Gonocarpus montanus

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Gonocarpus montanus
Gonocarpus montanus habit.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Saxifragales
Family: Haloragaceae
Genus: Gonocarpus
Species:
G. montanus
Binomial name
Gonocarpus montanus
(Hook.f.) Orchard

Gonocarpus montanus is a perennial, terrestrial herb in the family Haloragacae. [1] It is native to N.S.W, Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand. [2] Common names include mountain raspwort [3] and mat raspwort. [4] Its synonym is Haloragis montana. [1]

Contents

Description

Gonocarpus montanus, from the family Haoragacae, is a small (10–15 cm) perennial herb which grows both upright and procumbent. [1] The stem has short appressed hairs [4] running in lines along internodes. [5]  Young stems may appear square in cross section. [5]

Leaves

The leaves are arranged opposite on the stem. [4] [6]  They are shaped ovate to broad lanceolate, [1] about 3.5-10mm long, and 2-6mm wide.  [5] They have thick margins with 4-6 teeth. [1] [4] [6]   The leaves are coriaceous and can be glabrous, or sparsely pilose on the base. [5] [4]  They are attached to the stem by a petiole, 1-3mm long. [1]

Flowers

Flowers occur from November to February. [4]

Floral bracts are present at the base of each flower and bracts lower on the stem are opposite, [5] [7] becoming alternate up the stem. [1]  These bracts are lanceolate in shape, 2-4mm long, with smaller (0.8-1.5mm) lanceolate bracteoles (a leaf-like structure between a bract and flower) present that are red/brown with entire margins. [1]

The flowers are red and small in Tasmania [1] but range from grey to violet/purple in New Zealand. [8] They are supported by a pedicel, 0.2-0.5mm long. [4] They have 4 sepals 0.9-1mm long with thick margins,  4 petals 1.5-1.8mm long, 4 stamens that attach opposite the sepals, and 4 staminodes 0.5mm long, opposite the petals. [1] [4]   The anthers, part of the stamen where pollen is produced, are 0.8-1.2mm long. [1]

The ovary is ovoid in shape, 1-1.5mm long, and can be a silver-grey to reddish purple colour. [4]   It is glabrous and 8 ribbed, often with 2 oblique calluses between ribs. [4]

Fruit

The fruit is 1.5–1.6 mm long, silver-grey and is 1 seeded. [5]

Similar species

Table 1: Comparing similar species to Gonocarpus montanus.
Similar species (name).Difference compared to Gonocarpusmontanus.
Gonocarpus serpyllifoliusSmaller, thinner leaves with less robust habit. [4] The flowers decussate in the lower part of the inflorescence only, fruit is more dull. [1] Stems round in cross section and hairs are not in lines along the internode. [5]
Gonocarpus teucrioidesLeaves and stems in spreading hairs (not appressed). [5]
Gonocarpus humilis, Gonocarpus tetragynus, and Gonocarpus micranthus.All bracts are alternate. [5]

Habitat and distribution

Species occurrence map of Gonocarpus montanus, from ALA. Species occurence record map of Gonocarpus montanus from ALA.jpg
Species occurrence map of Gonocarpus montanus, from ALA.

Gonocarpus montanus occurs in the subalpine and alpine areas of NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand. There is an exception in Victoria with an occurrence noted in the Grampians. [1]

It is widespread and quite common in the subalpine to alpine, in a variety of habitats and vegetation communities. [5]   In Australia, it has been found in feldmark vegetation (Tasmania), [9] layered eastern moor vegetation (Tasmania), [10] wet sub alpine forests (Victoria), [11] and in alpine heaths including in Kosciuszko National Park (NSW). [12]   In New Zealand, it has been found in Leptospermum scoparium forest, and tussock grasslands. [13]

Table 2: Vegetation types and location of some Gonocarpus montanus occurrences in Tasmania.
Vegetation typeLocationDescription
Feldmark vegetationThe BoomerangOn mountain in the south of Tasmania, on transects within 250m of the summit (1081m asl) [9]
Layered Eastern Moor communityKing William CreekOn the central Plateau in a sub community of Eastern Moorland community (770-780m asl). [10]
Alpine heath, alpine moorland, Eucalyptus woodland, mountain rainorest, subalspine moorlandLake DobsonFound in lake sediments of Lake Dobson (1034m asl). [14]

Ecology

Recorded interactions with the abiotic and biotic environment include:

Dispersal

In New Zealand it is thought the fruit is wind dispersed. [16]

Etymology

Gonocarpus derived from Greek 'gonia' meaning angle or corner and 'carpos' meaning fruit. This describes its ribbed fruits. [17]

'Montanus' is latin for mountainous. [18]

Uses

A small plant for moist gardens and rockeries at higher altitudes. [11] Can be used as a ground cover in pots with other erect plants, likes to be moist. [19]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Flora of Australia - Podostemaceae to Combretaceae (PDF). Vol. 18. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. 1990.
  2. ↑ "Gonocarpus montanus (Hook.f.) Orchard | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
  3. ↑ Wapstra, Hans; Wapstra, Annie; Wapstra, Mark; Gilfedder, Louise (2005). The Little Book of Common Names for Tasmanian Plants (PDF). Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "VicFlora: Gonocarpus montanus". vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Key to Tasmanian Dicots". www.utas.edu.au. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
  6. 1 2 Whiting, J; Roberts, J; Reeves, R; Tayler, F; Tayler, V (2012). Howells, Christine (ed.). Tasmania's natural flora (2nd ed.). Australian Plants Society Tasmania Inc., Hobart Group.
  7. ↑ "PlantNET - FloraOnline". plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
  8. ↑ "Gonocarpus montanus". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
  9. 1 2 3 Visoiu, Micah (2014). Establishment Report for Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Climate Change Monitoring Program: Monitoring of the expression of feldmark vegetation on The Boomerang, Southern Tasmania (PDF). Hobart: Biodiversity Monitoring Section, Biodiversity Conservation Branch, Resource Management and Conservation Division, Department of Primary Industries, Parks Water and Environment.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Balmer, J. and R.W. Barnes (2000). The impact of fire on species diversity and dominance in an eastern moorland, Central Plateau Tasmania. King William Creek baseline study. Nature Conservation Report 2000/2. Department of Primary Industry, Water and Environment, Tasmania.
  11. 1 2 "Yarra Ranges Local Plant Directory". www.yarraranges.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
  12. ↑ "Alpine Heaths | NSW Environment, Energy and Science". threatenedspecies.bionet.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
  13. ↑ "Gonocarpus montanus (Hook.f.) Orchard - Biota of NZ". biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
  14. 1 2 Astorga, Giselle A; Jordan, Gregory J; Brodribb, Timothy (2016). "Towards understanding the fossil record better: Insights from recently deposited plant macrofossils in a sclerophyll-dominated subalpine environment". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 233: 1–11. Bibcode:2016RPaPa.233....1A. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2016.06.004.
  15. ↑ Quin, Matthew J; Morgan, John W; Murphy, Nicholas P (2024). "Spatial and temporal variation in the diet of introduced sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) in an alpine landscape". Wildlife Research. 51.
  16. ↑ Thorsen, Michael James; Dickinson, Katharine JM; Seddon, Phillip J (2009). "Seed dispersal systems in the New Zealand flora". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 11 (4): 285–309. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2009.06.001.
  17. ↑ "Creeping Raspwort | Northern Beaches Council". www.northernbeaches.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
  18. ↑ "montanus/montana/montanum, AO - Latin is Simple Online Dictionary". www.latin-is-simple.com. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
  19. ↑ Plants of Tasmania Nursery and Gardens, 1998, Newsletter, No.4 Spring edition. https://potn.com.au/images/Newsletter4.pdf
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