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The superfamily Papilionoidea contains all the butterflies except for the moth-like Hedyloidea.
The Morphinae are a subfamily of Nymphalidae butterflies that includes the morphos, the owl butterflies (Caligo), and related lineages. It is either considered a sister group of the Satyrinae, or disassembled and included therein.
Agrias is a genus of Neotropical charaxine nymphalid butterflies found in South and Central America.
Cyrestinae is the name of a small subfamily of nymphalid brush-footed butterflies. It is considered to include only three genera - Marpesia, Chersonesia, and Cyrestis - distributed in the tropics.
The butterfly subtribe Euptychiina is a diverse group within the tribe Satyrini, occurring throughout Central and South America, in addition to a few species known from North America. Euptychiina is a predominantly lowland group, with the exception of one Asian taxon Palaeonympha opalinaButler, 1871 and the Andean genus ForsterinariaGray, 1973. The taxon was erected by Lee Denmar Miller.
Hesperocharis is a genus of butterflies in the family Pieridae. They are native to the Americas.
Pronophila is a genus of butterflies from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. The species in the genus Pronophila occur in South America, including Peru, Venezuela, and Ecuador.
Pronophila isobelae, or Isobel's butterfly, is a Satyrinae butterfly that is found in Ecuador.
Pronophilina is a Neotropical subtribe of butterflies of the subfamily Satyrinae. They are a species-rich group with highest diversity in the tropical and subtropical mountains, especially the Andes. Before 1970, they were poorly studied, but recent interest has resulted in high rates of species description from previously unexplored mountain ranges. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on their biology and ecology. Their relationship to other groups of Satyrine butterflies and their complex patterns of speciation within and among mountain ranges have led to several biogeographic discussions.
Pedaliodes is a genus of butterflies from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae found from Mexico to South America. The genus was erected by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1867.
Taygetis is a genus of satyrid butterflies found in the Neotropical realm.
Coeruleotaygetis is a monotypic butterfly genus in the subfamily Satyrinae. It is considered a synonym of the genus Taygetina. Its one species, Coeruleotaygetis peribaea, is found in the Neotropical realm.
Moneuptychia is a genus of satyrid butterflies found in the Neotropical realm.
Prenda is a monotypic butterfly genus of subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. Its one species Prenda clarissa is found in the Neotropical realm.
Taygetina is a monotypic butterfly genus of the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. The species in Coeruleotaygetis have been included in Taygetina. Its one species, Taygetina banghaasi, is found in the Neotropical realm.
Argyrophorus is a butterfly genus from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. It is distributed between Chile, Argentina and Perú. The systematic and circumscription of the genus is disputed.
Taygetis servius is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Brazil, where it has been recorded from Baixo Guandu in Espírito Santo and from Jitaúna in Bahia. It is probably also present in Minas Gerais.
Taygetis rectifascia is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the southeastern and southern Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina at altitudes ranging from 300 to 1,200 meters.
Taygetis ypthima is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in northeastern, southeastern and southern Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina at altitudes ranging from sea level to 2,000 metres.
Carla Maria Penz is a butterfly comparative morphologist and systematist, and the Doris Zemurray Stone Chair in Biodiversity at the University of New Orleans. Her research also focuses on natural history and behavior, mostly of neotropical butterflies.
References
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- ↑ "Guaianaza Freitas & Peña, 2006" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
- ↑ Matos-Maraví P.F., Peña C., Willmott K.R., Freitas A.V.L., Wahlberg N. 2012. Systematics and evolutionary history of butterflies in the “Taygetis clade” (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina): Towards a better understanding of Neotropical biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 66:54–68. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.005
- ↑ Freitas, A.V.L. & C. Peña. 2006. Description of genus Guaianaza for "Euptychia" pronophila (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with a description of the immature stages. Zootaxa 1163: 49-59.
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