il est". Lawless French.

Sources

• Epstein, Richard (1995). "The Later Stages in the Development of the Definite Article: Evidence from French". In Andersen, Henning (ed.). Historical Linguistics, 1993. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co. pp. 159–175. ISBN   1-55619-578-8. ISSN   0304-0763.
• Ayres-Bennett, Wendy (1971). A history of the French language through texts. London: Routledge. ISBN   0-07-147513-3.
• L'Huillier, Monique (1999). Advanced French Grammar. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-521-48425-1.
• Kurbegov, Eliane (2007). French Grammar Drills . McGraw-Hill Contemporary. ISBN   978-0-07-147513-6.

External links

• L'Académie française (in French)