Gracilisentis

Gracilisentis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Acanthocephala
Class:	Eoacanthocephala
Order:	Neoechinorhynchida
Family:	Neoechinorhynchidae
Genus:	Gracilisentis Van Cleave, 1919
Species
See text.

Gracilisentis is a genus in Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms, also known as spiny-headed worms).

Taxonomy

The genus was described by Van Cleave, 1919. The National Center for Biotechnology Information does not indicate that any phylogenetic analysis has been published on Gracilisentis that would confirm its position as a unique order in the family Neoechinorhynchidae. ^[1]

Description

Gracilisentis species consist of a proboscis covered in hooks and a long trunk.

Species

The genus GracilisentisVan Cleave, 1919 contains four species. ^{[lower-alpha 1]}

• Gracilisentis gracilisentis (Van Cleave, 1913)
• Gracilisentis mugilis Gupta and Lata, 1967
• Gracilisentis sharmai (Gupta and Lata, 1967)
• Gracilisentis variabilis (Diesing, 1856)

Distribution

The distribution of Gracilisentis is determined by that of its hosts.

Hosts

Life cycle of Acanthocephala.

The life cycle of an acanthocephalan consists of three stages beginning when an infective acanthor (development of an egg) is released from the intestines of the definitive host and then ingested by an arthropod, the intermediate host. Although the intermediate hosts of Gracilisentis are ???. When the acanthor molts, the second stage called the acanthella begins. This stage involves penetrating the wall of the mesenteron or the intestine of the intermediate host and growing. The final stage is the infective cystacanth which is the larval or juvenile state of an Acanthocephalan, differing from the adult only in size and stage of sexual development. The cystacanths within the intermediate hosts are consumed by the definitive host, usually attaching to the walls of the intestines, and as adults they reproduce sexually in the intestines. The acanthor is passed in the feces of the definitive host and the cycle repeats. There may be paratenic hosts (hosts where parasites infest but do not undergo larval development or sexual reproduction) for Gracilisentis. ^[4]

Gracilisentis parasitizes animals. There are no reported cases of Gracilisentis infesting humans in the English language medical literature. ^[3]

Notes

1. A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than the present genus.
2. There are no known aberrant human infections for Gracilisentis species. ^[3]

References

1. Schoch, Conrad L; Ciufo, Stacy; Domrachev, Mikhail; Hotton, Carol L; Kannan, Sivakumar; Khovanskaya, Rogneda; Leipe, Detlef; Mcveigh, Richard; O’Neill, Kathleen; Robbertse, Barbara; Sharma, Shobha; Soussov, Vladimir; Sullivan, John P; Sun, Lu; Turner, Seán; Karsch-Mizrachi, Ilene (2020). "NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools". Taxonomy Browser. NCBI. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
2. CDC’s Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria (11 April 2019). "Acanthocephaliasis". www.cdc.gov. Center for Disease Control. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
3. Mathison, BA; et al. (2021). "Human Acanthocephaliasis: a Thorn in the Side of Parasite Diagnostics". J Clin Microbiol. 59 (11): e02691-20. doi:10.1128/JCM.02691-20. PMC   8525584 . PMID   34076470.
4. Schmidt, G.D. (1985). "Development and life cycles". In Crompton, D.W.T.; Nickol, B.B. (eds.). Biology of the Acanthocephala (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 273–305. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.