The Municipal Government of Karachi is the administrative body for the city of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Presently the Municipal Local Government Karachi consists mainly of the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation, headed by the Mayor or Administrator.
Karachi City Municipal Act, Colonial LG system (1933)
The City of Karachi Municipal Act was promulgated in 1933. Initially the Municipal Corporation consisted of the Mayor, the Deputy Mayor and 57 Councillors.[1] The system was handled by bureaucrats at all tiers of the government, there was no financial devolution. The institutions were never truly empowered, as the Deputy Commissioner; a district level agent of the non-representative central bureaucracy was the principal actor at the local level. The British rule introduced rural urban divide to the local level. The urban councils were created to cater municipal services while the rural councils were used to homogenize local elite.[2]
Electoral College Ordinance (1958-1969)
This was promulgated by Ayub Khan and contained some authorities such as the LG system could levy some taxes, political parties were banned from participating in the LG elections but like the colonial system the bureaucrats still presided all tiers of the government above UC (Union counsel). Yahya Khan became the new president. Under Martial Law he issued the order No. 24 to terminate all local council's chairmen, vice chairmen and councilors with the appointment of government officials.[1]
The system consisted of two bodies, Karachi municipal corporation and Divisional council and their functions were establishment of college, schools, parks, municipal gardens. Divisional council had a special committee which looked after planning and development of roads, educational institutions and residential societies.[citation needed]
This system upheld colonial urban-rural divide. The system had four tiers;
Tiers of Electoral College
Tier
Rural Areas
Urban Areas
Tier 1
Divisional Council
Divisional Council
Tier 2
District Council
District Council
Tier 3
Tehsil Council
Municipal Committee/Cantonement Board
Tier 4
Union Council
Town Committee/Union Committee
The Union council members were directly elected but subsequent tiers consisted of indirectly elected officials nominated by the government and pre appointed officials, hence the system was ruled by bureaucracy which could suspend resolutions, end the proceedings and overrule any action of the local bodies.[3]
Sindh Local Government Act (1973)
In the Sindh Local government act 1973 (amended in 1976), the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation was established.[4][5] In 1976, the Karachi Municipal Corporation was upgraded to the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation. The administrative area of Karachi was a second-level subdivision known as the Karachi Division, which was subdivided into five districts: Karachi Central, Karachi East, Karachi South, Karachi West, and Malir. No elections were held under this system. Although never implemented, the act abolished bureaucracy and provided representation of members through direct elections.
Sindh Local Government Ordinance 1979
This act was passed by the military dictator General Zia ul Haq which resembled the Local government system of Ayub Khan. The Urban local governance consisted of Town Committees, Municipal Committees, Municipal Corporations and Metropolitan Corporations. In the Rural Areas the system provided a three tier system: Union Councils, Tehsil or Taluka Councils and District Councils.[6] This system upheld urban-rural divide but provided Local councils considerable power to launch schemes, review and implement development programs, and perform functions of other government Departments. In 1992, the elected mayor system was abolished and the appointed Administrator System was implemented from 1992 to 2001.
According to the act, the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation had a mandate of overseeing medical facilities, fire fighting, town planning, municipal police, kutchi abadi, civil defence. Karachi water & Sewerage Board board, and Karachi Development Authority housing schemes.
The Karachi Metropolitan Corporation didn't get to acquire the power for property tax collection under the act despite several efforts by its mayors which accounted for 7.2% of its total revenues, the Sindh government was inefficient in collecting property tax and according to the world bank Staff Upraisal report of 1993, delegating it to Karachi Metropolitan Corporation could have raised its potential from Rs 200 million to Rs 2 billion.[7]
SLGO 1987 amendment
in 1987 Sindh government made Zonal Municipal Committees and delegated most of the development powers of the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation to four DMCs East, west, Central and South respectively, similar to District Municipal corporations of 2016.
In January 2000 In 2001, President of Pakistan enacted a new system of Local Governance in Pakistan in the form of the Local Government Ordinance (LGO of 2001) which allowed a stronger local government in Karachi. The mayor of Karachi was empowered to make decisions regarding city management. The Ordinance designed a new devolution of financial resources and responsibilities back to the City of Karachi. This plan abolished the earlier second-level division and merged the five districts of Karachi into a Karachi District. When the devolution plan was implemented in 2001, this district officially became a City District, with the City District Government of Karachi (CDGK) overseeing the administration of the area. In 2008, the new government abolished the Local Government Ordinance and the Government of Karachi on 14 February 2010.[8]
Under the LGO of 2001, the Mayor of Karachi had control over city planning, the Karachi Water & Sewage Board (KW&SB), the Karachi Building Control Authority (KBCA), the Karachi Development Authority, the Karachi Revenue Department and the Karachi Land Registry. The funds for those organizations were also directly accessible to the mayor. The powers of the Mayor didn't include supervision over law Enforcement and the Mayor still had to get funding from the President of Pakistan.[9] Since the Karachi Development Authority was directly placed under the supervision of Mayor of Karachi, the Mayor's office was situated at the Civic Center within Karachi
The City District of Karachi was divided into 18 Towns, each governed by elected municipal administrations responsible for infrastructure and spatial planning, development facilitation, and municipal services (water, sanitation, solid waste, repairing roads, parks, street lights, and traffic engineering).[citation needed] The towns were sub-divided into 178 localities governed by elected Union Councils (UC's), which were the core element of the local government system. Each UC was a body of thirteen directly elected members including a Nazim (mayor) and a Naib Nazim (deputy mayor). The UC Nazim headed the Union Administration and was responsible for working with the CDG to plan and execute municipal services, as well as for informing higher authorities about public concerns and complaints.[10]
The district bureaucracy was made accountable to the elected representatives which gave strength to the local government system and boosted the development process. The rural urban divide was abolished in this act. This system also established Provincial Finance commission and provided funding to the local government, major portion of these funds were used to pay staff salaries, the Mayor had power to device budget of the districts but had no power on the allocation of PFC awards.
The Mayor of Karachi despite being granted much more powers than previous terms was responsible for only 31% of the total land area of Karachi.[3]
Sindh People's Local Government Ordinance (SPLGO 2012)
The Sindh People's Local Government Ordinance (SPLGO 2012), passed by Sindh Assembly, proposed the creation of five districts with the City of Karachi: Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Larkana, and Mirpurkhas.[11] The Ordinance was promising and empowered to the Mayor and Deputy Mayor, but it was discarded by the Assembly on 21 February 2013.[12][13][14]
Sindh Local Government Act (SPLGA 2013)
After a gap of six years, the Government of Karachi was finally restored by the Supreme Court of Pakistan when the Court in 2014 ordered that provinces conduct new local government elections, which were held on 5 December 2015 resulting with a new Karachi Government being formed on 30 August 2016. The current Karachi Local Government System follows the Sindh Local Government Act of 2013 (SLGA 2013). The office of the mayor is located in the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation Building.
The Karachi Local Government system consists of the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation which is subdivided into of 6 District Municipal Corporations each headed by a chairman and deputy chairman. The districts of the Karachi Local Government are, as of Sindh Local Government Act of 2013 are District Central, District West, District East, District South, District Malir and District Korangi. The Sindh Local Government Act also proposed the formation of a 7th district called the 'District Council' which comprises the rural areas within Karachi that didn't come under the purview of the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation.[15] Each district is further divided into Union Committees which are headed by a chairman and vice-chairman. Each Union Committee is further subdivided into four Wards. Citizens directly elect their Union Committee Board and their 4 ward members. Some seats in the Union Committees are reserved for women, non-Muslim minorities, and young citizens. All the members of the Union Committee directly elected a chairman and vice-chairman.
The Chairmen of all the Union Committees form the City Council (and oversee the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation) and elect the mayor and deputy mayor, while the vice-chairmen of all the Union Committee elect the chairman and vice-chairman of the District Municipal Corporation and works in District Municipal Corporation office.
The Mayor now has to ask the Sindh Government for the funds, and has to form a joint account with the Commissioner of Karachi, whose approval is required for any funds to be used.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Following the colonial system of rural and urban divide, the SPLGA 2013 divided rural areas into District counsels which were kept independent from the metropolitan corporation. The SPLGA 2013 resembles the SLGO 1979 which brought back the urban rural division.
Budget
The Karachi Metropolitan Corporation and Karachi budget are formulated by its mayors and administrators .[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]
Karachi is the capital city of the Pakistani province of Sindh. It is the largest city in Pakistan and 12th largest in the world, with a population of over 20 million. It is situated at the southern tip of the country along the Arabian Sea coast and formerly served as the country's capital from 1947 to 1959. Ranked as a beta-global city, it is Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre, with an estimated GDP of over $200 billion (PPP) as of 2021. Karachi is a metropolitan city and is considered Pakistan's most cosmopolitan city, and among the country's most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse regions, as well as one of the country's most progressive and socially liberal cities.
Mayor of Karachi is the executive of the Karachi metropolitan corporation and the Karachi local government system of the city of Karachi which is the third tier of governance in Pakistan after Federal and provincial governments.
Keamari Town, lies in the southern part of Karachi, Pakistan, and was named after the historic seaside municipality of Keamari. Keamari Town was formed in 2001 as part of the Local Government Ordinance 2001, and was subdivided into 11 union councils. The town system was disbanded in 2011, and Keamari Town was re-organized as part of Karachi West District in 2015.
Karachi Metropolitan Corporation is a public corporation and governing body to provide municipal services in most of Karachi, the capital of Sindh.
Liaquatabad Town lies in the central part of the city of Karachi, in Pakistan. Liaquatabad Town was formed in 2001 under the Local Government Ordinance 2001, and was subdivided into 11 union councils. The town system was disbanded in 2011, but later restored by the government in early 2022. Also Liaquatabad Town was re-organized as part of Karachi Central District in 2015.
North Nazimabad Town lies in the northern part of the city of Karachi, Pakistan, and was named after the suburb of North Nazimabad. North Nazimabad Town was formed in 2001 as part of the Local Government Ordinance 2001, and was subdivided into 10 union councils and North Nazimabad Town was re-organized as part of Karachi Central District in 2015. According to the 2023 Pakistani census, the population of North Nazimabad Subdivision is 920,476.
Orangi Town is a residential town of Orangi District located in the northwestern part of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It was named after the sprawling municipality of Orangi. Town system was formed in August 2001 by dissolving Karachi District West as part of the Local Government Ordinance 2001, and was subdivided into 13 union councils. The town system was disbanded in July 2011. Orangi Town was re-organized as part of Orangi District in March 2015. Orangi Town has a population of 596,919 as of the 2023 Pakistani census.
Karachi, which is the most populated city in Pakistan, was a federation of eighteen autonomous boroughs, called "Towns," that made up the City District of Karachi from 2001 until 2011. Under this now-defunct system, Karachi had a local government system, with a mayor empowered to make decisions in regards to city-planning and administration of local services. The system was abolished in 2011, and Karachi was divided into 5 City District Municipal Corporations, with a 6th formed in 2013. Each Municipal Corporation now has its own Chairman and Deputy Chairman. The Karachi Development Authority, which controls city-planning and administration of services in Karachi, is no longer controlled at the local level, but is instead administered by the province directly.
The Karachi Metropolitan Corporation (KMC) Building is a colonial-era building located on M. A. Jinnah Road, in central Karachi. Construction began in 1927, completed in 1930, and the building was then inaugurated in 1932. It is considered to be one of the most architecturally significant buildings in Karachi.
The City District Government Karachi (CDGK) was a local government of Karachi, Pakistan. It was established through a local government ordinance (LGO) in 2000 to empower the local government by decentralizing district government. Karachi became a federation of eighteen autonomous boroughs, called "Towns," that made up the City District Government Karachi from 2001 until 2011. Under this now-defunct system, Karachi had a local government system, with a mayor empowered to make decisions in regards to city-planning and administration of local services. It was headed by the mayor and was formed under the presidential rule of Pervez Musharraf in 2001. CDGK existed until 2010.
Pakistan is a federal republic with three tiers of government: national, provincial and local. Local government is protected by the constitution in Articles 32 and 140-A, and each province also has its own local-government-enabling legislation and ministries responsible for implementation. District councils and metropolitan corporations are respectively the highest rural and urban tiers of local government in the provinces. Both urban and rural local government have two or three tiers in all provinces except Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where councils are not identified as either urban or rural. There are 129 district councils across the four provinces, 619 urban councils made up of one city district, four metropolitan corporations, 13 municipal corporations, 96 municipal committees, 148 town councils, 360 urban union committees, and 1,925 rural councils. Additionally there are 3339 neighbourhood, ‘tehsil’ and village councils in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
The Politics of Karachi takes place at the municipal, provincial and federal levels of the government. Karachi is a multiethnic, multilingual, multicultural and multireligious metropolitan city. The demographics of Karachi are important as most politics in Karachi is driven by ethnic politics.
The Karachi Conservancy Board was established in 1846 to control cholera epidemics in Karachi during British rule.
Karachi Municipal Commission (KMC) was a public corporation established in 1852 in Karachi, Sindh. Pakistan.
The Mayor of Hyderabad heads the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (HMC), the local body which controls the Local Government system of Hyderabad. The longest-serving mayor of Hyderabad was Jamil Ahmed, who was elected twice to the office of mayor and served from 1962 to 1971. The current mayor of Hyderabad is Kashif Shoro who is a PPP MPA and the first mayor of Hyderabad of Sindhi descent.
Nazim-e-Larkana is the Mayor who heads the Larkana Municipal Corporation (LMC) which controls the Local Government system of Larkana.
Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (Sindhi: حيدرآباد ميونسپلٽي, Urdu: بلدیہ اعلی حیدرآباد abbreviated as HMC) is a public corporation and governing body to provide municipal services in Hyderabad and Latifabad Talukas of Hyderabad, the 2nd largest city of Sindh, Pakistan. The longest serving head of HMC was Jamil Ahmed.
The 2023 Karachi local government elections were held in Karachi, Pakistan on 15 January 2023 to elect members of local councils. These members would then elect the Mayor of Karachi (2023-2027). These elections were the 3rd Karachi local government elections.
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