Gene Block

Last updated
Gene Block
6th Chancellor of the University of California, Los Angeles
Assumed office
August 1, 2007
Thesis Efferent control of the circadian oscillator in the eye of Aplysia  (1975)
Doctoral advisor Marvin Gordon-Lickey
Other academic advisors Donald Kennedy
Colin Pittendrigh
Doctoral students Douglas G. McMahon
Other notable students Andrew Millar
Nancy L. Wayne

Gene David Block (born 17 August 1948) [1] is an American biologist and academic administrator who has being serving as the current and 6th chancellor of the University of California, Los Angeles since August 2007. Previously at the University of Virginia, Block served as executive vice president and provost from 2001 to 2007, vice president for research and public service from 1998 to 2001, and vice provost for research from 1993 to 1998.

Contents

On 3 August 2023, Block announced his intention to step down as chancellor of UCLA, effective on July 31, 2024. [2]

Early life and education

Block was born in Monticello, New York, the grandson of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. [3] His father and uncle owned Mountain Dairies, a retail/wholesale distributor that served many of the hotels and camps that populated Catskill region of New York. During summers, he worked at the dairy as a truck driver. He played varsity tennis at Monticello High School.

Block received a Bachelor of Arts with a major in psychology from Stanford University in 1970. He received a Master of Science in 1972 and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1975 in psychology from the University of Oregon. [4] [5]

From 1975 to 1978, he returned to Stanford for postdoctoral work with Donald Kennedy (who later became the 8th president of Stanford) and Colin Pittendrigh (who is known as the “father of biological timing"). During his postdoctoral research years, Block studied how voluntary movements inhibit sensory feedback in the crayfish working in the Kennedy lab while studying issues of circadian biology with Colin Pittendrigh.

Career

Academic administration

University of California, Los Angeles

Block was appointed Chancellor of UCLA in 2007. His selection was announced on 21 December 2006, succeeding interim office holder Norman Abrams on 1 August 2007. [6]

On February 24, 2014, Block published an open letter to the campus community, expressing his opposition to Proposition 209, stating that the proposed merit-based selection system would damage diversity on campus. [7]

He has been widely criticized for the 2022 suspension of highly-awarded professor of ecology Priyanga Amarasekare without documentation, viewed as retaliation for her calls for reform of a culture of discrimination at UCLA. [8]

In his inaugural address at UCLA, Block shared that his top priorities are to advance academic excellence, financial stability, diversity and civic engagement. [9] He has called for UCLA to deepen its engagement with Los Angeles and to increase access for students from underrepresented populations. [10] Under Block's leadership, UCLA has seen an increase in student diversity on campus thanks to innovative efforts to recruit in diverse communities, and in 2015, UCLA reached pre-California Proposition 209 levels, enrolling 279 African American freshmen, on par with the African American share of California public high school graduates. [11] UCLA has also increased the number of low- to middle-income students enrolled. [12]

In 2019 UCLA was named the number one public university in the nation for the third consecutive year [13] and is consistently the most applied-to university, with more than 113,000 freshman applications for fall 2018. [14]

Block's push for entrepreneurship on campus has fostered innovation and resulted in UCLA as the top university for creating startups based on campus research. [15] Additionally, to foster a deeper commitment to Los Angeles among UCLA students, Block oversaw the formation of the annual Volunteer Day event, in which thousands of students volunteer in schools, parks, food banks, veterans’ clinics and elsewhere at the beginning of each academic year. [16] Block also implemented UCLA's two Grand Challenges, which are aimed at understanding, treating and preventing depression worldwide, [17] and moving Los Angeles toward 100 percent renewable energy, 100 percent locally sourced water and enhanced ecosystem health by 2050. [18]

During his tenure, Block has faced the challenge of steering UCLA through a severe budget crisis and tuition increases. [19] To address reductions in state funding and advance his priorities, Block is leading the largest fundraising campaign by a public university, aiming to raise $4.2 billion to support student scholarships and fellowships, research projects and new construction on campus in honor of UCLA's centennial in 2019. [20]

Block holds UCLA faculty appointments in psychiatry and bio-behavioral sciences in the David Geffen School of Medicine and in integrative biology and physiology in the College of Letters and Science. [21]

University of Virginia

In 1978, Block became a member of the faculty in the Department of Biology of University of Virginia. Here, Block served as the vice provost for research from 1993 to 1998, vice president for research and public service from 1998 to 2001, and then in 2001 he was appointed as executive vice president and provost. Furthermore, during this time from 1991 to 2002, Block also served as the founding director of the National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center in Biological Timing. [22]

According to Block, “The center raised the national visibility of the University in biological and medical research, and gave us reputational leverage in the U.S. as well as in Europe and Japan... Most importantly, the center’s scientific accomplishments have been spectacular. We’ve done some high-risk research that has paid off greatly; some of it has fundamentally changed our understanding of biological processes.” [23]

One of the center's biggest advances, largely by Joseph Takahashi, was the development of a mutant mouse that allowed for the identification and cloning of the “Clock” gene for the biological clock in a mouse in 1997. This was the first such gene to be identified at the molecular level in a mammal. This groundbreaking discovery was a result of the Clock Genome Project, which uses "forward genetics" to discover the genes regulating circadian clocks in mice, fruit flies, and plants. In addition, this work also led to the discovery of many other genes that regulate the biological clock. [24]

In 1997 and 1998, the reputable journal Science ranked the findings of the NSF Center in Biological Timings among the top 10 in biological research breakthroughs. [24]

Three of the NSF Center investigators, Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young,[ clarification needed ] received the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm.” [25]

Academic research

Cell-autonomous circadian pacemakers

While at the University of Virginia, Block worked extensively with his graduate student, Dr. Douglas G. McMahon, the 1986 winner of the Society for Neuroscience's Donald B. Lindsley Prize in Behavioral Neuroscience, on the functioning of the circadian pacemaker system at the cellular level in Bulla gouldiana. In 1984, Block's students conducted a continuous 74-hour intracellular recording in constant darkness that demonstrated that basal retinal neurons (BRN) in the Bulla eye exhibit clear circadian rhythms. These rhythms were also shown to be correlated one-for-one with compound action potentials produced by the optic nerve. [26] The change in membrane potential of the BRNs, which are electrically coupled, were shown to precede or occur simultaneously with the increased compound action potential frequency. An increase in firing frequency, and depolarization of the BRNs, was seen during the day, and the reverse at night. These results demonstrated that the BRNs were at minimum an output for the pacemaker pathway and provided evidence that they were good candidates for being circadian pacemaker neurons.

This research was expanded several years later by a breakthrough study published in Science in which Dr. Stephan Michel, and others working in Block's laboratory, demonstrated that circadian rhythms in BRN membrane conductance could persist spontaneously in isolated BRNs. [27] These spontaneous circadian rhythms were shown for BRNs in isolation from other retinal cells and in isolation from each other. They showed that these circadian rhythms in membrane conductance were caused primarily by a potassium ion current. BRNs in isolation demonstrated the same patterns shown in Block's previous work in which membrane conductance decreased at dawn and increased at dusk. That similar patterns were seen in isolated cells as in previous multiple cell cultures provided the first strong evidence that individual neurons possessed the capacity to generate circadian rhythms. This research definitively concluded that BRNs are both necessary and sufficient for photoentrainment in Bulla.

Necessity of calcium flux for rhythmicity

Block and colleagues hypothesized that ion movement across cell membranes plays a role in the generation of circadian rhythms. In 2005, his lab measured rhythms in rat suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in various concentrations of calcium ions. Block found that as calcium concentration decreased, thus lowering the transmembrane ion movement, the amplitude of circadian rhythmicity also decreased. [28] With no calcium added, there was no circadian rhythm at all. Block's lab repeated the experiment with rat liver tissue and mouse SCN tissue and found the same results in each case. This demonstrated that across species and tissues, transmembrane calcium flux is necessary for the generation of circadian rhythms. However, there are still some questions about the function of calcium flux. In this experiment, Block also tried adding calcium channel Blockers to the tissues. Rhythmicity did disappear, but it took several cycles, and it is unknown why rhythmicity was not immediately abolished. In addition, Block suspects that calcium flux plays a role in the entrainment of the mammalian clock to the environment, similar to its role in mollusk entrainment.

Effects of aging on the circadian clock

Block has also studied the effect that aging has on the circadian system, collaborating with other leading chronobiologists including Michael Menaker. In 2002, he studied rhythmicity in rats of various ages and found that aging affected rhythmicity differently in different tissues. In the SCN, the intrinsic period shortened with age, while lung tissue often became arrhythmic (showing sporadic activity) and pineal and kidney tissues became phase advanced. [29] In 2008, Block exposed rats of various ages to different light cycles, and found that phase advances took longer in the SCN in old rats than in young rats, but pineal tissues advanced faster in older rats. Liver tissues did not phase shift at all when the light cycle was advanced. [30] These studies together have shown how complex the aging process is in the circadian system. Block notes that some, though not all, of these changes are likely influenced by diminishing synchronizing signals from the SCN. In 2006, Block observed that jetlag significantly increased the death rate in older mice, which highlights the medical importance of understanding the aging process of the circadian system. [31]

Honors and awards

Personal life

In 1970, Block married Carol Kullback, also from Monticello; they have two grown children. [34]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Circadian rhythm</span> Natural internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle

A circadian rhythm, or circadian cycle, is a natural oscillation that repeats roughly every 24 hours. Circadian rhythms can refer to any process that originates within an organism and responds to the environment. Circadian rhythms are regulated by a circadian clock whose primary function is to rhythmically co-ordinate biological processes so they occur at the correct time to maximise the fitness of an individual. Circadian rhythms have been widely observed in animals, plants, fungi and cyanobacteria and there is evidence that they evolved independently in each of these kingdoms of life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chronobiology</span> Field of biology

Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines timing processes, including periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms, such as their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms. These cycles are known as biological rhythms. Chronobiology comes from the ancient Greek χρόνος, and biology, which pertains to the study, or science, of life. The related terms chronomics and chronome have been used in some cases to describe either the molecular mechanisms involved in chronobiological phenomena or the more quantitative aspects of chronobiology, particularly where comparison of cycles between organisms is required.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Suprachiasmatic nucleus</span> Part of the brains hypothalamus

The suprachiasmatic nucleus or nuclei (SCN) is a small region of the brain in the hypothalamus, situated directly above the optic chiasm. It is the principal circadian pacemaker in mammals, responsible for generating circadian rhythms. Reception of light inputs from photosensitive retinal ganglion cells allow it to coordinate the subordinate cellular clocks of the body and entrain to the environment. The neuronal and hormonal activities it generates regulate many different body functions in an approximately 24-hour cycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Retinohypothalamic tract</span> Neural pathway involved with circadian rhythms

In neuroanatomy, the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) is a photic neural input pathway involved in the circadian rhythms of mammals. The origin of the retinohypothalamic tract is the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC), which contain the photopigment melanopsin. The axons of the ipRGCs belonging to the retinohypothalamic tract project directly, monosynaptically, to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) via the optic nerve and the optic chiasm. The suprachiasmatic nuclei receive and interpret information on environmental light, dark and day length, important in the entrainment of the "body clock". They can coordinate peripheral "clocks" and direct the pineal gland to secrete the hormone melatonin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PER3</span> Protein and coding gene in humans

The PER3 gene encodes the period circadian protein homolog 3 protein in humans. PER3 is a paralog to the PER1 and PER2 genes. It is a circadian gene associated with delayed sleep phase syndrome in humans.

Joseph S. Takahashi is a Japanese American neurobiologist and geneticist. Takahashi is a professor at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center as well as an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Takahashi's research group discovered the genetic basis for the mammalian circadian clock in 1994 and identified the Clock gene in 1997. Takahashi was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2003.

Michael Menaker, was an American chronobiology researcher, and was Commonwealth Professor of Biology at University of Virginia. His research focused on circadian rhythmicity of vertebrates, including contributing to an understanding of light input pathways on extra-retinal photoreceptors of non-mammalian vertebrates, discovering a mammalian mutation for circadian rhythmicity, and locating a circadian oscillator in the pineal gland of bird. He wrote almost 200 scientific publications.

Patricia Jackson DeCoursey was an American biologist. A leading researcher in the field of chronobiology, her research focused on behavioral, physiological, and ecological aspects of mammalian circadian rhythms. She is credited with creating the first Phase Response Curve (PRC). PRC’s are used throughout the field today to help illustrate the change of a biological oscillation in response to an external stimulus. She worked as a biology professor at the University of South Carolina (USC) from 1967 until her retirement as director of the W. Gordon Belser Arboretum in 2019.

Ueli Schibler is a Swiss biologist, chronobiologist and a professor at the University of Geneva. His research has contributed significantly to the field of chronobiology and the understanding of circadian clocks in the body. Several of his studies have demonstrated strong evidence for the existence of robust, self-sustaining circadian clocks in the peripheral tissues.

Arnold Eskin was a professor of chronobiology at the University of Houston in Houston, Texas. He attended Vanderbilt University, where he received a degree in physics. He later attended University of Texas at Austin, where he received his Ph.D. in zoology in 1969. He is recognized in the term Eskinogram, and has been a leader in the discovery of mechanisms underlying entrainment of circadian clocks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Douglas G. McMahon</span>

Douglas G. McMahon is a professor of Biological Sciences and Pharmacology at Vanderbilt University. McMahon has contributed several important discoveries to the field of chronobiology and vision. His research focuses on connecting the anatomical location in the brain to specific behaviors. As a graduate student under Gene Block, McMahon identified that the basal retinal neurons (BRNs) of the molluscan eye exhibited circadian rhythms in spike frequency and membrane potential, indicating they are the clock neurons. He became the 1986 winner of the Society for Neuroscience's Donald B. Lindsley Prize in Behavioral Neuroscience for his work. Later, he moved on to investigate visual, circadian, and serotonergic mechanisms of neuroplasticity. In addition, he helped find that constant light can desynchronize the circadian cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). He has always been interested in the underlying causes of behavior and examining the long term changes in behavior and physiology in the neurological modular system. McMahon helped identifying a retrograde neurotransmission system in the retina involving the melanopsin containing ganglion cells and the retinal dopaminergic amacrine neurons.

Hitoshi Okamura is a Japanese scientist who specializes in chronobiology. He is currently a professor of Systems Biology at Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Research Director of the Japan Science Technology Institute, CREST. Okamura's research group cloned mammalian Period genes, visualized clock oscillation at the single cell level in the central clock of the SCN, and proposed a time-signal neuronal pathway to the adrenal gland. He received a Medal of Honor with Purple Ribbon in 2007 for his research and was awarded Aschoff's Ruler for his work on circadian rhythms in rodents. His lab recently revealed the effects of m6A mRNA methylation on the circadian clock, neuronal communications in jet lag, and the role of dysregulated clocks in salt-induced hypertension.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carl H. Johnson</span> American-born biologist

Carl Hirschie Johnson is an American-born biologist who researches the chronobiology of different organisms, most notably the bacterial circadian rhythms of cyanobacteria. Johnson completed his undergraduate degree in Honors Liberal Arts at the University of Texas at Austin, and later earned his PhD in biology from Stanford University, where he began his research under the mentorship of Dr. Colin Pittendrigh. Currently, Johnson is the Stevenson Professor of Biological Sciences at Vanderbilt University.

The Society for Research on Biological Rhythms (SRBR) is an international chronobiological research society with three key goals:

  1. to promote the advancement and dissemination of basic and applied research in all aspects of biological rhythms.
  2. to enhance the education and training of students and researchers in the field.
  3. to foster interdisciplinary communication and an international exchange of ideas.

Hajime Tei is a Japanese neuroscientist specializing in the study of chronobiology. He currently serves as a professor at the Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science & Technology. He is most notable for his contributions to the discovery of the mammalian period genes, which he discovered alongside Yoshiyuki Sakaki and Hitoshi Okamura.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sato Honma</span>

Sato Honma is a Japanese chronobiologist who researches the biological mechanisms of circadian rhythms. She mainly collaborates with Ken-Ichi Honma on publications, and both of their primary research focuses are the human circadian clock under temporal isolation and the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), its components, and associates. Honma is a retired professor at the Hokkaido University School of Medicine in Sapporo, Japan. She received her Ph.D. in physiology from Hokkaido University. She taught physiology at the School of Medicine and then at the Research and Education Center for Brain Science at Hokkaido University. She is currently the director at the Center for Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disorders at Sapporo Hanazono Hospital and works as a somnologist.

Johanna H. Meijer is a Dutch scientist who has contributed significantly to the field of chronobiology. Meijer has made notable contributions to the understanding of the neural and molecular mechanisms of circadian pacemakers. She is known for her extensive studies of photic and non-photic effects on the mammalian circadian clocks. Notably, Meijer is the 2016 recipient of the Aschoff and Honma Prize, one of the most prestigious international prizes in the circadian research field. In addition to still unraveling neuronal mechanisms of circadian clocks and their applications to health, Meijer's lab now studies the effects of modern lifestyles on our circadian rhythm and bodily functions.

The food-entrainable oscillator (FEO) is a circadian clock that can be entrained by varying the time of food presentation. It was discovered when a rhythm was found in rat activity. This was called food anticipatory activity (FAA), and this is when the wheel-running activity of mice decreases after feeding, and then rapidly increases in the hours leading up to feeding. FAA appears to be present in non-mammals (pigeons/fish), but research heavily focuses on its presence in mammals. This rhythmic activity does not require the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the central circadian oscillator in mammals, implying the existence of an oscillator, the FEO, outside of the SCN, but the mechanism and location of the FEO is not yet known. There is ongoing research to investigate if the FEO is the only non-light entrainable oscillator in the body.

Ken-Ichi Honma is a Japanese chronobiologist who researches the biological mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms. After graduating from Hokkaido University School of Medicine, he practiced clinical psychiatry before beginning his research. His recent research efforts are centered around photic and non-photic entrainment, the structure of circadian clocks, and the ontogeny of circadian clocks. He often collaborates with his wife, Sato Honma, on work involving the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).

Martin R. Ralph is a circadian biologist who serves as a professor in the Psychology Department at the University of Toronto. His research primarily focuses on circadian rhythmicity in the fields of neuroscience, psychology, and endocrinology. His most notable work was has been on the suprachiasmatic nucleus, now recognized as the central circadian pacemaker in mammals, but has also investigated circadian rhythms in the context of time, memory, and light.

References

  1. ↑ "Gene Gene Block". Marquis Who's Who. Archived from the original on 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
  2. ↑ Watanabe, Teresa (2023-08-03). "UCLA Chancellor Gene Block to step down after boosting enrollment, diversity, rankings". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
  3. ↑ "Yes, Virginia, he's coming to lead UCLA". Los Angeles Times . 24 June 2007. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
  4. ↑ Block, Gene David (1975). Efferent control of the circadian oscillator in the eye of Aplysia (Ph.D. thesis). University of Oregon. ProQuest   302729825.
  5. ↑ "Gene Block, Ph.D. – UCLA Brain Research Institute (BRI)" . Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  6. ↑ Stogsdill, Carol. "Gene Block named new UCLA chancellor". UCLA Newsroom. Archived from the original on 2022-09-30. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  7. ↑ "The Impact of Proposition 209 and Our Duty to Our Students". Archived from the original on 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  8. ↑ Tollefson, Jeff (2023). "Exclusive: Documents raise questions about UCLA's suspension of ecologist". Nature . doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00473-8. PMID   36829063. S2CID   257183409 . Retrieved 2023-02-25.
  9. ↑ "Inaugural Address - UCLA Chancellor". UCLA Chancellor. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  10. ↑ "Chancellor Gene Block – UCLA Office of the Chancellor". UCLA Chancellor. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  11. ↑ Watanabe, Teresa (23 June 2016). "How UCLA is boosting campus diversity, despite the ban on affirmative action". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  12. ↑ "Some Colleges Have More Students From the Top 1 Percent Than the Bottom 60". The New York Times. 18 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  13. ↑ "2020 Top Public Colleges". U.S. News & World Report. 2019-09-08. Archived from the original on 2017-11-02. Retrieved 2019-09-10.
  14. ↑ Watanabe, Teresa (14 December 2017). "Freshman applicants to UC soar to a new record, with UCLA again leading the way". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  15. ↑ White, Ronald D. (7 July 2017). "UCLA grabs the top spot among 225 universities in business creation". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  16. ↑ "UCLA Freshmen Tackle Volunteer Projects". NBC Southern California. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  17. ↑ "In a Fight Against Depression, UCLA Relies on Technology". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 2018-03-08. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  18. ↑ "Grand Challenges About". grandchallenges.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  19. ↑ "Chancellor Block addresses scope of budget crisis, plans and priorities". UCLA Today. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15.
  20. ↑ Gordon, Larry Gordon, By Larry (16 May 2014). "UCLA plans $4.2-billion fundraising drive to mark 2019 centennial". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ↑ "UCLA Chancellor Gene Block". University of California. Archived from the original on 2008-12-14. Retrieved 2013-04-12.
  22. 1 2 "Curriculum Vitae Gene D. Block". University of California. Archived from the original on 2013-04-19.
  23. ↑ Samarrai, Fariss (March 29, 2002). "Clock stops on NSF biological timing center, but the momentum carries on". Inside UVA. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2008-09-07.
  24. 1 2 "First Circadian Clock Gene Identified and Cloned in Mammals". National Science Foundation. 15 May 1997. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  25. ↑ "The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine". The Nobel Foundation (Press release). Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  26. ↑ McMahon, Douglas G. (1984). "Cellular analysis of the Bulla ocular circadian pacemaker system". J Comp Physiol A. 155 (3): 379–385. doi:10.1007/bf00610591. S2CID   35743849.
  27. ↑ Michel, Stephan; et al. (1993). "Circadian Rhythm in Membrane Conductance Expressed in Isolated Neurons". Science. 259 (5092): 239–241. Bibcode:1993Sci...259..239M. doi:10.1126/science.8421785. PMID   8421785. Archived from the original on 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
  28. ↑ Lundkvist, Gabriella; Yongho Kwak; Erin Davis; Hajime Tei; Gene Block (17 August 2005). "A calcium flux is required for circadian rhythm generation in mammalian pacemaker neurons". The Journal of Neuroscience. 25 (33): 7682–7686. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2211-05.2005 . PMC   6725395 . PMID   16107654.
  29. ↑ Yamazaki, Shin; Marty Straume; Hajime Tei; Yoshiyuki Sakaki; Michael Menaker; Gene Block (6 August 2002). "Effects of aging on central and peripheral mammalian clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (16): 10801–10806. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9910801Y. doi: 10.1073/pnas.152318499 . PMC   125050 . PMID   12149444.
  30. ↑ Davidson, Alec; Shin Yamazaki; Deanna Arble; Michael Menaker; Gene Block (March 2008). "Resetting of central and peripheral circadian oscillators in aged rats". Neurobiology of Aging. 29 (3): 471–477. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.10.018. PMC   1635489 . PMID   17129640.
  31. ↑ Davidson, AJ; MT Sellix; J Daniel; S Yamazaki; M Menaker; GD Block (7 November 2006). "Chronic jet-lag increases mortality in aged mice". Curr Biol. 16 (21): R914-6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.058. PMC   1635966 . PMID   17084685.
  32. ↑ Wheeler, Mark. "Great Minds Gala raises more than $1 million for Semel Institute research". UCLA Newsroom. Archived from the original on 2018-03-21. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
  33. ↑ "Academy Member Connection". www.amacad.org. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
  34. ↑ UCLA Magazine: "Block on Board" by Mary Daily Archived 2017-11-09 at the Wayback Machine July 1, 2007
Academic offices
Preceded by Chancellor of the University of California, Los Angeles
2007 – present		Incumbent
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.