Griseoxanthone C

Last updated
Griseoxanthone C
Griseoxanthone.png
Names
IUPAC name
1,6-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-8-methylxanthen-9-one
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C15H12O5/c1-7-3-8(16)4-11-13(7)15(18)14-10(17)5-9(19-2)6-12(14)20-11/h3-6,16-17H,1-2H3
    Key: UIKVQKMDLQHSKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • CC1=CC(=CC2=C1C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC)O)O
Properties
C15H12O5
Molar mass 272.256 g·mol−1
Appearanceyellowish needles
Melting point 253–255 °C (487–491 °F; 526–528 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Griseoxanthone C is an organic compound in the structural class of chemicals known as xanthones. Its chemical formula is 1,6-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-8-methylxanthen-9-one, and its molecular formula is C15H12O5. It is found in a plant and some fungi, including a lichen.

Contents

History

Griseoxanthone C was first isolated from the fungus Penicillium patulum by McMaster and colleagues in 1960. They were investigating the biosynthesis of the somewhat structurally related compound griseofulvin and discovered it in the residual material of the growth medium containing the fungi. [1] A year later, another group studying griseofulvin biosynthesis discovered that the production of griseoxanthone C could be induced by inhibiting the chlorination of griseophenone C (an intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway leading to griseofulvin), and that griseoxanthone C could be created chemically from griseophenone C. [2] Jayalakshmi and colleagues proposed a chemical synthesis of griseoxanthone C in 1974. [3]

Properties

In its purified form, griseoxanthone C exists as yellowish needles with a melting point of 253–255 °C (487–491 °F). An ethanolic solution of griseoxanthone C reacts with iron(III) chloride to produce a violet-brown colour. Its ultraviolet spectrum has four peaks of maximum absorption (λmax) at 242, 269, 309, and 340  nm. [4]

In laboratory tests, griseoxanthone C showed strong antibiotic effects toward Bacillus subtilis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. [5] It also has strong cytotoxicity to Hep2 liver cancer cells in in vitro experiments. [6]

Occurrence

In 1992, John Elix and Caroline Crook reported griseoxanthone C from the lichen Lecanora vinetorum . [7] It has since been reported from various other species, including the flowers of the plant Ficus hookeriana , [8] the fungi Fusarium equiseti , [9] Penicillium concentricum , [10] and Urocladium . [5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ McMaster, W.J.; Scott, A.I.; Trippett, S. (1960). "894. Metabolic products of Penicillium patulum". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 4628–4361. doi:10.1039/jr9600004628.
  2. ↑ Rhodes, A.; Boothroyd, B.; McGonagle, M.P.; Somerfield, G.A. (1961). "Biosynthesis of griseofulvin: the methylated benzophenone intermediates". Biochemical Journal. 81 (1): 28–37. doi:10.1042/bj0810028. PMC   1243292 . PMID   14491779.
  3. ↑ Jayalakshmi, V.; Seshadri, T.R.; Neelakantan, S.; Thillaichidambaram, N. (1974). "Synthesis of griseoxanthone-C". Indian Journal of Chemistry. 12: 441–443.
  4. ↑ Huneck, Siegfried (1996). Identification of Lichen Substances. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 210. ISBN   978-3-642-85245-9. OCLC   851387266.
  5. 1 2 Wang, Quan-Xin; Bao, Li; Yang, Xiao-Li; Guo, Hui; Yang, Rui-Nan; Ren, Biao; Zhang, Li-Xin; Dai, Huan-Qin; Guo, Liang-Dong; Liu, Hong-Wei (2012). "Polyketides with antimicrobial activity from the solid culture of an endolichenic fungus Ulocladium sp". Fitoterapia. 83 (1): 209–214. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2011.10.013. PMID   22061662.
  6. ↑ Hawas, Usama W.; Farrag, Abdel Razik H.; Ahmed, Eman F.; Abou El-Kassem, Lamia T. (2018). "Cytotoxic effect of Fusarium equiseti fungus metabolites against N-nitrosodiethylamine- and CCL4-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats". Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 52 (4): 326–333. doi:10.1007/s11094-018-1816-3. S2CID   49868998.
  7. ↑ Elix, John A.; Crook, Caroline E. (1992). "The joint occurrence of chloroxanthones in lichens, and a further thirteen new lichen xanthones". The Bryologist. 95 (1): 52–64. doi:10.2307/3243785. JSTOR   3243785.
  8. ↑ Wei, Gui Qiong; Zheng, Rong; Yang, Xiao Hong (2012). "Extraction and the chemical composition analysis of the essential oil flowers of Ficus hookeriana Corner". Advanced Materials Research. 581–582. Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.: 94–99. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.94. S2CID   96296834.
  9. ↑ Hawas, Usama; Al-Farawati, Radwan; Abou El-Kassem, Lamia; Turki, Adnan (2016). "Different culture metabolites of the Red Sea fungus Fusarium equiseti optimize the inhibition of Hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease (HCV PR)". Marine Drugs. 14 (10): 190. doi: 10.3390/md14100190 . PMC   5082338 . PMID   27775589.
  10. ↑ Ali, Tehane; Inagaki, Masanori; Chai, Hee-byung; Wieboldt, Thomas; Rapplye, Chad; Rakotondraibe, L. Harinantenaina (2017). "Halogenated compounds from directed fermentation of Penicillium concentricum, an endophytic fungus of the liverwort Trichocolea tomentella". Journal of Natural Products. 80 (5): 1397–1403. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01069. PMID   28409637.
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