| Geograpsus lividus | |
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| Geograpsus lividus | |
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| Species: | G. lividus |
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| Geograpsus lividus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837) | |
Geograpsus lividus is a species of crab in the family Grapsidae. [1] [2] Little research has been conducted on this species. It was originally classified as belonging to the genus Grapsus; however, this name is no longer used. [3]
Megaopae G. lividus can reach a width of about 25–35 mm (0.98–1.38 in). [4] They are yellowish red in color and have distinct hairs on their legs. [5] The cephalothorax is globose, smooth and without tubercles. [6] Chelar tubercles are restricted to the upper half of the chelae, the pincer on the end of the claw. [7] Morphology differs between G. lividus populations in different habitats, particularly when comparing those in the Atlantic and those in the Pacific. Zoeae G. lividus found in the Atlantic possess more outer minute spines on the furcal arms of the telson as well as more aesthetase setae, bristles, on the antennule. [6]
There are eight recognized developmental zoeal stages of G. lividus which take place over the span of at least 60 days, making it the longest-recorded crab developmental pathways. [6] On its way to entering the megalopae, post-larval stage, the larvae undergoes exponential growth rates becoming up to 7200% of its initial biomass which also makes it one of the fastest observed growth rates in the infraorder Brachyura. [6] The largest larvae are from the Gulf of Mexico while the smallest are found in Jamaica. [6]
The ratio of sternum width to posterolateral margin width is larger for males than females. [7]
G. lividus is native to east Africa, the Cook Islands, Hawaii, and the western Atlantic. [5] It is currently present throughout the East Pacific and West Atlantic oceans. [7] Within the Atlantic ocean they are found throughout the Gulf of Mexico and along the coast from Florida to Brazil. It can be found on both coasts of America from the central Gulf to Chile and in the waters near the Galapagos Islands. [8]
Although they can live throughout the intertidal zone, they are usually found among rocks and stones and in the high tide and splash zones. [7] [9] They are considered a supratidal species as they tend to occupy the upper region of the intertidal, residing in sediments deposited by extreme tides. [7] [9] They are most likely to be found deep in moist rock crevices and in accumulations of debris slightly above sea level. [10] [11]
Few behavioral patterns have been tracked in G. lividus, but they are fast swimmers and can be difficult to catch when chased. [11] Since they are a nocturnal species, they take refuge terrestrially during the day and are active primarily during the night. [11]
While the specific diet of G. lividus has not yet been investigated, other members of the Geograpsus genus including G. grayi and G. crinipes are carnivorous. [12] They are able to tear through shell as well as softer substances using flattened lateral teeth and a rounded medial tooth in the center of their mouth. [12] They are known to mostly prey on other invertebrates including, but not limited to, insects and other smaller arthropods. [12] They hunt at night and tend to stay near the water line. [11]
G. lividus utilizes indirect sperm transfer; some form of precopulatory mating ritual has also been observed. [13] Since the species is nocturnal, larvae are released at night in their first zoeal stage. [10] They produce coenospermy spermatophores that range from approximately 19.1 to 41.3 micrometers. [14] [15] Coenospermy is a common characteristic of marine decapods. [14]
Crabs are decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" (abdomen), usually hidden entirely under the thorax. They live in all the world's oceans, in freshwater, and on land, are generally covered with a thick exoskeleton, and have a single pair of pincers on each arm. They first appeared during the Jurassic Period.
Grapsus grapsus is one of the most common crabs along the western coast of the Americas. It is known as the red rock crab, or, along with other crabs such as Percnon gibbesi, as the Sally Lightfoot crab.
Hemigrapsus sexdentatus, also called the “common rock crab” or “common shore crab,” is a marine crab indigenous to the southern shores of New Zealand. This crab is a member of the Varunidae family in the order Decapoda.
The Smooth Shore Crab is a marine large-eyed crab of the family Grapsidae, found in New Zealand and the Juan Fernández Islands of Chile.
Plagusia squamosa is a marine crab of the family Plagusiidae, formerly considered a subspecies of Plagusia depressa. It is found in tropical Indo-Pacific oceans. P. squamosa's carapace is bumpy and quite coarse, seemingly scaly, leading to its common name: The Scaly Rock Crab.
The Grapsoidea are a superfamily of crabs; they are well known and contain many taxa which are terrestrial (land-living), semiterrestrial, or limnic. Another well-known member with a more conventional lifestyle is the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis.
The Sesarmidae are a family of crabs, previously included in the Grapsidae by many authors. Several species, namely in Geosesarma, Metopaulias, and Sesarma, are true terrestrial crabs. They do not need to return to the sea even for breeding.
Pachygrapsus marmoratus is a species of crab, sometimes called the marbled rock crab or marbled crab, which lives in the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and parts of the Atlantic Ocean. It is dark violet brown, with yellow marbling, and with a body up to 36 millimetres (1.4 in) long. A semiterrestrial omnivore, it feeds on algae and various animals including mussels and limpets.
The Plagusiidae are a family of crabs, formerly treated as a subfamily of the family Grapsidae, but have since been considered sufficiently distinct to be a family in their own right. The family Plagusiidae includes the subfamily Plagusiinae, comprising the genera Percnon and Plagusia, which constitute a widespread group of litophilic, intertidal and subtidal crabs that are notorious for their speed and their agility.
Xantho poressa, the jaguar round crab, is a species of crab from the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It is one of four species in the genus Xantho.
Pachygrapsus is a genus of small shore crabs. Recent genetic data suggest this genus to be possibly polyphyletic.
Guinotellus melvillensis is a species of crabs in the family Xanthidae, the only species in the genus Guinotellus. It is a benthic crab with an ovate carapace within the subfamily Euxanthinae.
Dyspanopeus sayi is a species of mud crab that is native to the Atlantic coast of North America. It has also become established outside its native range, living in Swansea Docks since 1960, the Mediterranean Sea since the 1970s, the North Sea since 2007 and the Black Sea since 2010. It can reach a carapace width of 20 mm (0.8 in), and has black tips to its unequal claws. It feeds on bivalves and barnacles, and is in turn eaten by predators including the Atlantic blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Eggs are produced from spring to autumn, the offspring reach sexual maturity the following summer, and individuals can live for up to two years. The closest relative of D. sayi is D. texanus, which lives in the Gulf of Mexico; the two species differ in subtle features of the genitalia and the last pair of walking legs.
Libinia dubia, the longnose spider crab, is a species of crab in the family Epialtidae. It is found in shallow waters on the eastern coast of North America.
Libinia ferreirae is a species of tropical spider crab in the family Epialtidae. It is found on the seabed in shallow waters off the Atlantic coast of South America.
The thinstripe hermit crab, Clibanarius vittatus, is a species of hermit crab in the family Diogenidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the western Atlantic Ocean.
Pyromaia tuberculata is a species of crab in the family Inachoididae.
Brachynotus sexdentatus is a species of crab in the family Varunidae. It is native to the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, and became established for a time in Swansea Docks. It grows to a maximum carapace width of 18 mm (0.71 in), and lives in shallow water on muddy bottoms.
Dyspanopeus texanus is a species of crab known as the Texas mud crab.
Armases cinereum, also known as the squareback marsh crab or wharf crab, is a species of crab in the family Sesarmidae. The wharf crab is a small crab that is dark brown to muddy in color, which allows it to blend in with its usual surroundings. It is found on the Atlantic southeastern coast, down into the Gulf of Mexico. It is an omnivore and is prevalent in marshy coastal environments along the Southwestern Atlantic.
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