| Glaridacris catostomi | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Platyhelminthes |
| Class: | Cestoda |
| Order: | Caryophyllidea |
| Family: | Caryophyllaeidae |
| Genus: | Glaridacris |
| Species: | G. catostomi |
| Binomial name | |
| Glaridacris catostomi Cooper, 1920 | |
Glaridacris catostomi (Cooper, 1920) is a flatworm of the family Caryophyllaeidae . It is commonly found in freshwater environments of North America and is a known internal parasite of fishes of the family Catostomidae. [1] [2]
Glaridacris catostomi is a tapeworm, implying it has a simple scolex and an unsegmented body. [3] The defining characteristics of the genus Glaridacris are distinct male and female gonopores, an elongate body, a follicular ovary, a wedge-shaped scolex, and median and lateral vitellaria.[ citation needed ] This species has a body length of 5 to 60mm and a breadth of 0.4 to 1.0mm. [3] Individual length varies based on location; organisms in Wisconsin can be up to 60mm, being are the longest recorded, whereas individuals in New York reach 41mm and those in Michigan are only known to reach 25mm.[ citation needed ]
The scolex of immature individuals forms a terminal disc by the protruding edges of the base and apex. [3] There are three sucking loculi with the most developed and successful being the central loculi. [3] Additionally, ridges are present, dividing the dorsal and ventral sides of the scolex. [3] In adults, the terminal disc is typically observed as contracted, forming the shape of a wedge with thick margins. [3] Following the scolex is a narrowed strobila where the reproductive organs, nervous system and excretory system are found. [3] The body is surrounded by a thin cuticle and sub-cuticle.[ citation needed ] The genital openings follow the strobila; this is the widest section of this species. [3] The posterior end of Glaridacris catostomi is where the excretory organs are found. [3] This area forms a triangular shape with an indented tip. [3] A defining physical aspect of this species is its H-shaped ovary. [4]
This flatworm species predominantly occurs throughout southern Canada and northern parts of the United States. [1] In Canada, it has been found in the provinces and territories of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Northwest Territories, and Yukon Territories. [1] Within the United States, occurrences have been documented in the states of Alaska, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. [1] Although this flatworm has been reported in the rivers of northeastern Siberia, Russia, there is no reference specimen form existing from this location to confirm the species identification. [1] This observation was in the longnose sucker, C. catostomos, and is thought to have been transported here by a human introduction of this host species. [1]
Glaridacris catostomi is known to inhabit freshwater environments by parasitizing catostomid fishes. [5] [3] It is also found in its intermediate host, annelids. [6] Both larvae and adult forms are found within the stomach and intestines of its hosts. [3] Specifically, it mainly infects within the host's anterior intestine. [ citation needed ]
There are three main life stages of Glaridacris catostomi; egg, larvae and adult. [3] The eggs of cestodes become self-fertilized within the reproductive organs and are released into the host fish's intestines. [7] The eggs get excreted by the host and become ingested by the intermediate host, an annelid. [6] [7] Here, the eggs hatch and develop into oncosphere larvae which travel through the intestines and eventually further develop to be procercoid larvae. [6] Larvae of Glaridacris catostomi are found in host stomachs or intestines where they can be buried in mucosa (mucous membrane) pits. [4] The larvae of this species are extremely small and can have no appendages. [3] The inner and outer longitudinal muscles, testes, and cirrus sac begin developing in immature individuals.[ citation needed ] This species is able to mature into an adult once the annelid is eaten by a fish where it can move into the definitive host's body cavity. [6]
Those found in younger fish hosts are typically immature and unreproductive, whereas specimens found in larger hosts are more likely to be worms and mature.[ citation needed ] The largest fish usually host larger worms with a greater abundance of them.[ citation needed ]
Although there is no recorded data regarding the lifespan of this species, some cestodes may live up to thirty years in other non-fish hosts. [8]
Like other plathyhelminthes, Glaridacris catostomi is a hermaphroditic species, meaning each individual produces both eggs and sperms. [4] The eggs of this species are larger than comparable species, measurements falling between 54 to 55u by 38 to 48u. [4]
There is limited data regarding the behaviour of Glaidacris catostomi.
There is currently limited data regarding the communication of this species.
Glaidacris catostomi is a parasite of catostomid fishes. [3] Like other cestodes, it obtains nutrients by feeding through the digestive tract of the host. [7] Here, nutrients are absorbed through the outer surface of the tapeworm. [7] This species is known to parasitize individuals of the main host, white sucker (Catostomus commersonii). There are additional hosts including the longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus), largescale sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus), Sacramento sucker (Catostomus occidentalis), and the creek chubsucker (Erimyzon oblonggus). [1] There are other unverified records of hosts including the northern hogsucker (Hypentellium nigricans), greater redhorse (Moxostoma rubreques), chain pickerel (Esox niger), quillback (Carpiodes cyprinus), and logperches (Percina).[ citation needed ]
There is limited data regarding the predation of Glaridacris catostomi. Although, this species is an internal parasite in the digestive system of fishes, suggesting risk of predation is minimal.
There is minimal data regarding the specific ecosystem roles of Glaidacris catostomi. Although, parasites in general are known to help maintain stable ecosystems by managing species abundances and increasing connection across the food web. [9] [10] Parasites can affect the behaviour of fishes, making them more susceptible to predation, mainly by birds. [10] They can also act as indicators of ecological health because parasite populations tend to decrease as fish populations decrease. [10] This could be useful for monitoring the effects of overfishing and pollution on host fish communities.
Although there is limited data describing the economic importance of this species, tapeworm parasites are known to decrease fish yields, in extreme situations reducing species richness and diversity. [11]
There is no current conservation status for Glaridacris catostomi. Although this rarely occurs, it is suggested that a parasite is considered endangered when its host species are. [9] The main host species, Catostomus commersonii, is listed as least concern, suggesting Glaridacris catostomi populations may be stable. [12]
There has been an assigned Barcode Index Number (BIN) on the Biodiversity of Life Database (BOLD). [13] More taxonomic information can be found in the 'Taxon identifiers' box below.
According to Catalogue of Life, Glaridacris catostomi is listed as an accepted species. [5]
The flatworms, flat worms, Platyhelminthes, or platyhelminths are a phylum of relatively simple bilaterian, unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrates. Unlike other bilaterians, they are acoelomates, and have no specialised circulatory and respiratory organs, which restricts them to having flattened shapes that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through their bodies by diffusion. The digestive cavity has only one opening for both ingestion and egestion ; as a result, the food cannot be processed continuously.
Monogeneans, members of the class Monogenea, are a group of ectoparasitic flatworms commonly found on the skin, gills, or fins of fish. They have a direct lifecycle and do not require an intermediate host. Adults are hermaphrodites, meaning they have both male and female reproductive structures.
Diphyllobothrium is a genus of tapeworms which can cause diphyllobothriasis in humans through consumption of raw or undercooked fish. The principal species causing diphyllobothriasis is D. latum, known as the broad or fish tapeworm, or broad fish tapeworm. D. latum is a pseudophyllid cestode that infects fish and mammals. D. latum is native to Scandinavia, western Russia, and the Baltics, though it is now also present in North America, especially the Pacific Northwest. In Far East Russia, D. klebanovskii, having Pacific salmon as its second intermediate host, was identified.
Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm, belongs to the cyclophyllid cestode family Taeniidae. It is found throughout the world and is most common in countries where pork is eaten. It is a tapeworm that uses humans as its definitive host and pigs as the intermediate or secondary hosts. It is transmitted to pigs through human feces that contain the parasite eggs and contaminate their fodder. Pigs ingest the eggs, which develop into larvae, then into oncospheres, and ultimately into infective tapeworm cysts, called cysticercus. Humans acquire the cysts through consumption of uncooked or under-cooked pork and the cysts grow into an adult worms in the small intestine.
The Caryophyllideans are a group of tapeworms that infect fish and annelids with a simple scolex or "head." Worms in this order only have one proglottid, which is believed to be the primitive condition for tapeworms. They are generally less than 10 centimetres long. Caryophillideans represent a unique type of tapeworm, such that they possess a monzoic, unsegmented, body, with only a single set of reproductive organs.
Taenia is the type genus of the Taeniidae family of tapeworms. It includes some important parasites of livestock. Members of the genus are responsible for taeniasis and cysticercosis in humans, which are types of helminthiasis belonging to the group of neglected tropical diseases. More than 100 species are recorded. They are morphologically characterized by a ribbon-like body composed of a series of segments called proglottids; hence the name Taenia. The anterior end of the body is the scolex. Some members of the genus Taenia have an armed scolex ; of the two major human parasites, Taenia saginata has an unarmed scolex, while Taenia solium has an armed scolex.
Taenia saginata, commonly known as the beef tapeworm, is a zoonotic tapeworm belonging to the order Cyclophyllidea and genus Taenia. It is an intestinal parasite in humans causing taeniasis and cysticercosis in cattle. Cattle are the intermediate hosts, where larval development occurs, while humans are definitive hosts harbouring the adult worms. It is found globally and most prevalently where cattle are raised and beef is consumed. It is relatively common in Africa, Europe, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Latin America. Humans are generally infected as a result of eating raw or undercooked beef which contains the infective larvae, called cysticerci. As hermaphrodites, each body segment called proglottid has complete sets of both male and female reproductive systems. Thus, reproduction is by self-fertilisation. From humans, embryonated eggs, called oncospheres, are released with faeces and are transmitted to cattle through contaminated fodder. Oncospheres develop inside muscle, liver, and lungs of cattle into infective cysticerci.
Dwarf tapeworm is a cosmopolitan species though most common in temperate zones, and is one of the most common cestodes infecting humans, especially children.
Taenia pisiformis, commonly called the rabbit tapeworm, is an endoparasitic tapeworm which causes infection in lagomorphs, rodents, and carnivores. Adult T. pisiformis typically occur within the small intestines of the definitive hosts, the carnivores. Lagomorphs, the intermediate hosts, are infected by fecal contamination of grasses and other food sources by the definitive hosts. The larval stage is often referred to as Cysticercus pisiformis and is found on the livers and peritoneal cavities of the intermediate hosts. T. pisiformis can be found worldwide.
Eucestoda, commonly referred to as tapeworms, is the larger of the two subclasses of flatworms in the class Cestoda. Larvae have six posterior hooks on the scolex (head), in contrast to the ten-hooked Cestodaria. All tapeworms are endoparasites of vertebrates, living in the digestive tract or related ducts. Examples are the pork tapeworm with a human definitive host, and pigs as the secondary host, and Moniezia expansa, the definitive hosts of which are ruminants.
Spirometra erinaceieuropaei is a parasitic tapeworm that infects domestic animals and humans. The medical term for this infection in humans and other animals is sparganosis. Morphologically, these worms are similar to other worms in the genus Spirometra. They have a long body consisting of three sections: the scolex, the neck, and the strobilia. They have a complex life cycle that consists of three hosts, and can live in varying environments and bodily tissues. Humans can contract this parasite in three main ways. Historically, humans are considered a paratenic host; however, the first case of an adult S. erinaceieuropaei infection in humans was reported in 2017. Spirometra tapeworms exist worldwide and infection is common in animals, but S. erinaceieuropaei infections are rare in humans. Treatment for infection typically includes surgical removal and anti-worm medication.
Cestoda is a class of parasitic worms in the flatworm phylum (Platyhelminthes). Most of the species—and the best-known—are those in the subclass Eucestoda; they are ribbon-like worms as adults, known as tapeworms. Their bodies consist of many similar units known as proglottids—essentially packages of eggs which are regularly shed into the environment to infect other organisms. Species of the other subclass, Cestodaria, are mainly fish infecting parasites.
Diphyllobothrium mansonoides is a species of tapeworm (cestodes) that is endemic to North America. Infection with D. mansonoides in humans can result in sparganosis. Justus F. Mueller first reported this organism in 1935. D. mansonoides is similar to D. latum and Spirometra erinacei. When the organism was discovered, scientist did not know if D. mansonoides and S. erinacei were separate species. PCR analysis of the two worms has shown the two to be separate but closely related organisms.
Raillietina is a genus of tapeworms that includes helminth parasites of vertebrates, mostly of birds. The genus was named in 1920 in honour of a French veterinarian and helminthologist, Louis-Joseph Alcide Railliet. Of the 37 species recorded under the genus, Raillietina demerariensis, R. asiatica, and R. formsana are the only species reported from humans, while the rest are found in birds. R. echinobothrida, R. tetragona, and R. cesticillus are the most important species in terms of prevalence and pathogenicity among wild and domestic birds.
Raillietina echinobothrida is a parasitic tapeworm belonging to the class Cestoda. It is the most prevalent and pathogenic helminth parasite in birds, particularly in domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758. It requires two hosts, birds and ants, for completion of its life cycle. It is a hermaphrodite worm having both the male and female reproductive organs in its body. The parasite is responsible for 'nodular tapeworm disease' in poultry.
Hymenolepis microstoma, also known as the rodent tapeworm, is an intestinal dwelling parasite. Adult worms live in the bile duct and small intestines of mice and rats, and larvae metamorphose in the haemocoel of beetles. It belongs to the genus Hymenolepis; tapeworms that cause hymenolepiasis. H. microstoma is prevalent in rodents worldwide, but rarely infects humans.
Raillietina tetragona is a parasitic tapeworm belonging to the class Cestoda. It is a cosmopolitan helminth of the small intestine of pigeon, chicken and guinea fowl, and is found throughout the world.
Raillietina cesticillus is a parasitic tapeworm of the family Davaineidae. Sometimes called 'broad-headed tapeworm', it infects the small intestine of chicken and occasionally other birds, such as guinea fowl and turkey, which are generally in close proximity to backyard poultry. It is a relatively harmless species among intestinal cestodes in spite of a high prevalence. In fact it probably is the most common parasitic platyhelminth in modern poultry facilities throughout the world.
Flamingolepis liguloides is a parasitic tapeworm of the Cestoda class. There are several tapeworms that are found to infect Artemia; however, F. liguloides is the most prevalent species of infectious tapeworm among Artemia. F. liguloides infects brine shrimp (Artemia) as the intermediate host and flamingos as the definitive host. Effects of the tapeworm in flamingos is unclear, though researchers hypothesize that a high parasitemia could potentially be deadly to the host. The parasite appears to affect the Artemia spp. as it alters the behavior and color of its host.
Tetragonoporus is a genus of cestodes in the order Pseudophyllidea. It is a monotypic genus, and the only species is Tetragonoporus calyptocephalus, previously known as Polygonoporus giganticus. This tapeworm is a gut parasite of whales.
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