Georgia–United Kingdom relations

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Georgia–United Kingdom relations
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Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Georgia, London Embassy of the United Kingdom, Tbilisi
Envoy
Ambassador Sophie Katsarava Ambassador Mark Clayton

Formal diplomatic relations between Georgia and the United Kingdom can be traced back to at least 1919, during the First Georgian Republic. After the defeat of German Empire, Georgia's ally, in WWI, parts of Georgia came under British administration and British troops were also stationed in Tiflis to stave off the Bolshevik invasion. This lasted until 1920, when Britain left due to a variety of geopolitical factors. [1]

Contents

In the present day, Georgia-UK relations remain very cordial and the two countries cooperate closely in a manner similar to the Georgian-American relations.[ citation needed ] "Georgia is a strategic partner to the UK" [2] and since 2019, relations between the two countries are streamlined by the "UK-Georgia Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Agreement", [3] which largely replaced the EU-Georgia Association Agreement following Brexit. Both countries maintain embassies in the respective capitals.

In 2014, UK and Georgia inaugurated Wardrop strategic dialogue, a format of annual meetings to promote their biletial co-operation in security, defense policy, economy and trade. [4] [5] Both nations are members of the Council of Europe.

Relations between the two countries have become more strained following the Georgian Dream party's recent crackdown on free speech and LGBTQI+ rights, with the UK government freezing security dialogue [6] and the UK Foreign Office stating that the 'direction of the Georgian Dream party risks freedom of expression and assembly and further discrimination against and stigmatising Georgia's LGBT+ community.' [7]

History

British troops in Batumi, Georgia in 1920 British troops in Batumi, Georgia, 1920.jpg
British troops in Batumi, Georgia in 1920
Postage stamps from Batumi, Georgia overprinted with "BRITISH OCCUPATION" Batumi-overprint.jpg
Postage stamps from Batumi, Georgia overprinted with "BRITISH OCCUPATION"

Britain recognized the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1919. [8] Sir Oliver Wardrop served as the United Kingdom's first Chief Commissioner for Transcaucasia in Georgia from 1919–21. [9] He was welcomed by the government of Noe Zhordania, who supported Wardrop's efforts to promote Georgian culture and gather support from western nations. During this period, Britain came to view Georgia in a rather favorable light, setting it apart from Bolshevik Russia, as well as some of its neighbors: [10]

"Of the three republics, Georgia is in much the best position. Her territory has escaped the ravages of war, while her people, who prided themselves, even under the old Russian regime, on the European origin of their civilisation, have the advantage over their neighbours in ability and culture. Internal order appears to be well maintained, and the sporadic outburst of Bolshevism which recur at intervals are put down without difficulty and with commendable firmness."

—  Lord Curzon

British military presence in Georgia had to come to an end in 1920 because of neutrality clauses in the Treaty of Moscow, in which Russia recognized Georgia's independence in exchange for Georgia not hosting forces hostile to Russia's interests. [11] Now that there were no Western powers in Georgia, in February 1921 the Bolshevik Red Army proceeded to invade the country, leading to Georgia's defeat and collapse by March of that year. Even after Soviet takeover, Britain - along with France, Belgium, and Poland - continued to recognize only the Georgian government; this lasted until the 1930s, when growing Soviet power and political processes in Europe made it impractical to do so indefinitely. [12]

In April 1987, Margaret Thatcher, the British prime minister, made an official state visit to the Soviet Union, on the last day of which she visited the Georgian SSR, specifically Tbilisi. [13] It was the first visit of its kind to Georgia. She was hosted by First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party Jumber Patiashvili. [14] She was met with crowds in the capital, with Thatcher greeting onlookers with the word "gamarojobat". [15] She also attended a wedding at the Palace of Rituals, where she gave the bride and the groom a porcelain bowl. [16] In the evening, she attended a dinner hosted by Chairman of the Council of Ministers Otar Cherkezia and other regional officials, during which she noted the similarity in cultures, notably the shared patronage of Saint George. [17]

Georgian Orthodox Cathedral of the Nativity of Our Lord, residing in a former Agapemonite church, in Clapton, London Upper clapton good shepherd 2.jpg
Georgian Orthodox Cathedral of the Nativity of Our Lord, residing in a former Agapemonite church, in Clapton, London

Following the restoration of Georgian independence in 1991, official diplomatic relations between Georgia and the UK were re-established in 1992, and a full UK embassy opened in Tbilisi three years later. [18] In response to the Russo-Georgian War, the British government showed solidarity with Georgia, with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office releasing a statement calling for calm and Foreign Secretary David Miliband saying the following: "Russia has extended the fighting today well beyond South Ossetia, attacking the Georgian port of Poti, and the town of Gori, while Abkhaz forces have been shelling Georgian positions in the Upper Kodori valley. I deplore this." [19] On 10 August 2008, pro-Georgian protesters protested in front of the Russian embassy in London. [20] On 21-25 May 2006, Prime Minister Zurab Nogaideli visited the United Kingdom. [21] In November 2015, former Prime Minister Tony Blair visited Georgia, being hosted by Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili, who accompanied him to sights such as Mtatsminda Hill. [22] [23]

In recent years relations between the two countries have become strained, in response to the actions of the Georgian Dream party. The British Embassy in Georgia has criticised the state for undermining fundamental human rights, stating that its Family Values and Minors Protection package has called 'into question the long-standing relationships between Britain and Georgia.' [24] Following the re-election of Georgian Dream, the UK has frozen security dialogue with Georgia and cancelled other talks on defence over "concerns about democratic backsliding", with Ambassador Gareth Ward saying that the Georgian government's actions have prompted Britain to raise 'concerns about the decline of democracy and anti-Western rhetoric.' [25] British Parliamentarians and LGBTQI+ activists have also questioned the safety of Georgia, questioning the previous Conservative government's decision to label Georgia a 'safe state' to return asylum seekers to. [26] [27]

Economic relations

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) based in the UK plays an important role in the development of the Georgian economy. The UK is one of the largest investors in Georgia. In 2017, it was third on the list with direct investments, having invested a total of $250 million that year. [28] The twin cities of Tbilisi and Bristol, Newport and Kutaisi have affected the impact tourism has, with there being a 40% increase in British tourists to Georgia in 2017. [29] Former British Army officer and former Leader of the Conservatives in the European Parliament Geoffrey Van Orden said that in terms of economic relations, Georgia was one of the "first of our friends to back post-Brexit Britain and seek a close future partnership". [30]

Trade Agreements

From 1 September 2013 until 30 December 2020, trade between Georgia and the UK was governed by the Georgia–European Union Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area, while the United Kingdom was a member of the European Union. [31] Following the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, the UK and Georgia signed a continuity trade agreement on 21 October 2019, based on the EU free trade agreement; the agreement entered into force on 1 January 2021. [32] It was the first continuity trade agreement signed between the United Kingdom and an Eastern European country. [33] Trade value between Georgia and the United Kingdom was worth £457 million in 2022. [34]

Defence and security relations

Embassy of Georgia at St George's Square, London Embassy of Georgia in London.jpg
Embassy of Georgia at St George's Square, London

Britain has a history of working with the Georgian Armed Forces during the War in Afghanistan, where Georgia has long been the largest non-NATO troop contributor. After the United States, Britain, and their East European allies failed to secure NATO membership plan for Georgia in 2008, the British government floated proposals to help Georgia join the military alliance through alternative means without necessarily needing the formal membership plan. [35] [36] These British efforts were ultimately not successful due to opposition from a subset of countries led by France and Germany.

In March 2016, parallel to British troops participating in multilateral exercises in Georgia, the British Armed Forces announced the creation of additional defence attaché posts in Georgia. [37]

British troops during the annual "Noble Partner" military exercises in Vaziani, Georgia Noble Partner 2017 (36459681565).jpg
British troops during the annual "Noble Partner" military exercises in Vaziani, Georgia

In 2018, Georgia sided with UK's diplomatic efforts against Russia in response to the Salisbury chemical attack by Russian intelligence services and also supported UK initiatives for strengthening the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). [38] Because Georgia and Russia had already severed diplomatic relations in 2008, and officially there were no longer any Russian diplomats present in Georgia, in show of support for the UK, Georgia expelled a Russian official operating in the country under the nominal auspices of Switzerland. [39]

HMS Defender was involved in the 2021 Black Sea incident while on its way to Batumi, Georgia Royal Navy Destroyer HMS Defender (D36).jpg
HMS Defender was involved in the 2021 Black Sea incident while on its way to Batumi, Georgia

In February 2020, UK's National Cyber Security Centre, operating under the aegis of GCHQ, helped expose Russian Military Intelligence hacking activities directed against Georgia. The British government noted that Russia "conducted these cyber-attacks in an attempt to undermine Georgia's sovereignty, to sow discord and disrupt the lives of ordinary Georgian people. The UK remains unwavering in its support for Georgia's sovereignty and territorial integrity" [40]

Royal Navy destroyers make regular port calls in Georgia to show support and/or conduct bilateral trainings. [41] Some travel routes used by the Royal Navy to make such visits have attracted controversy and anger from Russia. [42] Commander of HMS Defender rebuffed these complaints, stating the Royal Navy is committed to "providing reassurances and security in the region, and incredible deterrence to those who seek to undermine global security...and Georgia's territorial integrity and sovereignty". [43]

At the 2022 Madrid summit, the UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced more than £5 million in additional support to enhance Georgia's cyber capabilities, reasoning that the "people of Georgia live every day on the frontline of Russian aggression. Putin cannot be allowed to use Georgia's sovereign institutions to sharpen the knife of his cyber capability." [44]

Following the re-election of Georgian Dream, the UK government froze security dialogue with Georgia, with the UK Ambassador Gareth Ward saying that the Georgian government's actions had prompted Britain to raise 'concerns about the decline of democracy and anti-Western rhetoric.' [45] Stephen Doughty, the Foreign Office's Minister of State for Europe, North America and Overseas Territories has said that it is 'clear that the direction of the Georgian Dream party risks undermining freedom of expression and assembly and further discriminating against and stigmatising Georgia's LGBT+ community, including through the introduction of the Law on Family Values', and that he has raised 'concerns over recent legislative changes' with the Georgian Foreign Minister Darchiashvili. [46]

Commonwealth War Graves

There is a British Military Cemetery in Batumi, Georgia, where 68 Britons are buried. [47] There is a small memorial listing the names of the deceased. It gets periodic visits from the UK, including the Royal Navy. [48]

Resident diplomatic missions

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Batumi: Travails of the City, Civil Georgia, 07/07/2020
  2. ↑ "UK condemns Russia's GRU over Georgia cyber-attacks: Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab calls out Russia's campaign of unacceptable cyber-attacks against Georgia", Government of the United Kingdom, February 2020
  3. ↑ UK/Georgia: Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Agreement [CS Georgia No.1/2019, Government of the United Kingdom, 4 November 2019
  4. ↑ "Tbilisi's turn to host Georgia-UK Wardrop Dialogue". 2015-04-30. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  5. ↑ "Eighth Strategic Dialogue between Georgia, UK". civil.ge. 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  6. ↑ "Britain freezes security dialogue with Georgia". Reuters. 15 October 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  7. ↑ "Parliamentary written questions and answers: Georgia: LGBT+ People". parliament.uk. 31 October 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  8. ↑ Everill, Paul (2012). "Excavating a memory: The British in Georgia". Anatolian Studies. 62: 153–162. doi:10.1017/S0066154612000087. JSTOR   42657285. S2CID   163813619.
  9. ↑ "British Ambassador on the Long History of Georgia-UK Relations". Archived from the original on 2020-06-17. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
  10. ↑ "Transcaucasian Republics and Situation", Memo by Lord Curzon, Foreign Office: December 24, 1919 Cabinet Papers 336
  11. ↑ Rayfield, Donald (2012), Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia, London: Reaktion Books, pp. 326–331, ISBN   978-1-78-023030-6
  12. ↑ Stefan Talmon (1998), Recognition of Governments in International Law, p. 289-290. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-826573-5.
  13. ↑ "British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, leaving behind the serious".
  14. ↑ "Margaret Thatcher's visit to Tbilisi in 1987".
  15. ↑ "Crowds Warm up on Her Last Day : Thatcher Welcomed on Soviet Georgia Visit". Los Angeles Times . 2 April 1987.
  16. ↑ "Thatcher Visits Georgia on Last Day in Soviet Union". Associated Press .
  17. ↑ "Speech at official dinner in Georgia | Margaret Thatcher Foundation".
  18. ↑ "UK in Georgia, Our Embassy". British Embassy Tbilisi. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  19. ↑ "Foreign Secretary deplores continued fighting in Georgia (09/08/2008)". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from the original on 2008-08-28.
  20. ↑ "Anti-Russian protest by pro-Georgians outside London embassy". The Telegraph. 10 August 2008.
  21. ↑ "Working Visit of the Prime Minister of Georgia to Great Britain".
  22. ↑ "Ex-British Prime Minister Tony Blair visits Georgia".
  23. ↑ "Former British Prime Minister to Visit Georgia". Archived from the original on 2020-06-17. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
  24. ↑ "British Embassy: Family Values and Minors Protection' package undermines fundamental human rights". interpressnews. 17 September 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  25. ↑ "Britain freezes security dialogue with Georgia". Reuters. 15 October 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  26. ↑ Gauci, Ella (23 October 2024). "Nadia Whittome MP questions Home Office about the safety of LGBTQIA people in Georgia". DIVA Magazine. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  27. ↑ Parekh, Minesh (25 October 2024). "'The country of Georgia is not a safe place for LGBTQI+ people'". attitude.co.uk. Attitude. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  28. ↑ "Ambassador Beruchashvili on Georgia-UK Trade Relations 2018". Archived from the original on 2020-06-17. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
  29. ↑ "Georgia in the UK". 13 November 2017.
  30. ↑ "Ex-senior British military officer: 'process of Georgia's joining NATO is in fact well underway'".
  31. ↑ "EU - Georgia". World Trade Organization . Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  32. ↑ "Georgia ratifies free trade agreement with UK". Trend News Agency . 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  33. ↑ Truss, Elizabeth (21 October 2019). "UK and Georgia sign trade continuity and strategic cooperation agreement". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024. UK–Georgia FTA
  34. ↑ "UK trade agreements in effect". GOV.UK. 3 November 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  35. ↑ Rice says Britain has plan for Georgia NATO bid, Reuters, November 27, 2008 "...gave no details about the British proposal but Britain, supportive overall of NATO membership for Georgia and Ukraine, has indicated there is no need to stick rigidly to the formal process being suggested by Washington."
  36. ↑ Georgia, Ukraine Set for Disappointment at NATO Meeting, Deutsche Welle, 01.12.2008 "that question also looks set to be divisive, with the skeptics of Georgian and Ukrainian NATO membership fearing that the US and Britain were attempting to bring the duo closer to membership without following the formal MAP procedure."
  37. ↑ "UK and Georgia strengthen defence relationship".
  38. ↑ "UK condemns Russia's GRU over Georgia cyber-attacks", Government of the United Kingdom, February 2020: "The UK was particularly grateful for Georgia's firm support following the attack on Salisbury in 2018, including in efforts to strengthen the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)."
  39. ↑ "Georgia expels one Russian diplomat over UK nerve agent attack". Reuters. 30 March 2018.
  40. ↑ "UK condemns Russia's GRU over Georgia cyber-attacks: Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab calls out Russia's campaign of unacceptable cyber-attacks against Georgia", Government of the United Kingdom, February 2020
  41. ↑ British Embassy, Tbilisi: "HMS Dragon is in #Batumi #Georgia as a clear demonstration of enduring strong partnership between the #UK & Georgia that is built on mutual interests and shared values." Oct 15, 2020
  42. ↑ British naval destroyer that angered Russia docks in Georgia, Reuters, June 26, 2021
  43. ↑ British naval destroyer that angered Russia docks in Georgia, Reuters, June 26, 2021
  44. ↑ New UK support to protect Georgia against Russian cyber attacks, Prime Minister's Office. Published: 29 June 2022
  45. ↑ "Britain freezes security dialogue with Georgia". Reuters. 15 October 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  46. ↑ "Parliamentary written questions and answers: Georgia: LGBT+ People". parliament.uk. 31 October 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  47. ↑ BATUMI BRITISH MILITARY CEMETERY, Commonwealth War Graves, 2021
  48. ↑ HMS Echo visits wall of honour in Georgia, Royal Navy, 03 January 2019
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